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Chapter 2- Communicating over the Network
CCNA Exploration 4.0
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Objectives
Describe the structure of a network, including the devicesand media that are necessary for successfulcommunications.
Explain the function of protocols in networkcommunications.
Explain the advantages of using a layered model todescribe network functionality.
Describe the role of each layer in two recognized networkmodels: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model.
Describe the importance of addressing and namingschemes in network communications.
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The Platform for Communication
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The Elements of Communication
1. Message source (sender)
2. The channel
3. Message destination (receiver)
2.1.1
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Communicating the Messages
A better approach is to divide the data intosmaller, more manageable pieces to send over the
network. This division of the data stream intosmaller pieces is called segmentation.
Segmenting messages has 2 primary benefits:
First, by sending smaller individual pieces fromsource to destination, many different
conversations can be interleaved on the
network. (multiplexing)Second, segmentation can increase the
reliability of network communications.
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Communicating the Messages
2.1.2
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Communicating the Messages
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Components of the Network
Hardware: Devices and media
Software: Services and processes
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Components of the Network
Media: Physical elements, often visible but occasionallynot be visible.
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Components of the Network
Services and processes: are the communicationprograms, called software, that run on the networked
devices.
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Components of the Network
A network service provides information in response to a request. Services include many of the common network applicationspeople
use every day, like e-mail hosting services and web hostingservices.
Processes provide the functionalitythat directs and moves themessages through the network. Processes are less obvious to us but are critical to the operation of
networks.
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Extra: Windows service
A Windows service is an applicationthat starts when the Microsoft Windowsoperating system is booted and runs in the backgroundas long as Windows isrunning.
Typically, it does not have a user interface and is a long-running executable
application that can run in its own session. It is very similar in concept to a Unixdaemon.
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Extra: Windows service
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Extra: ProcessExplorer tool
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End Devices and their Role on the Network
The network devices that people are most familiar with arecalled end devices. These devices form the interface
between the human network and the underlying
communication network.
Some examples of end devices are:Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web
servers)Network printers
VoIP phones
Security camerasMobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode
scanners, PDAs)
2.1.4
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End Devices and their Role on the Network
Host: In the context of a network, end devices arereferred to as hosts. A host device is either the
source or destination of a message transmitted
over the network.
Servers are hosts that have software installed thatenables them to provide information and services,
like e-mail or web pages, to other hosts on thenetwork.
Clients are hosts that have software installed thatenables them to request and display theinformation obtained from the server.
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Intermediary Devices and their Role on the Network
Intermediary devices to provide connectivity and to workbehind the scenes to ensure that data flows across thenetwork.
These devices connect the individual hosts to the networkand can connect multiple individual networks to form an
internetwork.
Examples of intermediary network devices are:Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and
wireless access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)
2.1.5
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Intermediary Devices and their Role on the Network
Processes running on the intermediary network devicesperform these functions:
1. Regenerate, retime and retransmit data signals2. Maintain information about what pathways existthrough the network and internetwork
3. Notify other devices of errors and communicationfailures
4. Direct data along alternate pathways when there is alink failure
5. Classify and direct messages according to QoSpriorities
6. Permit or deny the flow of data, based on securitysettings
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Networking Media
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Networking Media
Criteria for choosing a network media are:
1. The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.2. The environment in which the media is to be installed.3. The amount of data and the speed at which it must be
transmitted.4. The cost of the media and installation.
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Networking Media
The signal
encoding
that must occurfor the messageto betransmitted isdifferent foreach media
type.
2.1.6
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LAN, WAN and Internetworks
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Networks infrastructures
Networks infrastructures can varygreatly in terms of:
1. The size of the area covered
2. The number of users connected
3. The number and types of servicesavailable
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Local Area Networks
Local Area Network (LAN): An individual network usuallyspans a single geographical area, providing services and
applications to people within a common organizationalstructure, such as a single business, campus or region
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LAN
A LAN is usually in a single geographicalarea.
The network is administered by a singleorganization.
A LAN provides network services andaccess to applications for users within acommon organization.
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Wide Area Networks
LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a networkknown as a Wide Area Network (WAN).
WANs use specifically designed network devices to make theinterconnections between LANs.
Telecommunications Service Provider (TSP)
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Q/A
TSP ISP (Internet Service Provider)
OSP (Online Service Provider) IXP (Internet Exchange Provider)
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The Internet A Network of Networks
Although there are benefits to using a LAN or WAN, mostof us need to communicate with a resource on anothernetwork, outside of our local organization.
Examples of this type of communication include:Sending an e-mail to a friend in another country
Accessing news or products on a website
Getting a file from a neighbor's computer
Instant messaging with a relative in another city
Following a favorite sporting team's performance on
a cell phone
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The Internet A Network of Networks
A global mesh of interconnected networks (internetworks)meets these human communication needs.
The Internet is created by the interconnection of networksbelonging to Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
Intranet is often used torefer to a private
connection of LANs andWANs that belongs to anorganization, and isdesigned to be
accessible only by theorganization's members,employees, or others withauthorization.
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Network Representations
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Lab 2.2.4.2
In this activity, you will gain experience with data networksymbols by creating a simple logical topology.
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Extra: ping
Verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer by sendingInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages.The receipt of corresponding Echo Reply messages are displayed,
along with round-trip times.
ping 127.0.0.1 This ping is unique and is called an internal loopback test. It verifies the
operation of the TCP/IP stack and NIC transmit/receive function.
ping IP-address-of-host-computer A ping to a host PC verifies the TCP/IP address configuration for the local
host and connectivity to the host.
ping default-gateway-IP-address A ping to the default gateway verifies whether the router that connects the
local network to other networks can be reached.
ping remote-destination-IP-address A ping to a remote destination verifies connectivity to a remote host.
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Lab 2.2.5: tracert
Determines the path taken to a destination by sending Internet ControlMessage Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination withincrementally increasing Time to Live (TTL) field values.
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Lab 2.2.5
This lab also assumes the installation of NeoTrace.
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http://www.ip-1.com/
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Extra: nslookup
Displays information that you can use to diagnose Domain NameSystem (DNS) infrastructure. Before using this tool, you should befamiliar with how DNS works. The Nslookup command-line tool isavailable only if you have installed the TCP/IP protocol.
E ARP
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Extra: ARP
Displays and modifies entries in the Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) cache, which contains one or more tables that are used to storeIP addresses and their resolved Ethernet or Token Ring physicaladdresses. There is a separate table for each Ethernet or Token Ringnetwork adapter installed on your computer.
E t N t t t
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Extra: Netstat
Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer islistening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4 statistics (for theIP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols), and IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6,ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over IPv6 protocols).
E t t h
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Extra: netsh
You can use commands in the Netsh Interface IP context to configure theTCP/IP protocol (including addresses, default gateways, DNS servers, andWINS servers) and to display configuration and statistical information.
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Protocols
Rules that Govern Communications
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Rules that Govern Communications
Protocol suite: a group of inter-related protocolsthat are necessary to perform a communication
function. Protocols are implemented in software and hardware
that is loaded on each host and network device.
The protocols are viewed as a layered hierarchy,with each higher level services depending on the
functionality defined by the protocols shown in the
lower levels.
2.3.1
Rules that Govern Communications
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Rules that Govern Communications
Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
1. The format or structure of the message2. The process by which networking devices
share information about pathways with othernetworks
3. How and when error and system messagesare passed between devices
4. The setup and termination of data transfersessions
Networking protocols suites describe processes such as:
Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
2.3.2
Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
Network Protocols
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Network Protocols
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards
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Protocol Suites and Industry Standards
Many of the protocols that comprise a protocolsuite reference other widely utilized protocols or
industry standards. A standard is a process or protocol that has beenendorsed by the networking industry and ratified
by a standards organization, such as IEEE orIETF.
The use of standards in developing and
implementing protocols ensures that products fromdifferent manufacturers can work together for
efficient communications.
2.3.3
The Interaction of Protocols
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The Interaction of Protocols
2.3.4
Technology Independent Protocols
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Technology Independent Protocols
Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the samesets of protocols.
This is because protocols specify network functionality, not theunderlying technology to support this functionality.
2.3.5
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Using Layered Models
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
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The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
1. Assists in protocol design.2. Fosters competition because products from
different vendors can work together.
3. Prevents technology or capability changes inone layer from affecting other layers aboveand below.
4. Provides a common language to describenetworking functions and capabilities.
2.4.1
Protocol and Reference Models
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A protocol model provides a model thatclosely matches the structure of a particularprotocol suite. Example: TCP/IP
A reference model provides a commonreference for maintaining consistency withinall types of network protocols and services.The primary purpose of a reference model is to
aid in clearer understanding of the functionsand process involved.
There are 2 basic types of networking models:
Protocol and Reference Models
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model is the most widely known
internetwork reference model. It is used for
Data network design
Operation specifications Troubleshooting.
Protocol and Reference Models
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The TCP/IP Model
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The Communication Process
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1.Creation of data2.Segmentation and encapsulation3.Generation of the data onto the media4.Transportation
5.Reception of the data6.Decapsulation and reassembe
7.Passing this data to the destinationapplication
2.4.4
Protocol Data Units and Encapsulation
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Encapsulation process:application data is passed down the protocol
stack on its way to be transmitted across the
network media, various protocols addinformation to it at each level
The form that a piece of data takes at any layer iscalled a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). The PDUs are named according to the protocols
of the TCP/IP suite: Data, Segement, Packet,Frame, Bit
Extra: Peer-to-peer communications
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Extra: Detailed encapsulation process
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Extra: Data Encapsulation Example
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ApplicationHeader + data
010010100100100100111010010001101000
Application Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 2:Network
Layer
Layer 1: Physical
Layer
Extra: abount network protocols
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1.Define the structure of layer specificPDU's
2.Outline the functions necessary for
communications between layers3.Require layer dependent encapsulations
Extra: Two functions of encapsulation
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1.Identifies pieces of data as part of thesame communication
2.Ensures that data pieces can be directed
to the correct receiving end device
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The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 1:2.4.6
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 2
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 3
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 4
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 5:
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 6:
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 7:
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 8:
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 9:
The Sending and Receiving Process
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Step 10:
The OSI Model
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2.4.7
The OSI Model
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The OSI Model
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http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_SessionLayerLayer5.htm
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The OSI Model
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The OSI Model
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The OSI Model
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The OSI Model
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Comparing the OSI Model with TCP/IP Model
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2.4.8
Comparing the OSI Model with TCP/IP Model
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Lab 2.4.8.2
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In this activity, you will see how Packet Tracer uses theOSI Model as a reference to display the encapsulationdetails of a variety of the TCP/IP protocols.
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Network Addressing
Addressing in the Network
Th i f dd h b i l d d
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There are various types of addresses that must be included tosuccessfully deliver the data from a source application running on onehost to the correct destination application running on another.
Using the OSI model as a guide, we can see the different addressesand identifiers that are necessary at each layer.
Getting the Data to the End Device
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During the process of encapsulation, address identifiers are added to
the data as it travels down the protocol stack on the source host. Multiple layers of addressing to ensure its delivery: Ethernet MAC Addresses, IP Addresses TCP/UDP Port numbers
Getting the Data through the Internetwork
E l ti h d d t
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Encapsulation headers are used to managecommunication in data networks
2.5.3
Getting the Data to the Right Application
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2.5.4
Warriors of the Net
warriors-700-VBR 1 mpg
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See also: Proxy Server URL
warriors-700-VBR_1.mpg
2.5.5
Lab 2.6.1
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Lab 2.6.2: Introduction to Wireshark tool
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Lab 2.7.1
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Q&A
The statements that are correct
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The statements that are correctconcerning network protocols:
1. define the structure of layerspecific PDU's
2. outline the functions necessary forcommunications between layers
3. require layer dependentencapsulations
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Q&A
Two functions of encapsulation
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Two functions of encapsulation1. identifies pieces of data as part
of the same communication
2. ensures that data pieces canbe directed to the correctreceiving end device
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Q&A
What is a primary function of the
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What is a primary function of thetrailer information added by the
data link layer encapsulation?
supports error detection
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Q&A
What is a PDU?
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What is a PDU?a layer specific encapsulation
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Q&A
What is the purpose of the TCP/IP
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What is the purpose of the TCP/IPNetwork Access layer?
network media control
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Q&A
What is the proper order of the
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What is the proper order of thelayers of the OSI model from the
highest layer to the lowest layer?
application, presentation,
session, transport, network, datalink, physical
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Summary
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102/102
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