By: Mr. Michael R. KahoeDel Valle High School

3. Settling in the Northern Colonies

1619 - 1700

Protestant Reformation

• 1517 – Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses stating:– Bible alone was word of God (not church & pope)– People saved by

faith in Christ alone(not faith & goodworks)

John Calvin

• Preached “predestination” – God has already determined who is going to heaven or hell

• 1536 – Outlined his beliefs in Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvinism

• All humans are weak & wicked• Only predestined could go to heaven• Should seek “conversion” – signs that they were one of

the predestined– Those who proved to be predestined would then lead

“sanctified lives”• Worked hard to prove their worthiness

– “Protestant Work Ethic”

Puritans

• Puritans wanted to totally reform the Church of England– Only “visible saints” should be allowed in church

• Separatists were Puritans who wanted break away from the Church– Pilgrims

The Separatists Leave Home

• First fled to Holland (Netherlands)– Feared their children were becoming too influenced by the

Dutch• Made a deal with Virginia Company to settle in

America

Voyage of the Mayflower

• 102 set sail on the Mayflower– Less than half were Pilgrims

• Voyage was long and hard– 65 days– Only 1 person died– 1 was born

• 1620 – Landed off course & settled in Plymouth, Mass.

Mayflower Compact

• Signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking• Was a set of rules for all to obey

– Influenced later constitutions– First instance of self rule in the North

Captain Myles Standish

• Became a leader of the Pilgrims

• Indian fighter & negotiator• Dubbed “Captain Shrimp”

First Thanksgiving• Winter of 1620-21 was harsh

– 58 of the 102 died• Next year brought a bountiful harvest

– Help fromSquanto, aWampanoagIndian

– 1621, treaty signed withChief Massasoit

William Bradford

• Bradford was an excellent leader– Self-taught scholar– Spoke 5 languages– Elected Governor 30 times– Tried to preserve Separatist beliefs

• Plymouth traded in fur, fish, & lumber• 1691 – merges with Mass. Bay Colony

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• 1629 – Puritans (not separatists) obtained a royal charter from the King– Was their constitution

• 1,000 people on 11 ships• Led by John Winthrop for next 19 years

– Attorney– Manor lord– Had a “calling”

• Fur trading, fishing & ship building

“We shall be as a city on a hill.”

Colonizing New England

Building the Bay Colony

• In provincial affairs Franchise – right to vote – given to all “freemen”– Adult males of the Congregational Church (2/5 of males)

• Not a democracy• Winthrop distrusted the masses

• In towns – only male property holders could meet & vote– Majority rule

Building the Bay Colony – cont.

• Religious leaders had much of the power– John Cotton – prominent

member of the church• Went to Cambridge• Fled England for criticizing

church• Defended gov. right to

enforce church doctrine• Prayed 6 hrs a day

• Congregations could hire and fire ministers at will

“Day of Doom”

They cry, they roar for anguish sore,and gnaw their tongues for horrour.

But get away without delay,Christ pitties not your cry:

Depart to Hell, there may you yell,and roar Eternally.

Anne Hutchinson

• Was a strong-willed woman who said:– There was no proof of salvation– Truly saved need not follow any

laws – known as antinomianism• 1638 Brought to trial

– Banished from Mass.

Roger Williams

• Williams was an idealist– Wanted to make a clean break

from the Church of England– Argued for separation of church &

state– Banished in 1635– Formed Rhode Island

Rhode Island

• People who went to Rhode Island were the unwanted• Were against special privilege• Secured a charter in 1644• Accepting of most religions

Connecticut

• The fertile valley of the Conn.River attracted many

• 1635, Hartford founded– Rev. Thomas Hooker leads

many Puritans from Boston• 1638, New Haven founded as a seaport

– Wanted closer relationship between church & gov.– Later merged with Conn.

The Fundamental Orders

• Drafted by settlers of Conn. River Colony in 1639– Basically a modern constitution

• Created a democratic gov. controlled by the “substantial citizens”

New England Spreads Out

New England Colonies, 1650

Pequot War

• As settlers moved west tensions with the Indians rose• War broke out in 1639

Pequot War

– English set fire to a Pequot village on the Mystic River• 300 slaughtered• 40 yrs of peace ensued

• Unlike Spanish, fewconversionsattempted byEnglish

King Philip’s War

• 1675, Chief Massasoit’s son, Metacom (or King Philip), united the Indian tribes– Attacked English villages

throughout New England• 52 towns hit, 12 destroyed• Hundreds of colonists

killed

– Metacom eventuallycaptured, drawn & quartered

• War slowed westward settlement

King Philip’s War

New England Confederation

• 1643 the New England Confederation formed– 4 Puritan colonies– Big step toward unity– Allowed to be autonomous

• When Charles II was restored to throne, he tried to exert his control– Ignored by New England

Why do they always ignore

me!?!

Dominion of New England

• 1686 – the crown created the Dominion of New England– Provide defense– Enforce Navigation Acts

• Forbade trade with countries other than Britain– Smuggling became common

Sir Edmund Andros

• Sir Edmund Andros was head of the Dominion– Headquartered in Boston– Member of hated Church of England– Colonist hated his soldiers

• Tried to take control– Broke up town meetings– Restricted courts & press– Revoked land titles– Taxed people

Glorious Revolution

• 1688-1689 the people of England dethroned the unpopular Catholic King James II

• William & Mary take the throne

The Dutch

• Late 16th century the Dutch gained independence from Spain– England helped– Several Dutch-Anglo wars

• Dutch East India Company formed– Very powerful, strong army– 190 ships

Dutch West India Company

• 1609 – Henry Hudson explored Delaware River & New York Bay– Claimed for Netherlands

• West India Company– Raided Spanish ships– Caribbean– Brazil– W. Africa

New Amsterdam

• 1625 – Dutch buy Manhattan Island from Indians for mere trinkets

• New Amsterdam becomes a company town• Patroonships –

large areas of landgiven to those whosettled at least 50people on them

Friction w/ English & Swedish

• Had to build a wall on lower Manhattan• New England hostile to growth of Dutch colony

– Connecticut ejected Dutch settlers– Wanted to go to war– Vetoed by Mass.

• 1638 – Swedes trespass onDelaware

Delaware

• 1655, Dutch sent one-legged Peter Stuyvesant to besiege the main Swedish fort– He won, ending Swedish colonial

rule

The Indians called him “Father Wooden Leg”

Dutch Influence

• 1664, British troops kick out Dutch– Charles II gives the area to his brother, the Duke of York

• Dutch Legacy – People retained the autocratic spirit – Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate– Architecture– Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling,

sleighing, skating, & golf

The Quakers

• The Religious Society of Friends– ”Quaked” under deep religious fervor – “thee”s and “thou”s– Didn’t swear oaths

• Puritans swore to prove they weren’t Catholic– Considered stubborn and unreasonable– Simple, devoted, democratic people– Against war, violence & slavery

William Penn

• Penn was a well-born Englishman & Quaker• 1681, secured an immense grant of fertile land from

the king – Named in honor of his

father– Heavily advertised

• Unliked for his friendshipwith James II

Pennsylvania

• Philadelphia carefully planned– became biggest city

• Treated Indians well & bought land from them• Freedom of religion to everyone except for Jews and

Catholics• Large variety of

inhabitants– No restrictions

The Middle Colonies• Landholdings were generally intermediate in size

– Had fertile soil– Most exported lots

of grain

• Fur was trapped in theinterior

• Gentle rivers• More ethnically mixed

than other colonies• Economic and social democracy

Population Comparisons