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Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into...

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ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law
Transcript
Page 1: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-1

Les 6: Input en output

"It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law

Page 2: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-2

Doelstelling

Uniforme interface van de CVE met zijn omgeving

• Snelheden variëren sterk

• Randapparaten niet synchroon met CVE

• Gegevens kunnen fouten bevatten

• Randapparaten kunnen falen

Page 3: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-3

Inhoud

• Bussen

• Communicatie en synchronisatie

• Secundair geheugen

• Invoerapparaten

• Uitvoerapparaten

• Verbinding met de buitenwereld

Page 4: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-4

Von Neumann-machineFysiek zicht

Invoer/Uitvoer

adres

controle

data

BUS

voeding

Geheugen:bau-cellen

RAM

controlecontrole

klokklok

registersregistersALU

ControleControle

klokklok

registersregisters

Geheugen

CVE

ALU

cachecache

Page 5: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-5

Busarbitrage: selectie van een master

MM MM MM MM

Page 6: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-6

Busarbitrage: daisy chain

MM MM MM MMbus-

arbiterbus-

arbiter

Bus requestBus grant

Daisy chain

Page 7: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-7

Busarbitrage: centraal

MM MM MM MMbus-

arbiterbus-

arbiter

Bus requestBus grant

Page 8: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-8

Synchrone busBus klok: bv. 100 MHz

T1 T2 T3

geldig adres

data

mreq

rd

wait

Bus: synchroon

Page 9: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-9

Asynchrone bus

geldig adres

mreq

rd

msyn

ssyn

data

Bus: asynchroon

Page 10: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

PC-bussen

North Bridge

GraphicsRAM

10.6 GB/s

10.6 GB/s

2 GB/s DMI (Direct Media Interface)

CVE

PCIe x 16

GraphicsPCIe x 16

PCI express 2.05 GHz seriële verbinding4 Gb/s = 500 MB/s South Bridge

ca6-10

Page 11: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

South bridge

PCI 2.0 LAN

USB 2.0 480 Mb/s

South Bridge

500 MB/s Gb/s Oude standaarden

2 GB/s DMI (Direct Media Interface)

Serial ATA3 Gb/s

ca6-11

Page 12: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-12

Page 13: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-13

Page 14: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-14

Afkortingen

• PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect• ISA: Industry Standard Architecture• SCSI: Small Computer Systems Interface• USB: Universal Serial Bus• AGP: Advance Graphics Port• IDE: Integrated Drive Electronics• SATA: Serial ATA (Parallel Ata = IDE)• SAS: Serially Attached SCSI

Page 15: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

bca9-15

Laptops

• ExpressCard• Vroeger PCMCIA: Personal

Computer Memory Card Industry Association (People Cannot Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms)

Page 16: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-16

Inhoud

• Bussen

• Communicatie en synchronisatie

• Secundair geheugen

• Invoerapparaten

• Uitvoerapparaten

• Verbinding met de buitenwereld

Page 17: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-17

Invoer / uitvoer-registers

CVECVE

ran

dap

par

aaat

ran

dap

par

aaatcontrolecontrole

toestandtoestand

datadata

IO-registers

Page 18: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-18

IO-registers

IO-adresruimte

Geheugen

Memory-mapped

Port-mapped

in

out

in

out

movmov

Page 19: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-19

Handshaking protocol

data

controle

toestand

Page 20: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-20

Handshaking protocol

data

controle

toestand

Page 21: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-21

Printerpoorten op PC

Printer data

Printer controle

Printertoestand

07

strobe

autofeed

init

selectin

IRQ enable

error

select

PEack

ready

Page 22: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-22

Communicatie en synchronisatie

• Geprogrammeerde overdracht– Actieve synchronisatie– Onderbrekingen

• Directe geheugentoegang (Direct Memory Access, DMA)

Page 23: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-23

Geprogrammeerde overdracht

CVECVE

bus

geheugengeheugen

IO-kaartIO-kaart

Page 24: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-24

Actieve synchronisatie “polling”

lees toestand

klaar?

doe overdracht

neen

ja

“programma’s”

Page 25: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-25

; I/O adressendr equ 378h ; dataregistertr equ 379h ; toestandsregistercr equ 37Ah ; controleregister

; toestandsbitsready equ 80h ; bit 7 van het trselect equ 10h ; bit 4 van het tr

; controlebitsselectin equ 08h ; bit 3 van het crinit equ 04h ; bit 2 van het crstrobe equ 01h ; bit 0 van het cr

Actieve synchronisatie

Page 26: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-26

; print teken in al (overschrijft ah en dx) mov dx, tr

mov ah, al lus: in al, dx and al, ready | select cmp al, ready | select

jne lus mov dx, dr mov al, ah out dx, al mov dx, cr mov al, selectin | init | strobe

out dx, al mov al, selectin | init out dx, al

Actieve synchronisatie

110100001001000010010000

?=10010000

Page 27: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-27

Onderbrekingsregelaar

CVECVE

bus

geheugengeheugen

IO-controller

IO-controller

ready

Onderbreking: regelaar

Page 28: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-28

Onderbrekingen

CVECVE

bus

geheugengeheugen

8259Interruptcontroller

8259Interruptcontroller

IO-controller

IO-controller

intr

ready

nr

Page 29: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-29

Onderbrekingsregelaars in cascade

MMSS

CVECVE

Page 30: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-30

Onderbrekingen

doe overdracht

programma

interrupt service routine “programma”

Testen van toestandnu in hardware!

Page 31: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-31

nummer omschrijving IA32

0 divide by 0 1 single step 2 non maskable interrupt (parity error) 3 breakpoint 4 overflow 5 bound range exceeded 6 invalid opcode 7 device not available (no math co-cpu) 8 double fault 9 co-cpu segment overrun10 invalid TSS11 segment not present12 stack-segment fault13 general protection14 page fault15 …

31 reserved

Onderbrekingen voor de IA32

Page 32: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-32

nummer omschrijving

0 IRQ hardware timer 1 IRQ keypress 2 IRQ tweede onderbrekingsregelaar 3 IRQ com1 4 IRQ com2 5 IRQ hard disk 6 IRQ floppy disk 7 IRQ parallel printer 1 8 IRQ real-time clock 9 IRQ redirect cascade10 IRQ reserved11 IRQ reserved12 IRQ mouse13 IRQ coprocessor exception14 IRQ fixed disk15 IRQ reserved

Onderbrekingen voor onderbrekingsregelaar

Page 33: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-33

Soorten onderbrekingen

Onderbrekingen

ExceptiesSoftware-

onderbrekingenHardware-

onderbrekingen

Maskeer-baar

Niet-Maskeer-

baarAborts Faults Traps

NuldelingPaginafout

BreakpointOverflow

Hardwarefout

Page 34: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-34

Gesegmenteerd geheugen

gdtr

8

16

24

cs

ds

ss

08

1624

Page 35: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-35

Segment Descriptor Table

gdtr

Desc 0

Desc 1

Desc 2

Desc 3

Desc 4

Basis Limiet

Descriptor

Lim<15:0>Basis<31:24> + extra bits +

Lim<19:16> + Basis<23:16>Basis<15:0>

cs

ds

ss

es

fs

gs

cs

ds

ss

es

fs

gs

Page 36: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-36

Interrupt Descriptor Table

idtr

Desc 0

Desc 1

Desc 2

Desc 3

Desc 4

Basis Limiet

Descriptor

EIP<15:0>EIP<31:16> CS<15:0>extra bits

Page 37: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-37

Onderbrekingen

stapel

012

iret

int 2

espeflagsesp

csespeipesp

Onderbreking: vlag

Page 38: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-38

Onderbrekingen

stapel

012

iret

int 2

eflagscseipesp

esp

Page 39: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-39

Printerdriver; definitie van constanten

printer equ 378h dr equ printertr equ printer+1cr equ printer+2

ready equ 80hselect equ 10h

irq equ 10hselectin equ 08hinit equ 04hstrobe equ 01h

Page 40: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-40

Veranderlijken

; definitie van veranderlijkenbezig db 0volgende dd 0datastring db "dag allemaal",10,13,12,0

Page 41: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-41

Print 1 byteprintbyte:

push edxmov dx,dr out dx,almov dx,crmov al,init | selectin | irq | strobeout dx,almov al,init | selectin | irqout dx,alpop edxret

Page 42: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-42

Onderbrekingen

CVECVE

bus

geheugengeheugen

InterruptcontrollerInterruptcontroller

ParallellePoort

(printer)

ParallellePoort

(printer)

int

ready

10111100

Page 43: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-43

Printeronderbreking: IRQ7 van de onderbrekingsregelaar.

10111100Onderbrekingsmasker

7fh 01111111

00111100Nieuw Onderbrekingsmasker

Aanmaak van een masker

Page 44: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-44

Printstringprintstring: cmp byte ptr [bezig],0 jnz printstring cli in al,21h and al,7fh out 21h,al sti mov al,[esi] cmp al,0 jnz byteklaar retbyteklaar: mov byte ptr [bezig],1 inc esi mov [volgende],esi call printbyte ret

Page 45: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-45

Onderbrekingen

CVECVE

bus

geheugengeheugen

8259Interruptcontroller

8259Interruptcontroller

IO-controller

IO-controller

int

ready

Page 46: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-46

Hoofdprogrammamain mov eax,39 mov ebx,drijver

call installeer_handler mov esi,datastring

call printstring ;; ...voer hier het hoofdprogramma uit...;wacht: cmp byte ptr [bezig],0 jnz wacht cli in al,21h or al,80h out 21h,al

sti

Page 47: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-47

De drijverdrijver: push eax mov al,20h out 20h,al sti push esi mov esi,[volgende] mov al,[esi] inc esi mov [volgende],esi cmp al,0 jnz meer mov byte ptr [bezig],0 jmp exitmeer: call printbyte exit: pop esi pop eax iret

Page 48: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-48

Onderbrekingsregelaar

CVECVE

bus

geheugengeheugen

InterruptcontrollerInterruptcontroller

IO-controller

IO-controller

int

ready

00111100

Onderbreking: regelaar

Page 49: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-49

• Actieve synchronisatie– Zeer snel– Mogelijke monopolisering van de CVE

• Onderbrekingen– Minder snel– Betere benutting van de CVE

Besluit

Page 50: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-50

DMA-regelaar

CVECVE

bus

geheugengeheugen

DMA-ContDMA-ContIO-

controllerIO-

controller

BRQ

ready

BGR

start

adreslengte

Page 51: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-51

Directe geheugentoegang

• Geen programma-uitvoering meer

• Er wordt enkel één geheugencyclus “gestolen” per overdracht (cycle stealing)

Page 52: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-52

Inhoud

• Bussen

• Communicatie en synchronisatie

• Secundair geheugen

• Invoerapparaten

• Uitvoerapparaten

• Verbinding met de buitenwereld

Page 53: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-53

Secundair geheugen

• Magnetische Schijven

• Magnetische banden (tapes)

• Optische schijven

Page 54: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-54

Magnetische schijven

Page 55: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-55

Magnetische schijven

Sturing + buffering van de harde schijf

Page 56: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-56

Magnetische schijven

3 platen (platters)

6 oppervlakken

Page 57: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-57

Magnetische schijven

Glazen of aluminium oppervlak met magnetiseerbare laag, gepolijst.

Page 58: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-58

Magnetische schijven

6 koppen (zweven 5 m boven oppervlak)Per positie kunnen 6 sporen (op 6 oppervlakken)

gelezen worden (cilinder)

Page 59: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-59

Magnetische schijven

spoor

sector

Page 60: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-60

• Zoektijd: verplaatsen van de kop naar de juiste cilinder

• Latentie: wachten totdat de juiste sector onder de kop komt

• Transfertijd: tijd nodig om gegevens te lezen of te schrijven

Tijden

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eMWG3fwiEU

Page 61: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-61

Voorbeeld HDParameter Waarde

Capaciteit 150 GB

Aantal sectoren 293 046 768

Rotatiesnelheid 10 000 rpm

Latentie 2.99 ms

Zoektijd 4.6-5.2 ms gemiddeld

Spoor-naar-spoor zoektijd 0.4 ms

Opstarttijd 7-10 s

MTBF 1 200 000 uur (137 jaar)

Waarborg 5 jaar

Foutkans < 1 op 1015 bits

Page 62: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-62

Voorbeeld HDParameter Waarde

Start-stop cycli > 20 000

Buffer 16 MiB

Buffer naar computer 1.5 Gb/s (SATA)

Buffer naar schijf 84 MB/s

Temperatuur 5-55C

Vochtigheid 5-95%

Hoogte -305-12200 m

VermogenSleep

10W 2.5 W

Page 63: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

Voorbeeld SSD

ca6-63

Model Number ST800FM0012Interface 6-Gb/s SASCapacity 800GBGuaranteed logical blocks 1,562,824,368Programming page size 8192BSustained data transfer rate 370MB/sAverage latency 0.273msRandom read seek time 0.293msRandom write seek time 0.137msI/O data transfer rate 600MB/sUnrecoverable read errors 1 in 1016

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viac3j6MeII&feature=related

Page 64: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

Voorbeeld SSD

ca6-64

MTBF 2,000,000 hoursAnnual Failure Rate 0.44%Average idle power 4.38WAverage operating power 5.93WOperating temperature 5°–60°CNonoperating temperature -40°–70°COperating Shock (max) 1000 Gs for 0.5msNonoperating Shock (max) 1000 Gs for 0.5ms

Page 65: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-65

Master Control Block

Eerste sector die door het besturingssysteem geladen wordt na het opstarten van de CVE.

Meestal sector 0 van spoor 0 van oppervlak 0

Ook master boot record genaamd

Page 66: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-66

Floppy disk

• Zelfde principe als de hard-disk• Veel kleiner (1,44 MB)• Draait niet indien niet gebruikt• Rotatiesnelheid: 300 TPM• Aantal sporen: 80• Sectors per spoor: 18• Bandbreedte: 500 kb/s (64,5 kB/s)• Nu: ZIP (100,250,750 MB), en Jaz (2 GB), floptical

(tot 2 GB)• Duur

Page 67: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-67

Tapes

• Vooral voor backup

• Goedkoop medium

• Voornamelijk– DDS: Digital Data Storage (Digital Audio

Tape)– DLT: Digital Linear Tape

• Capaciteit 4-150 GB

Page 68: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-68

CD-ROMOrigineel 783 MB muziek (74 min)

650 MB data (meer foutcorrectie)

Page 69: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-69

CD-ROM

Page 70: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-70

CD-ROM

• Eerste CD-ROM lezers: 300 TPM of 150 kB/s

• Later: x 40, x 56 originele snelheid

• Snelheid varieert afhankelijk van de plaats: constant linear velocity: stroom bits per seconde is constant (bij hard disk: constant angular velocity: snelheid disk is constant)

Page 71: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-71

CD-schrijver

• Eenmaal: CD-R (recordable)

• Meermaals: CD-RW (rewritable)

• Schrijven is trager dan lezen

Page 72: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-72

DVD-ROM

Nu Blu-ray: 25 GB/per laag – tot 2 lagen

Page 73: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-73

Inhoud

• Bussen

• Communicatie en synchronisatie

• Secundair geheugen

• Invoerapparaten

• Uitvoerapparaten

• Verbinding met de buitenwereld

Page 74: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-74

Invoerapparaten

• Toetsenbord

• Muizen & trackballs, joysticks

• Lichtpennen en aanwijsschermen

• Digitiseertablet

Page 75: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

ca6-75

Toetsenbord

• 101 toetsen (enhanced keyboard)

• 104 toetsen (windows keyboard)

• Layout: qwerty, azerty, qwertz, dvorak

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Toetsenbordmatrix

Bij toetsaanslag: sluiten van de schakelaar

Omzetting scancode (x,y) naar letterteken

Interne buffering (16 bytes)

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Toetsenborden

• Bounce: bij een toetsaanslag soms schakeldender slechts 1 teken

• Bij ingeduwd houden: typematics. Na een zeker tijdsinterval b.v. 30 x het teken per seconde.

• Op laptops: vaak speciale (compacte) toetsenborden en afzonderlijke numerieke toetsenborden

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Muis: bovenaanzicht

encoder chip roterende bal

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Muis: onderaanzicht

roterende bal

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Muis

“rollers” 90º: X- en Y-richting

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Muis

infrarode pulsgenerator

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Optische muis

ledcamera

Page 83: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Andere muistypes

• Trackball: omgekeerde muis– B.v. bij laptops, of bij draagbare muizen

• Touchpad: bij laptops (wrijven en tikken)• “Pointing stick” tussen toetsen• Joystick: xy-positie + rotatie• Muizen kunnen ook optisch zijn (lichtbron

+ reflecterende muismat + sensor)

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Lichtpennen en aanraakschermen

• Lichtpen: detecteert de elektronenstraal per refresh. Enkel bruikbaar indien het pixel niet zwart is.

• Aanraakscherm– Optisch (met leds, of met camera)– Elektrisch (verandering weerstand)

Page 85: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Digitiseertablet

• Soort muis + muismat met absolute coördinaten

• Vooral voor professionele toepassingen: grafisch, virtuele realiteit, CAD, GIS, enz.

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Inhoud

• Bussen

• Communicatie en synchronisatie

• Secundair geheugen

• Invoerapparaten

• Uitvoerapparaten

• Verbinding met de buitenwereld

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Uitvoerapparaten

• Laserprinters

• Ink jet printers

• Video display

Page 88: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Laserprinter

Page 89: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Inkjetprinters

• Goedkoop

• Voldoende snel (8-16 ppm, ZW)

• Goede resolutie: 300 dpi tot 1200 dpi (dots per inch)

Page 90: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Spuitgaten

Gaten van 50 m diameter

Gaten van 25 m diameter

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Ink jet methoden

Thermisch (dampvorming) Piezo-elektrisch (mechanisch)

(epson)

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Videodisplay• Technologie:

– CRT: Kathodestraalbuis (Cathode Ray Tube)– LCD: Liquid Cristal Display

• Schermafmeting, aspect ratio & oriëntatie

• Maximale resolutie & kleurendiepte

• Dot pitch (grootte van een pixel)

• Refresh rate

Page 93: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Kathodestraalbuis

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Afmeting, aspect-ratio & oriëntatie

• Grootte: 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21 duim

• Aspect-ratio: 4:3 (zoals TV) of 16:9 (film)

• Oriëntatie: landschap of portret

Opmerking: zichtbare grootte < opgegeven grootte

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Kleurendiepte, resolutie, dot pitch

• True color: 8 bits per kleurcomponent (rood, groen, blauw) per pixel: 16,8 miljoen combinaties (SVGA-standaard)

• Resolutie– XGA: 800x600 pixels & true color– UXGA: 1600x1200 pixels & true color

• Resolutie & kleurendiepte bepalen de hoeveelheid videoram in de videokaart

• Dot pitch: grootte van een pixel

Page 96: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Dot pitch

0,31 mm

0,28 mm (courant)

0,27 mm

0,26 mm

0,25 mm

0,51 mm (TV)

0,31 mm

0,28 mm (courant)

0,27 mm

0,26 mm

0,25 mm

0,51 mm (TV)

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Refreshrate

• Aantal keer dat het scherm per seconde herschreven wordt

• Om flikkering te vermijden 72 Hz, best 85 Hz

• Non-interlaced: per periode wordt het volledige scherm herschreven, en niet 50% van de lijnen (even/oneven) zoals bij een TV.

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Analoog vs. digitaal

• VGA (Video graphics array): zet het binaire beeld om in een analoog signaal dat naar de (analoge) monitor gestuurd wordt

• DVI (Digital Video Interface): stuurt de digitale informatie rechtstreeks naar een digitale monitor

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LCD-scherm

• LCD: Liquid Cristal Display

• Twee types:– Passieve matrix LCD– Actieve matrix LCD (gebaseerd op een

dunne film transistor TFT)

• Lichtbron:– Ingebouwd achter het LCD (backlit)– Omgevingslicht (reflectief via spiegel)

Page 100: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Inhoud

• Bussen

• Communicatie en synchronisatie

• Secundair geheugen

• Invoerapparaten

• Uitvoerapparaten

• Verbinding met de buitenwereld

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Verbindingen• Infrarood (IrDA) 0.000075 Gb/s• USB 2.0 poort 0.48 Gb/s• USB 3.0 poort 4.8 Gb/s• Thunderbolt 10 Gb/s• Ethernet-poort 10 Gb/s• SCSI poort 5.1 Gb/s• SATA600 6 Gb/s• SAS 6 Gb/s• Fibre channel 5.1 Gb/s• Infiniband 14-312 Gb/s

Page 102: Ca6-1 Les 6: Input en output "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." Hofstadter’s law.

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Pauze


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