By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

and Ms. Snyder of CCHSand Ms. Snyder of CCHS

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

and Ms. Snyder of CCHSand Ms. Snyder of CCHS

The “Little Ice The “Little Ice Age”:Age”:

1350-17001350-1700

The “Little Ice The “Little Ice Age”:Age”:

1350-17001350-1700Medieval “Warm Period”

In the 17c, Europe relied on a very inefficient agricultural system to feed its

population.

Medieval or Traditional Medieval or Traditional SocietySociety

Medieval or Traditional Medieval or Traditional SocietySociety•Farming During the Middle Ages

•Disadvantages

•Some Forces of Change

Village FarmingVillage FarmingVillage FarmingVillage Farming

Feudal Common Field Feudal Common Field SystemSystem

Feudal Common Field Feudal Common Field SystemSystem

““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1568)(1568)

““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1568)(1568)

““Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden (1570)(1570)

““Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden (1570)(1570)

““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1622)Younger (1622)

““Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1622)Younger (1622)

17c 17c EuropeanEuropeanAgrariansAgrarians

17c 17c EuropeanEuropeanAgrariansAgrarians

Dutch Vegetable MarketDutch Vegetable MarketDutch Vegetable MarketDutch Vegetable Market

Yield Ratio for Grain CropsYield Ratio for Grain Crops(1400-1800)(1400-1800)

Grain Supplies in 16c EuropeGrain Supplies in 16c Europe

Cereal Crops in 18c EuropeCereal Crops in 18c Europe

Agricultural Agricultural RevolutionRevolutionAgricultural Agricultural RevolutionRevolutionEnclosure Movement

“A tragedy for a few, a boon for the majority”

Enclosure RiotsEnclosure Riots

The DiggersThe Diggers

“Enclosed” Lands Today“Enclosed” Lands Today

Crop RotationCrop Rotation

Wheat

Turnips

Alfalfa/Clover

Oats/Barley

Crop RotationCrop Rotation

Wheat Turnips

Alfalfa/CloverOats/Barley

Seed DrillSeed Drill

Jethro TullJethro Tull

RESULTSRESULTSCYCLICAL EFFECT:

SHIFT POWER BALANCE:

18c18cPopulatioPopulatio

nnGrowthGrowth

RateRate

18c18cPopulatioPopulatio

nnGrowthGrowth

RateRate

Population Takeoff in Population Takeoff in EuropeEurope

Population Takeoff in Population Takeoff in EuropeEurope

Cottage Cottage Industries Industries and and

Early Early CapitalismCapitalism

Cottage Cottage Industries Industries and and

Early Early CapitalismCapitalism

Cottage Industries: Cottage Industries: akaaka The The “Putting-Out”“Putting-Out” System or the System or the

Domestic SystemDomestic System

Cottage Industries: Cottage Industries: akaaka The The “Putting-Out”“Putting-Out” System or the System or the

Domestic SystemDomestic System

Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:

Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:Cottage Industries:

The Textile The Textile Industry and Industry and

Factory Factory SystemSystem

The Textile The Textile Industry and Industry and

Factory Factory SystemSystem

Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented

Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented1. New Inventions

Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn

Before

“ “Spinning Jenny”Spinning Jenny” James James

Hargreaves (1767)Hargreaves (1767)

“ “Spinning Jenny”Spinning Jenny” James James

Hargreaves (1767)Hargreaves (1767)

After

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System”

The Water Frame - 1768

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System”

The Water Frame - 1768

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power Loom Edmund Cartwright (1785)

The Power Loom Edmund Cartwright (1785)

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney (1793)

The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney (1793)

Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented

Textile Industry Textile Industry InventedInvented2. Rise of the Factories

• Machines became larger, faster, more expensive, and needed more power

• Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].

• Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].

• Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

Early Factories were nice places to work. People cooked and lived together in employee communities and their children went to community schools. Bosses knew their employees

personally.

The Mills at Lanmark

Later Factories were bigger, harsher places. Bosses did not know their employees, did not care about them and could

always hire someone else.

Manchester Factory Building

3. Effects of the textile factories in Britain

18131813 2400 looms2400 looms

250,000 HL250,000 HL 150, 000 workers150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers200, 000 workers

18501850224, 000 looms224, 000 looms

40,000 HL40,000 HL>1 million workers>1 million workers

18601860 3,000 HL3,000 HL

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

• Rigid schedule.

• 12-14 hour day.

• Dangerous conditions.

• Mind-numbing monotony.

A Woosted Mill in A Woosted Mill in Bedworth, England, 1800Bedworth, England, 1800

A Woosted Mill in A Woosted Mill in Bedworth, England, 1800Bedworth, England, 1800

CHANGES IN CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATIOTRANSPORTATIO

NN

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam Ship (1776)Steam Ship (1776)

The Steam LocomotiveThe Steam Locomotive

Richard Trevithick

The London Steam Carriage

Richard Trevithick continued…

Richard Trevithick continued…1804 Locomotive

“Catch-Me-Who-Can”1808

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace

Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on Display

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages

under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.

11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.

17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.

22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.

27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.

32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.

37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.

42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.

47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.

52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.

57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave DoreEarly-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!

The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

The Neo-Luddites Today

BritishSoldiers

Fire on British

Workers:

Let us die like men, and not be sold

like slaves!

BritishSoldiers

Fire on British

Workers:

Let us die like men, and not be sold

like slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The ChartistsThe Chartists

KeyKey

       Chartistsettlements

        Centres of Chartism

     Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.

Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.• Votes for all men.

• Equal electoral districts.• Abolition of the requirement

that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.

• Payment for Members of Parliament.

• Annual general elections.• The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—Chartists arming for

the fight.

A female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Give manufactures more outlets for their products.

Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition. Promote international peace

through trade contact.

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus Population growth will

outpace the food supply.

War, disease, or famine could control population.

The poor should have less children.

Food supply will then keep up with population.

David Ricardo – Parliament 1819

David Ricardo – Parliament 1819 “Iron Law of Wages.”

If wages are left to laws of supply/demand =>fall to subsistence level

When wages are high,workers have morechildren.

More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

Hero to Industrial Middle Class

The Utilitarianism:Jeremy Bentham

The Utilitarianism:Jeremy Bentham

A law should be judged by its social utility (usefulness). “Does it work?”

The goal of society is “the greatest good for the greatest number”.

Believe in entrepreneurial ideal - 1776

• Happiness is identified with Happiness is identified with pleasurepleasure and the absence of and the absence of pain.pain.

• Gradual improvement in the Gradual improvement in the level of education in society level of education in society

• Individual rational decision-Individual rational decision-making would therefore making would therefore tend to promote the greater tend to promote the greater general happiness general happiness

Based on Scientific Certainties

Based on Scientific Certainties Laissez-faire economics and

utilitarianism were optimistic, secular doctrines

Based on the belief that society would continue to improved in the manufacturing age

Heavily influenced British businessmen

Social status of an individual measured in terms of utility

John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill Greater government intervention

on behalf of social reform

On Liberty (1859)

The individual is the best judge of his/her own interests and the individual develops by expressing free choices

Pro-women’s rights

Support union campaigns for economic justice

John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill Appalled by the few people of

means concerned about the conditions fo the working-class life

Principles of Political Economy (1848)

Called on state to assist workers by encouraging their cooperative associations.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited

everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

British Raw MaterialsBritish Raw MaterialsBritish Raw MaterialsBritish Raw Materials

18c British Port18c British Port18c British Port18c British Port

The Growth of England’sThe Growth of England’sForeign Trade in the 18cForeign Trade in the 18cThe Growth of England’sThe Growth of England’sForeign Trade in the 18cForeign Trade in the 18c

18c English “Nouveau 18c English “Nouveau Riche”:Riche”:

The The Capitalist Capitalist EntrepreneurEntrepreneur

18c English “Nouveau 18c English “Nouveau Riche”:Riche”:

The The Capitalist Capitalist EntrepreneurEntrepreneur

Government Response

Government Response• Abolition of slavery in the colonies

in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].

• Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.

• New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.

• Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.

French Economic Disadvantages

French Economic Disadvantages

V Years of war) Supported the American

Revolution.) French Revolution.) Early 19c Napoleonic

WarsV Heavy debts.V High unemployment

soldiersreturning from the battlefronts.

V French businessmen were afraid totake risks.

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

• Northeast France.• Belgium.• The Netherlands.• Western German

states.• Northern Italy• East Germany

Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Railroads on the Continent

European Industrial Production

European Industrial Production

Shares in World Trade:Leading European

Nations

Shares in World Trade:Leading European

Nations

Industry & Population: 18c Industry & Population: 18c EuropeEurope

Industry & Population: 18c Industry & Population: 18c EuropeEurope

European UrbanizationEuropean UrbanizationEuropean UrbanizationEuropean Urbanization

The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of

Industrialization State ownership of some industries. RRs Belgium & most of Germany.

Tariffs British Corn Laws. National Banks granted a monopoly on

issuing bank notes. Bank of England. Bank of France.

Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.

New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of

corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones Ger. Zollverein

•Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.

•New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of

corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones Ger. Zollverein

Bibliographic Sources

Bibliographic Sources

) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html

) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm