Cable Abatement per the Code - BICSI - advancing the ... BICSI NE-SE... · Copyright © 2006 E. I....

Copyright © 2006E. I. du Pont de Nemours and CompanyAll rights reserved

Cable Abatement per the Code

John LyonsDuPont Cabling Solutions610-399-0540

Copyright © 2006 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. All rights reserved 2

This presentation includes...

• Abandoned Cable Code Requirements

• What’s at Stake for Property Managers, Building Owners and Tenants– Case Histories– The Role of Cable in Fires

• Best Practices to Mitigate Fire Risk– Building Assessments– Abandoned Cable Removal– Recycle– Limited Combustible Cable


Concealed Building Spaces May Contain Large Volumes of Combustible Cable That is No Longer in Use.

Riser Cable

Horizontal Cable


Codes and Standards

National Fire Protection Agency codes and standards represent a set of minimum fire safety requirements for the protection of buildings


• Updated every three years• Often adopted in its

entirety through local jurisdictions

• Should correlate with NFPA 90A requirements for the plenum spaces

• Requires removal of all types of abandoned low voltage cable in several articles

NFPA 70 - National Electrical Code (NEC) is responsible for all cable products and applications.

Copyright © 2006 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. All rights reserved 6Source: NEC 2002 NFPA 70

Abandoned Cable Removal Language in 2002 NEC

• 640.3(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned audio distribution cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

• 725.3(B) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned Class 2, Class 3, and PLTC cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

• 760.3(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. The accessible portion of abandoned fire alarm cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

• 770.3(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned optical fiber cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

• 800.52(B) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned communications cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

• 820.3 Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned coaxial cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

• 830.3(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned network-powered broadband communication cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

Source: 2002 NEC


Section 640.2 defines abandoned Audio Distribution Cable as “installed audio distribution cable that is not terminated at equipment and not identified for future use with a tag.”

Section 725.2 defines abandoned Class 2, Class 3, and PLTC Cable as “installed Class 2, Class 3, and PLTC cable that is not terminated at equipment and not identified for future use with a tag.”

Section 760.2 defines abandoned Fire Alarm Cable as “installed fire alarm cable that is not terminated at equipment other than a connector and not identified for future use with a tag.”

Section 770.2 defines abandoned Optical Fiber Cable as “installed optical fiber cable that is not terminated at equipment other than a connector and not identified for future use with a tag.”

Section 800.2 defines abandoned Communication Cable as “installed communications cable that is not terminated at both ends at a connector or other equipment and not identified for future use with a tag.”

Section 820.2 defines abandoned Coaxial Cable as “installed coaxial cable that is not terminated at equipment other than a coaxial connector and not identified for future use with a tag.”

Section 830.2 defines abandoned Network-Powered Broadband Communications Cable as “installed network-powered broadband communications cable that is not terminated atequipment other than a connector and not identified for future use with a tag.”

Source: NEC 2002 NFPA 70

Definitions of Abandoned Cable in the NEC

Source: 2002/2005 NEC


Definition of Accessible

Article 100 Definitions

I.

Accessible (as applied to wiring methods). Capable of being removed or exposed without damaging the building structure or finish or not permanently closed in by the structure or finish of the building.

Interpretation

Would not require surgical removal of cable in a finished space if accessing cable damages the building.

Would require removal of cable if building is undergoing demolition for remodeling that would make the cable accessible.

Source: NEC 2002 NFPA 70

Source: 2002/2005 NEC


Abandoned Cable- NEC 2005

NEC 2005 did not make any major changes to the 2002 code.

The two notable changes were in language and section numbers:

Language change that occurred in Articles 640, 725, 760, 770, 820 and 830 was:

From “shall not be permitted to remain” in NEC 2002

To “shall be removed” in NEC 2005


Abandoned Cable Removal Language in 2005 NEC

• 640.3(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned audio distribution cables shall be removed.”

• 725.3(B) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned Class 2, Class 3, and PLTC cables shall be removed.”

• 760.3(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. The accessible portion of abandoned fire alarm cables shall be removed.”

• 770.3(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned optical fiber cables shall be removed.”

• 800.52(B) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned communications cables shall not be permitted to remain.”

• 820.3 Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned coaxial cables shall be removed.”

• 830(A) Spread of Fire or Products of Combustion. “The accessible portion of abandoned network-powered broadband communication cables shall be removed.”

Source: 2005 NEC


Hazards of Abandoned Cable in Other NFPA Standards

NFPA-75A. 6.3.4 Abandoned cables shall not be allowed to accumulate. Cables not identified for future use shall be removed.A.10.4.4(6) Abandoned cable can interfere with air flow and extinguishing systems. Abandoned cable also adds to the fuel loading.

NFPA-90A4.3.10.2.7 The accessible portion of abandoned materials exposed to the air flow shall not be permitted to remain.

NFPA-766.5.2.2.5 Abandoned cables should not be allowed to accumulate. Cables not identified for future use should be removed.9.10.2 Where practical, unused or dead cable should be mined (removed) and discarded. Care should be taken during the removal process so as to protect the existing live cables from damage. All cables that have been cut and abandoned in place should be capped.


The Authority Having Jurisdiction Enforces the Code

90.4 Enforcement. This Code is intended to be suitable

for mandatory application by governmental bodies that exercise

legal jurisdiction over electrical installations, including

signaling and communications systems, and for use by

insurance inspectors. The authority having jurisdiction for

enforcement of the Code has the responsibility for making

interpretations of the rules, for deciding on the approval of

equipment and materials, and for granting the special permission

contemplated in a number of the rules.

By special permission, the authority having jurisdiction

may waive specific requirements in this Code or permit

alternative methods where it is assured that equivalent objectives

can be achieved by establishing and maintaining

effective safety.


100%

54%

80%71%

89%

45% 44%

78%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Atlanta

Balt/W

ash

Boston

Chicago

Dallas/F

WLos

Angeles

Philadelp

hiaSF/O

akland

Do local electrical, fire or building inspectors enforce the removal of abandoned cable in any of the areas where your firm installs data communications cabling?

Percent saying YES by Metro area

Source: DuPont survey of contractors in 2004


What’s at Stake?


What’s at Stake for Building Owners & Property Managers?

Costs of non-compliance with building codes

• Fines for building Code violations can run as high as $5,000 perincidence

• Project Delays

• Over $10,000 net loss per day for prime commercial leased space remaining vacant

• Insurance costs

• Tenant Issues

• Potential legal liability


Every 20 Seconds a Fire Department Responds to a Fire Somewhere in the U.S.

Each day, 316 non-residential structure fires occur ...

• Every 4 days, 1 person will die

• Each day, 4 people will be injured

• Each day, $6.5 million in property damage will result

Source: Fire Loss in the United States During 2004, Michael Kartner, Jr., NFPA Fire Analysis and Research Division, September 2005


• Energy $2.8 mil

• Telecommunications $2.0 mil

• Manufacturing $1.6 mil

• Financial Institution $1.4 mil

• Information Technology $1.3 mil

• Insurance $1.2 mil

• Retail $1.1 mil

• Pharmaceuticals $1.0 mil

• Banking $1.0 mil

• Healthcare $636 kSource: IT Performance Engineering & Measurement Strategies, Meta Group, 2000

Loss of Business Continuity is a Huge Cost

Hourly Cost of Downtime and Lost Data by Industry

Fire & Explosions are the cause of 8% of lost data.


In addition to downtime & lost data, other hidden costs of fires can be significant.

• Productivity/Efficiency Loss• Employee Absenteeism• Clean Up• Medical Costs• Damage to Customer Relationships• Loss of Competitive Advantage• Litigation• Damage to Public Image• Regulatory Requirements• Contractual Obligations• Insurance Costs


One World Trade Center – New York, NYFebruary 1975Over 25 years ago, serious fires involving wire and cables running through plenums drove the need for fire safety codes.“The worst and most hazardous condition is when wires and cables with combustible insulation are run through plenums to service the floor above. This provides a double hazard by introducing combustibles into the air conditioning... It should be noted that the mass of cables to supply communication equipment in many office occupancies is sufficient to sustain a substantial fire. While an individual cable is extremely difficult to ignite, a group of cables lying parallel will burn intensely, similar to the situation that exists with a group of logs in a fireplace.” — Report by NY Board of Fire Underwriters


Alexis Nihon Plaza – Montreal, CanadaOctober 1986

“The fire spread horizontally on the tenth floor and traveled through non-fire stopped penetrations for communications wiring... heat and smoke escaped through the communications wiring openings that had not been fire stopped.” — Fire Journal, January/February 1988

• Fire spread rapidly to 6 floors

• $80 million in damages


Bell Central Office – Hinsdale, ILMay 1988

“Fueled by the insulation, the fire quickly spread into the groups of cables in the cable tray and eventually emerged at the top of the cables. The fire was able to travel horizontally both in the confined spaces between cables in the trays and in an open space between the top layer of cables and the ceiling.” — NFPA Fire Investigation


Bell Central Office – Hinsdale, ILMay 1988 (continued)

“The smoke and combustion by-products from burning cable insulation penetrated the entire building . . . . irreparably contaminating much of the communications equipment.” —From report of Illinois Office of the State Fire Marshall and Illinois Commerce Commission

• 30' by 40' Fire area

• $90 Million in damages

• 17-Day outage

• Calls disrupted for 4 weeks


One Meridian Plaza – Philadelphia, PAFebruary 1991

United States Fire Administration, National Fire Data Center Report:

• 3 firefighter fatalities

• $100 million in direct property loss

• Equal or greater loss through business interruption

• $4 billion in civil damage claims


One Meridian Plaza“… total consumption of the available fuel ...”


Banker’s Trust Building – New York, NYJanuary 1993

United States Fire Administration, Technical Series Report:

• Over $10 million in direct property damage

• Additional business interruption & secondary effects

• Believed to originate with over-heated wiring above ceiling igniting combustible insulation


Banker’s Trust Building – New York, NYJanuary 1993

United States Fire Administration, Technical Series Report:“Fuel Load in Ceiling Plenum — The space above the ceiling in the fire area and adjacent areas was used for electrical wiring and communications cables. The amount of communications wiring in this type of occupancy is often a problem. It appears that over the years the amount of communications wiring in the plenum has grown, as old runs have been replaced by new wiring, but the old cables were not removed. The fuel load provided by the insulation on the wires contributed to the fire origin and intensity. The cable runs also made it impossible to fully seal the openings in fire separation walls above the ceilings, allowing smoke to migrate from one compartment to another and contributing to the secondary damage.”

“Photo shows the accumulation of combustible wiring that was in the ceiling plenumon the sixth floor at the edge of the fire area.”


LaSalle Bank - Chicago, IL December 2004

Fire started through faulty electrical wiring above the drop ceiling of a common-area.

The paper-backed ceiling tiles ignited, which fell to the floor along with other burning debris.

Severe damage to floors 25-29. Smoke & water damage throughout.


Years of investigation and research have yielded key lessons learned about the link between fires and cabling.

• Ignition source is often electrical failure

• Cables can add significant fuel load and spread fire rapidly

• Fires spread through cable pathways and spaces

• Small fires can create extensive smoke and non-thermal damage

• Passive fire protection is essential


Smoke is the leading source of fatalities in a fire.

Smoke contains dangerous carbon monoxide• 3/4 of all fire deaths are caused by smoke inhalation.

Source: Hall, Jr. John R. NFPA Fire Analysis & Research, Quincy, MA. “Burns, Toxic Gases, and other Hazards”.

Smoke limits visibility in an evacuation• 47% of survivors caught in a fire could not see more than 12 feet.

Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 8-1P. Pg. 8-17.

• Approximately 57% of people killed in fires are not in the room of the fire’s origin.

Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 1-1P. Pg. 1-15.

• Smoke travels 120-420 feet per minute under fire conditionsSource: Estimate based upon ceiling jet velocity calculations for typical ceiling heights and heat release rates.


Smoke is the leading source of damage in a fire.

Electronic Equipment

• Smoke permeation results in fine particulate carbon and moisture

• Current leakage (shorts) which damage or destroy sensitive electronic equipment

• Early component failure

• Loss of data and business continuity

“95% of the fire damage... is attributed to the smoke products and only 5% is caused by the thermal effects of fire.” — Network Reliability: A Report to the Nation, FCC 1993


Cabling’s Contribution to Fuel Load and Smoke


The Network is a Critical Part of the Building Infrastructure

Number of Networked Business PCs in the United States


The growing number of networked devices has created an exponential increase in the total installed cable in plenums in the US.


Communications cabling can add significant fuel load to a building’s concealed spaces.

Typical composition of 4-pair UTP Cables

• Composed of >50% plastics by weight

• Represents 1,500 lbs of potentially combustible material for every 100,000 feet of installed cable

Category 6 Enhanced

5.5

4

514

Copper

Insulation

Spacer

Jacket

Lbs. per 1,000 feet


CM, CMR and CMP are combustible cable constructions.

Conductor

ConductorCommunications)

*


Materials of cable construction can have a dramatic impact on the level of fire hazard.Fuel Load Comparison of Materials

Limited Combustible

Combustible

Polyolefins are often substituted for FEP in cable insulation and spacers adding more fuel load to the cable!


Real-scale Cable Fire Research.


Real-Scale Testing Schematic


Building Research Establishment


CMR (Riser Rated) Cable in Full Scale Fire Test


CMP (Plenum Rated) Cable in Full Scale Fire Test


Limited Combustible Cable in Full Scale Fire Test


CMR, CMP, and LCC in Full Scale Fire Test

CMR CMP

LCC


The measured data supports the visible results of real scale fire testing with plenum cables.

Real Scale Test Total Smoke Produced


NEC 2005 Code Change

800.154 Applications of Listed Communications Wires and Cables and Communications Raceways.

Communications wires and cables shall comply with the requirements of 800.154(A) through 800.154(F) or where cable substitutions are made in accordance with 800.154(G)(A) Plenum. Cables installed in ducts, plenums, and other spaces used for environmental air shall be Type CMP. Abandoned cables shall not be permitted to remain. Types CMP, CMR, CMG, CM, and CMX and communications wire installed in compliance with 300.22 shall bepermitted. Listed plenum communications raceways shall be permitted to be installed in ducts and plenums as described in 300.22(B) and in other spaces used for environmental air as described in 300.22(C). Only Type CMP cable shall be permitted to be installed in raceways.

FPN: See 8.14.1 of NFPA 13-2002, Installation of Sprinkler Systems, for requirements for sprinklers in concealed spaces containing exposed combustibles.


NPFA 13 sets the requirements for sprinklered buildings.

NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems

• In sprinklered buildings, use of combustible cables in concealed spaces, including plenums, may require installation of sprinklers in these spaces.

• Use of limited combustible cable does not require sprinklers in these spaces.


Alternative solutions to cable fuel load problem in concealed spaces.

• Sprinklers in concealed space with combustible cable

• Combustible cable in conduit

• Limited combustible cable


“Up to Code” is Not the Same as “Maximum Protection”

5-10% of building projects have some element of fire or life safety design that goes above the local code. - SFPE

Codes often ignore business continuity issues. - FM Global


Best Practices to Mitigate Fire Risk


Best Practices to Reduce the Risk

• Assess Existing Conditions

• Remove & recycle abandoned cables accumulating in concealed spaces.

• Install limited combustible cable for future structured cabling projects.

• Firestop cable penetrations


Why is Abandoned Cable a Problem?

Hidden fire hazard in buildingsContributes unnecessary fuel & smoke loadCreates structural problems Interferes with air flow (damming)Leaves no room for new cableCost of MAC’s (overhead or underfloor)Insurance companies are recommending removalIt is required to be removed by jurisdictions that adopted the NEC.


Which Buildings May Be Most at Risk?

• Older buildings

• High turnover

• Undergone recent renovations (within 5 years)

• Long-time large and/or multi-floor tenants

• Serviced by multiple vendors and contractors


Process to Manage Abandoned Cable

1. Begin planning and budgeting for abatement

2. Conduct an Assessment of the facility to scope the situation

3. Identify experienced contractor for safe removal

4. Make sure that the entire cable is recycled.

• Often copper is recycled but plastics are incinerated or land-filled

5. Document what you do

6. Consider lease language to address removal responsibilities


Abandoned Cable Assessments

• Inspection of structured cabling plant by experienced auditor

• Identify abandoned cable according to code & standards

• Fire-stop condition

• Other infrastructure concerns that could impact safety or performance

• Budgetary estimate of abatement cost

• Demonstrates proactive management of the problem to the AHJ


Examples of Items Found DuringBuilding Assessments


Abandoned Cable Challenge ... What Do You Do with the Cable?

• Code tells you to remove cable, but not what do do with it

• Over 60 billion feet of cable installed in plenum spaces in the U.S.

– large percentage is abandoned

– primarily PVC and PE resins filled with additives

• Until now, copper was the only portion of cable recycled

• Commingled plastics are difficult to separate; PVC is particularly challenging

• Typically plastics are land-filled or incinerated

• New DuPont program recycles the copper & plastics


DuPont Abandoned Cable Recycling

• Eliminate incineration of plastics

• Minimize or eliminate landfilling of plastics

• Recycle plastics to highest and best re-use

• Certificate of Waste Diversion to Owner or Tenant

• Documentation for LEED™

• Provides consistency and quality

• Payment for copper value

• Manage all logistics


LEED® Certification is another Incentive to Completely Recycle Abandoned Cable

LEED® => Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design

Voluntary, consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance sustainable buildings

Points-based rating system


LEED® Points Available for Abandoned Cable Recycle in 3 of the LEED® Standards

New Commercial Construction & Major Renovation Projects (LEED-NC)

Existing Building Operations (LEED-EB)

Commercial Interiors Projects (LEED-CI)

Core & Shell Projects (LEED-CS)

Homes (LEED-H)

Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND)


Materials & Resources 13 Points

Y Prereq 1 Storage & Collection of Recyclables Required

Credit 1.1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Shell 1

Credit 1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Shell 1

Credit 1.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% Shell & 50% Non-Shell 1

Credit 2.1 Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% 1

Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% 1

Credit 3.1 Resource Reuse, Specify 5% 1

Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 10% 1

Credit 4.1 Recycled Content, Specify 5% (post-consumer + ½ post-industrial) 1

Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Specify 10% (post-consumer + ½ post-industrial) 1

Credit 5.1 Local/Regional Materials, 20% Manufactured Locally 1

Credit 5.2 Local/Regional Materials, of 20% Above, 50% Harvested Locally 1

Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 1

Credit 7 Certified Wood 1

Certified 26-32 points Silver 33-38 points Gold 39-51 points Platinum 52-69 pointsSource: usgbc.org

Points for recycling abandoned cable.

New Commercial Construction & Major Renovation Projects

LEED-NC Project Checklist


Wire and Cable

This certificate presented the 25th day of November, 2004, to ________ signifies excellence in environmental stewardship through responsible recycling and preparation for reuse of the following products:

2,000 lbs Mixed Wire and Cable into Copper and plastic blends

10,300 lbs Plenum rated cable into copper and separated plastics

These products were removed from the following site:

And recycled by the following vendors:

Certificate of Waste Diversion


Example of Tenant Removal Requirements in LeaseLandlord Favorable Telecommunications Lease Clause

(Abandoned Cable Provision)

(a) [Use standard lease form provision re telecommunications]

(b) Tenant's installation of telephone lines, cables and other electronictelecommunications services and equipment shall be subject to the terms andconditions of Paragraph___ of this Lease. [Without limiting the generality of theforegoing, Landlord hereby approves the installation of a "home run" cabling(encased in conduit that identifies the same as Tenant's cabling) from theBuilding MPOE to the Premises by a provider designated by Tenant; provided,however, Landlord shall not be required to grant separate access to the Buildingto said provider and the installation of any telecommunications equipment by saidprovider shall require the prior consent of Landlord, which consent shall not beunreasonably withheld or delayed (providing that all costs of installation andengineering review are borne by said provider)]. Upon the expiration or earliertermination of this Lease, upon request by Landlord, Tenant shall remove,at its sole cost and expense, all of Tenant's telecommunications lines andcabling installed by Tenant [Tenant concession: (expressly excluding anysuch lines and cabling in place as of the Commencement Date)], including,without limitation, any such lines and cabling installed in the plenum orrisers of the Building (collectively, the "Tenant Wiring"), and designated bythe Landlord. In the event Landlord elects to retain any Tenant Wiring, theTenant Wiring shall be left in good condition and working order, lien free,and properly labeled at [Tenant's Demarcation Point].


Abandoned Cable Removal Advantages for Building Owners and Tenants

• Compliance with codes and standards

• Removes potential fuel source from concealed spaces

• Provides for clean pathways for future cable installation

• Helps ensure proper fire-stopping integrity

• Defines responsibility for future removal

– Incorporate requirement for removal into lease language

– Clarifies issue when new tenant moves in

• Reinforces building reputation for telecommunications excellence

• More marketable as safe place to work or live


Once you have removed the old combustible cable problem, minimize the future building fuel load ...

specify limited combustible cable for new installations & major renovations.


In addition to best available fire safety performance, limited combustible cable technology provides many other benefits.

Fire Safety Benefits

• Up to 8X Lower fuel load

• Up to 20X Lower smoke generation

• Lower flame spread

Environmental Benefits

• Contains no substances regulated under the RoHS and WEEE Directives.

• Free of PVC, lead, other heavy metals, phthalates, PBB, and PBDE

• Recyclable

Additional Performance Benefits

• Resists effects of aging and moisture

• Wider operating temperature range (-25°C to 125 °C)


Cat 6 4 pair,UTP

20 minute exposure.

Temperature approximately 270°C

End of coil 9 feet from end of flame after test completion.

Limited Combustible Cable provided at least 35 extra minutes of data transmission in fire survivability test.

One pair failed in just 5 minutes No pairs failed after 40 minutes!

CMP LCC


Network Uptime is Becoming More Critical to Building Operations as More Applications Move onto the Network, So Every Minute Counts

Computer Networks are Mission Critical

Web-based controls for office lighting, air handling, window blinds

Remote Video Surveillance Access

Remote HVAC System Control

Elevator Operation

Water, Electricity, Lighting Systems on the IP Network

Building Security and Access Systems on the Network

Fire detection systems

Building Operations offices are becoming Command Centers


Limited combustible cable has the following marking: “Limited Combustible FHC 25/50”

Available in:

- 4 pair UTP

- coax

- fiber optic


Summary

• Communications cables can fuel a fire adding significant fuel load and smoke

• Removal of Abandoned Cable is required by jurisdictions that adopt the National Electrical Code

• Conducting a Building Assessment for abandoned cable is the first step towards compliance

• Recycling all of the cabling materials is the new Best Practice

• Even traditional plenum rated cable (CMP) is Combustible• Combustibles in concealed spaces may require sprinkler

protection• Today, Limited Combustible Cable provides better

protection for new cable installations


Resources

www.cablingsolutions.dupont.com

www.realcomm.com

www.boma.org

www.caba.org

www.usgbc.com

www.nfpa.org

http://www.cablingsolutions.dupont.com/

http://www.realcomm.com/

http://www.boma.org/

http://www.caba.org/

http://www.usgbc.com/

http://www.nfpa.org/


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