Coagulation-Clarification of Coloured Water Using Natural Coagulant (Moringa oleifera)
by
Putri Sarah Aainaa Binti Khairuldin
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons)
(Civil Engineering)
JANUARY 2008
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar 31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
Coagulation-Clarification of Coloured Water Using Namral Coagulant (Motinga oleifera)
Approved by,
by
Putri Sarah Aainaa Binti Khairuldin
A project dissertation submitted to the
Civil Engineering Programme
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons)
(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
-/{.Jy~~~
(Professor Malay Chaudhuri)
UNNERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS
TRONOH, PERAK
January zoos
i
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the
original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements,
and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by
unspecified sourees or persons.
~·~ PUTRI ~A:MmAA BT KHAIRULDIN
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to take the opportunity to express her utmost gratitude to the
individuals that have taken the time and effort to assist the author in completing the
project. Without the cooperation of these individuals, no doubt the author would have
faced some minor complications through out the course.
First and foremost, the author's would like to sincerely thank author's supervisor,
Professor Malay Chaudhuri. Without his guidance and patience, the author would not be
succeeded to complete the project. To the Final Year Research Project Coordinator, Mr.
Kalaikumar all Vallyutham and Ms. Niraku Rosmawati for providing her with all the
initial information required to begin the project.
To all the technicians and Post-graduates in Civil Engineering Department, thank you for
assisting the author in completing her project.
To all individuals that has helped the author in any way, but whose name is not
mentioned here, the author thank you all.
Finally, the author's deep gratitude goes to all her family members who have always been
supporting and encouraging her throughout her studies.
iii
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the progress achieved in the study of coagulation-clarification of
coloured water using a natural coagulant (Moringa oleifera). The main objective of
this project was to evaluate the efficiency of Moringa oleifera seed extract as
primary coagulant and coagulant aid in treating coloured water in Malaysia. A
number of jar tests with low turbidity (ca. 50 NTU) and medium-level true colour
condition ( ca 50 CU) with corresponding apparent colours were carried out within
the project tirneline. The model turbid water (ca. 50 NTU and 50 CU) underwent
three different tests; by using aluminium sulphate as primary coagulant, Moringa
oleifera seed extract as primary coagulant and Moringa oleifera seed extract
coagulant aid. Moringa o/eifera seed extract reduced turbidity and colour of the
river water, but it was less effective compared to aluminium sulphate. Alum (25
mgll) produced excellent clarification (filtrate turbidity: 1.72 NTU; filtrate colour:
3.0 CU), where as Moringa oleifera seed extract (500 mgll) produced acceptable
clarification (filtrate turbidity: 4.24 NTU; filtrate colour: 15.0 CU). Combination of
aluminium sulphate (15 mgll) and Moringa oleifera seed extract (80 mg/l) produced
comparable and consistent clarification (filtrate turbidity: 3.54 NTU; filtrate colour:
13.0 CU).
Key words -water treatment, coagulation-flocculation, aluminium sulphate, Moringa
oleifera, natural polyelectrolyte, colour removal, jar test
lV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL .................................................... i
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................ ii
ACKN"OWLEDGEMENT .................................................. ............... iii
J\JJs;TilJlCT .................................................................................. i"
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................... l
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1
1.3 Significance of the Project 2
1.4 Objective 2
1.5 Scope of the Study 3
CHAPTER2: LITE~T~ ~~~ ................................................ 4
2.1 Water Clarification
2.1.1 Subsidence
2.1.2 Coagulation
2.1.2.1 Alkalinity Relationships
2.1.3 Flocculation
2.1.4 Colour Removal
2.2 Aluminium Sulphate
2.3 Natural Polyelectrolytes
2.4 Moringa oleifera
2.4.1 Moringa oleifera seed as coagulant
2.4.2 Comparison and use with Aluminium Sulphate
2.5 Analytical Methods of Colours
2.5.1 True Colour
2.5.2 Apparent Colour
2.6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
v
4
4
5
7
7
8
9
10
10
12
15
16
16
20
21
2.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 22
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT WORK ........................ 24
3.1 General 24
3.2 Experimental Design 25
3.3 Preparation Phase 25
3.3.1 Natural Coloured Water 25
3.3.2 Model Turbid Water 26
3.3.3 Aluminium Sulphate Solution 27
3.3.4 Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract 27
3.4 Hazard Analysis 30
3.5 Laboratory Experiments 32
3.5.1 First Jar Test 33
3.5.2 Second Jar Test 36
3.5.3 Third Jar Test 36
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................... ..... 39
4.1 First Jar Test (ca. 50 NTU and 50 CU) 39
4.1.1 Determination of Optimum Dosage of Alum as Primary
Coagulant 39
4.2 Second Jar Test (ca 50 NTU and 50 CU) 42
4.2.1 Determination of Optimum Dosage of Moringa oleifera as
Primary Coagulant 42
4.3 Third Jar Test (ca 50 NTU and 50 CU) 45
4.3.1 Determination of Optimum Dosage of Alum as Primary
Coagulant and Moringa oleifera seed extract as Coagulant Aid 45
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................... 48
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Natural Coloured Water
48
49
REFERENCES ................................................................................. 50
APPENDICES ................................................................................ 55
VI
FIGURES
Figure 2.1: A negatively charged colloid with a possible configuration of ions 6
around it.
Figure 2.2: Colloidal interparticulate forces versus distance 55
Figure 2.3: Coagulating activity of shelled and non-shelled Moringa seeds. 13
Figure 2.4: Percentile absorption oflight vs. wavelength. 18
Figure 3.1: Project Flow Diagram 24
Figure 3.2: Preparation of natural coloured water 26
Figure 3.3: Dry Moringa oleifera seeds and pods 28
Figure 3.4: Moringa oleifera kernels 28
Figure 3.5: Mortar and pestle 28
Figure 3.6: Mettler Toledo model AB204-5 weighing machine 29
Figure 3. 7: Favorit hotplate stirrer 29
Figure 3.8: Gravity filtration using Whatman No. 40 filter paper 29
Figure 3.9: Extraction of coagulant component from Moringa oleifera seed 30
Figure 3.10: UTP Laboratory General Rules and Regulations 56
Figure 3.11: Phipps & Bird Floc Tester 34
Figure 3.12: HACH 2100P Turbidimeter 34
Figure 3.13: HACH Spectrophotometer model DR5000 35
Figure 3.14: Mettler Toledo model MP230 pH meter 35
Figure 4.1: First jar test (ca. 50 NTU and 50 CU) 41
Figure 4.2: Second jar test (ca. 50 NTU and 50 CU) 43
Figure 4.3: Third jar test (ca. 50 NTU and 50 CU) 46
TABLES
Table 2.1: Settling rates by particle size
Table 2.2: Coagulant activity on different Moringa forms
Table 2.3: Dose requirements as a function of raw water turbidity
Table 3.1: Hazard Analysis
Vll
4
12
14
31
Table 3.2: Alum dose (using 5 g/1 stock alum solution) 33
Table 3.3: Details of two set of samples (after jar test) 35
Table 3.4: Coagulant dose (using 20g/l coagulant solution) 36
Table 3.5: Alum (15 mg/1) as primary coagulant and Moringa oleifera seed
extract as coagulant aid (ca. 50 NTU and 50 CU) 37
Table 4.1: Alum as primary coagulant (50 NTU and 50 CU) 40
Table 4.2: Drinking Water Quality Standards for World Health Organization
& Ministry of Health Malaysia 57
Table 4.3: Moringa oleifera seed extract as primary coagulant (ca. 50 NTU and
50~ ~
Table 4.4: Alum (15 mg/1) as primary coagulant and Moringa oleifera seed
extract as coagulant aid (ca. 50 NTU and 50 CU) 45
Table 4.5: Initial and final COD readings for the third jar test 4 7
Vlll
