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CALENDAR OF ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS IN ADAB-I ALAMGIRI

Dissertation Submitted for tl)e Degree of Mîttt of $I|ilos(opiip

IN

HISTORY

BY

ZAKIR HUSAIN

Under the supervision of

PROF. M. ATHAR ALI DR. R. K. PERTI

CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH CINDIA)

19 9 1'

%

DS2029

CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY

TELEPHONE S546

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002

28 January 1991

Cer t i f ied that Mr Zakir Husaln has

worked under our supervision to prepare the

d i s se r t a t i on e n t i t l e d , 'Calendar of Adminis

t r a t i v e Documents in Adab-i 'Alamgiri '« We

consider i t su i t ab le for the award of the

degree of Faster of Philosophy in History.

^

(prof. ) M. ^ thar -HI I ; (Dr P.. A. P e r t i )

A/-.

C O N T E N T S

Page

P R E F A C E i-ii

A B B R E V I A T I O N S i l l

I N T R O D U C T I O N i - L

C A L E N D A R 1-136

G L O S S A R Y 137-144

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 145-153

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * *

A / - .

P R E F A C E

For an xinderstanding of the functioning of the Mughal

empire a study of i t s provincia l administration and the re la

t ionship between the centre and the provinces has been held

to be of special inportance, Aurangzeb's second Viceroyalty

of the Deccan as i l luminated by the papers contained in the

Adab-i *Alamqiri comprises the l e t t e r s Aurangzeb wrote to the

Emperor Shahjahan, Princess Jahanara, his son, Muhammad

Sultan, nobles and o f f i ce r s . Some of these l e t t e r s are, in

form, hasbu-l anrs or writ ten on his behalf, at his i n s t ruc

t ions ,

In t h i s d i s se r t a t ion I have offered a calendar of

such documents in Adab-i Ajamgirj as r e l a t e to problems of

administrat ion of the Mughal Deccan during Aurangzeb's second

teirm as Viceroy. Passages of p a r t i c u l a r importance are t r an s -

la ted in extenso, but omitting unnecessary t i t l e s and compli

ments. An introduction to the calendar sums up the main

points emerging from th i s study. A Glossary of terms has been

added.

I am very grateful to my supervisors . Prof. M. Athar

Ali and Dr R.K. P e r t i , Director General, National Archives,

New Delhi, who have helped me in many ways especiadly by

offering construct ive c r i t i c i sm of my work. My special thanks

are due to Prof. Irfan Habib, my revered teacher, who has

r igorously scru t in i sed the d ra f t . He has been generous enough

. . . i i

( i i )

with h i s p r e c i o u s time as and when I approached him. Prof.

3h i reen Moosvi has been kind enough in g iv ing me a pe r sona l

copy of the p r i n t e d t e x t of Adab-i Alanqir^ for which I am

thankful to h e r .

My f r i end Dr 3.Z.H. J a f r i (Reader, Department of

H i s to ry , U n i v e r s i t y of Delhi) has been instrvimental in p u r s u

i n g my r e sea r ches for which I am h igh ly thankful to him. My

thanks are due to Dr I ,A . Z i l i i , my l o c a l guardian and my

f r i e n d Dr Arshad Islam who have helped me in s e v e r a l ways. My

thanks are a lso due to Ms. 3.H. Khan, My co l l eagues a t the

Nat iona l Archives, New Delh i , Ms. N . 3 . Alam and Mr Muhammad

I r f a n have extended t h e i r f u l l coopera t ion in t h i s work. Need

I say t h a t I am thankful to them, I am a l so thankful to

Mr SMR Baqar, A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r , NAI, for h i s i n t e r e s t in my

work. I am indebted to the s t a f f of the Research Library ,

Department of H i s to ry \A\o have been much he lp fu l to me. My

thanks are due to Mr M.A. Khan Afr id i who has e x c e l l e n t l y

typed the d r a f t .

In the l a s t but not the l e a s t I should thank my

p a r e n t s whose c o n s t a n t encouragement and good wishes have

always been a source of i n s p i r a t i o n to me. My wife Halima

Begum has p a t i e n t l y waited for the r e s u l t s of my r e s e a r c h e s ,

and to he r I owe much g r a t i t u d e .

( i i i )

ABBREVIATIONS

Adab; Adab-1 ' A l a m q l r l

A p p a r a t u s ; The A p p a r a t u s of Empire & C.

A t l a s : An A t l a s of t h e Mughal Empire

& C.

CEHI; Cambridge Sconoinlc H i s t o r y o f

I n d i a

lESHR; The I n d i a n Economic & S o c i a l

H i s t o r y Review

IHRi The I n d i a n H i s t o r i c a l Review

i s l t C u l . : I s l a m i c C u l t u r e

L a h o r l : Padshahnama

M»U»; M a * a s l r u - 1 Umara

PIHC; P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e I n d i a n H i s t o r y

C o n g r e s s

S a l l h : 'Amal-1 S a l l h

S h a f i q : K h u l a s a t u - 1 Hind

Thakur L a i : D a s t u r u - l 'Amal-.! S h a h l n s h ^ h l

Z a k h i r a : 2 a k h l r a t u - l Khwanln

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Adab-»1 'Aiamglrj i s the most important source of infor

mation about the Mughal administration in the Deccan during

the second viceroyal ty of Aurangzeb (1652-58). The l e t t e r s

contained in th i s well-known col lec t ion mainly r e l a t e to the

period when he was Viceroy of the Deccan under Shahjahan, and

were wri t ten on his behalf by Munshi Qabil Khan. This co l l ec

t ion also contains l e t t e r s wri t ten on behalf of Prince Akbar,

during 1678-80, by Muhammad Sadiq v*io edi ted the en t i re t ex t

in 170 3-4.-^

The l e t t e r s addressed to Shahjahan were writ ten by

Aurangzeb himself in conformity of the s t r i c t Mughal protocol ,

whereas l e t t e r s addressed to other o f f i c i a l s were drafted by

h i s munshi, which occasionally contained some endorsements in

Axirangzeb's hand wr i t ing . I t appears t ha t not only the copies

but o r ig ina l correspondence also survived with the Mughal

archives and the pr iva te individuals and l a t e r on becam

very popular because of i t s refined l i t e r a r y s t y l e .

1. Irfan Habib, An Atlas of the Mughal Empire, OUP, Delhi, 198 2, 74.

2. An or ig ina l l e t t e r of Aurangzeb of 30th March 1689 (addressed to Prince Muhammad) acquired from a p r iva te par ty contains a note in Aurangzeb's handwri t ing , NAI, 1697.

. . . i l

( i i )

These l e t t e r s cover the period from 1649 to 59 A.D.

Since the present d i s se r t a t ion aims at providing a calendar of

adminis trat ive documents contained in the Adab-i *Ajamqiri re

l a t i n g to Aurangzeb's second viceroyal ty of the Deccan, a sxim-

mary of the or ig ina l s has been given besides ful l t r ans la t ions

of the se lected l e t t e r s . With a view to make i t more useful,

comprehensive annotations have been also provided covering per

sons, place names as also references to other sources. The

l e t t e r s calendared have been arranged s ta tus-wise / rank-wise.

For the sake of convenience, the l e t t e r s addressed to pa r t i cu

l a r individuals have been further arranged according to the

chronological order on the basis of in te rna l evidence and the

evidence contained in other sources covering the period (165 2-

57 A.D,), Separate s e r i a l numbers along with sub-numbers have

been assigned to each addressee for convenience of the readers .

Repeti t ions have been avoided as far as poss ib le .

The p le thora of high sounding t i t l e s so common in medie

val ep i s to la ry writ ings long-drawn passages in the pra ise and

encomium and such other de t a i l s which are not relevant to the

subject have been conveniently omitted. While t r ans la t ing

technical terms correct Persian nomenclature has been maintain

ed in t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n . Since in the Persian t ex t the f i r s t few

l ines are normally devoted to compliments, the substance of the

1. Cf. Sarkar, Studies in Auranqzeb's Reign, Calcutta, 1933, 193.

. . . i i i

( i i i )

l e t t e r s s t a r t s with the -rfords, p l r - 1 das tq l r salamat, p l r -o

murshid-l haqlqj/ hukm-l 1ahan muta'Aiukm aqdas ban!faz pa l -

wasta^ nnurid ba mauqlf-1 ârz-1 mugaddas mlrasanad sahlbatuz

zarnani, 1 'smat pan ah / qubab / i h t i j a b , hamshlra-i muhtarma/

J u t b u ' l Mulk, Dastur wuzaral-1 dauran, khan-1 'azlmush shan.

amlru ' l ximara, 'umdat\>l mulk, khan-1 ' a l l shan, khan-1 zlshan,

n a t l l a t u ' l umara and so on and so for th .

The documents contained in th i s co l lec t ion deal with

miscellaneous issues in which a previous l e t t e r has no core-

l a t ion at a l l with the following one. Sometime the issue i s

taken up at the very beginning of the l e t t e r and then is con

tinued to the very end. As the manuscripts of Adab do not

have paragraphing, the beginning of fresh issues and new

poin ts are indicated simply by using such v«>ords as p i r -o mur-

sh ld - i haqiqi salamat, chun in 'aqldat kesh, mushfiqa-i man,

qabl azin, anche, binabaran, bar an, ba'd, lekln chun ache, an,

darin wila, agar, az an 1a, nigarish yafta, yaqin, e t c , e t c .

Fortunately the pr in ted t ex t contains paragraphing with nece

ssary d i a c r i t i c a l marks.

In the preparat ion of th i s work, the pr in ted Persian

t e x t of Adab has been used. However, t h i s has been col la ted

1. 'Abdul Ghafur Chaudhuri (ed,) Adab-i 'Alamqiri, 2 v o l s . , Pakistan, 1971,

, . , iv

(Iv)

with the available manuscripts as well as the Ruga't-i 'Alam-o

qir with a view to ensure more accuracy.

Though Adab comprises 744 letters and some miscellaneous

items out of which only 111 documents, which have a direct

bearing upon the Mughal administration in the Deccan, have been

selected for calendaring as the following table would show:

Table - 1

Total No Letters J »No. Name of the Addressee of L e t t e r s Calendared P e r i o d

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

2

ohah j ahan

J a h a n Arli

S i s t e r of Qutb Shah

'Qu tb Shah

' A i i ' A d i l Khan

S a ' d u l l a h Khan

Sha t ' s t a Khan

J a ' f a r Khan

Mir J u m l a

Shah Nawaz Khan

I ' t i q a d IQjan

3

117

28

4

38

1

24

40

5

53

32

10

4

45

4

1

13

1

11

8

1

7

2

6

5

1652-6

165 2-7

1657

1653-6

1657

1653-6

1652-6

1655

1656

1656

1653-6

1. Department of H i s to ry L ib ra ry , AMU, Al igarh , and the Nat iona l Archives, New D e l h i .

2. Najib Ashraf, R u g a ' t - i 'Alamqir, Azamgarh, 1930.

. . . V

(v)

Table - 1 continued ...

T o t a l No L e t t e r s 3 .No , Name of t h e Addressee of L e t t e r s C a l e n d a r e d P e r i o d

1

12

13

14

15

16

2

3hah Beg Khan

F a z i l Khan

M u l t a f a t Khan

N a s i r i Khan

Muhammad Beg

T o t a l

3

13

6

23

33

1

430

2

2

3

4

1

111

5

1656-7

1653-6

1652-7

1657

1656

I t i s c l e a r from t h i s t a b l e t h a t o u t of 430 l e t t e r s t o

16 a d d r e s s e e s , o n l y 111 o r 26% have been c a l e n d a r e d .

The documents s e l e c t e d f o r c a l e n d a r c l e a r l y b r i n g s t o

l i g h t v a r i o u s measures adop t ed by Aurangzeb t o s t r e a m l i n e t h e

Mughal a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n t h e Deccan, v i z . mansab and i t s o b l i

g a t i o n s , 1 a q i r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , c r i s i s i n m a n s a b d i r l and 1 a q i r -

d a r i s y s t e m s , r e v e n u e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and t h e r e l a t i o n s w i t h

z a m l n d a r s . The l e t t e r s a l s o c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n abou t Impe

r i a l k a r k h a n a g , c o n s t r u c t i o n of f o r t s and p o s t a l communica t ion ,

e t c , e t c . These l e t t e r s a r e i n d i s p e n s i b l e f o r r e c o n s t r u c t i n g

t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of t h e M u ^ a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n t h e Deccan ,

An a t t e m p t i s b e i n g made i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s t o a n a l y s e t h e

e v i d e n c e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e s e l e t t e r s u n d e r v a r i o u s h e a d s :

. . . v i

(v l )

I MANSAB AND ITS OBLIGATIONS;

Mansab sys t em r e p r e s e n t e d t h e s t e e l - f r a m e w o r k of t h e «

Mughal e n p i r e w i t h i n which t h e n o b i l i t y was o r g a n i s e d . Mansab

was d u a l i n n a t u r e ( i . e . z a t and sawar r a n k s ) which d e t e r m i n e d

a mansabdar*3 p l a c e i n t h e o f f i c i a l h e i r a r c h y as w e l l as h i s

payment and m i l i t a r y and o t h e r o b l i g a t i o n s . The z a t r ank i n

d i c a t e d t h e p e r s o n a l s t a t u s of t h e mansabdar as w e l l as h i s

p e r s o n a l p a y a c c o r d i n g to t h e s a n c t i o n e d s c h e d u l e s w h i l e t h e

s awar r ank showed t h e m i l i t e i r y c o n t i n g e n t t h e incumben t was

e jq jec ted t o m a i n t a i n and i t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a y m e n t .

(1) C o n d i t i o n a l Rank (Mashru t )

•aawar rank was g iven a long w i t h t h e z a t r ank and t h e

c o n d i t i o n a l sawar rank was s a n c t i o n e d i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e

s e r v i c e s r e q u i r e d of a p a r t i c u l a r p o s t f o r t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y

d i s c h a r g e of h i s d u t i e s . A jagjLr t o meet t h e s a l a r y of such 2

r a n k was a l s o a s s i g n e d t o h im.

1, See W.H, More land , 'Mansab (Rank) i n t h e Mogul S t a t e S e r v i c e ' , JARS, P a r t I I , No, 2, 19 36, 64 3 -65 ; A . J . J a i s a r , 'No te on t h e Date of I n s t i t u t i o n of Mansab Under A k b a r ' , P r o c . I n d . H i s t . Cbnq. (£IHS) , D e l h i , 1961, 156-7 ; I r f a n Hab lb , 'Mansab Sys tem, 1597-16 37, PIHC, 1967, P a r t I , 221-4 2; idem, 'Mansab and S a l a r y S c a l e s Under J a h a n g i r and S h a h j a h a n ' , I s l a m i c C u l t u r e , 59, 3, 1985; S h i r e e n Moosvl , ' E v o l u t i o n of Mans a b System Under Akbar U n t i l 1 5 9 6 - 7 ' , JARS, No.U, 1981, 1 7 7 - 8 .

2 . M. A tha r A l i , The Mughal N o b i l i t y Under Auranqzeb, Bombay, 1970 ( r e p r i n t ) , 4 1 . Idem, 'Mansab and I m p e r i a l -^Glicy Under o h a h j a h a n ' , PIHC, 1975, 257 -66 .

. . . v i i

( v i i )

A s a d u l l a h s / o Mir F a z l u l l a h h a s bean c r e d i t e d t o be t h e

f i r s t known h o l d e r of m a s h r u t rank i n 1653. Aurangzeb as

V i c e r o y of t h e Deccan recommended t o Shah jahan t h a t Asadu l l ah

be g iven p r o m o t i o n of 500/800 (2-3h) c o n d i t i o n a l on h i s app-

2 o i n t m e n t as f a u j d a r of B a g l a n a . However, t h e r e a r e numerous

i n s t a n c e s of t h e c o n d i t i o n a l r ank b e i n g awarded i n t h e same

y e a r . P a t h u l l a h s / o 2 a k a r i y a was s p p o i n t e d t h a n ad a r of Nanda-

p u r w i t h a c o n d i t i o n a l r ank of 200/200 (2x3h) f o l l o w i n g t h e

t r a n s f e r of Muhammad Sh'ah Qadimi as q i l a ' d a r of Qandahar w i t h

a c o n d i t i o n a l rank of 200/200 (2x3h>. Mir K h a l i l u l l a h lOian

was e p p o i n t e d q i l a ' d a r of F a t h a b a d (Dharur) w i t h 600 (2x3h) 4

c o n d i t i o n a l on s e r v i c e and 500/200 as a d d i t i o n a l r a n k . Hosh-

d a r s / o M u l t a f a t Khan was a i^polnted t o p c h i w i t h a c o n d i t i o n a l 5 -

r a n k of 2 0 0 / 1 0 0 . o u l t a n p u r and Nandurbar were a s s i g n e d in

t h e f a u j d a r i of 'Visman Afgnan wi th a c o n d i t i o n a l rank of 200

s a w a r . Abu-1 F a z l >".a'muri was recommended f o r eppo in tmen t as

1. M. Athar A l l , Appa ra tu s of t h e Empire , GUP, D e l h i , 1985,

2. Doc\iment No, 1.12

3. Document No, 1,3

4 . Document No, 1.12

5 . Document No. 1.12

6 . Cocument No, 1.5

. . . v i i i

( v i i i )

f aujdar of Onkapur and was given c o n d i t i o n a l promotion of

rank of 100/100. Khwaja Barkhurdar Khin ' s name was a lso r e

commended for c o n d i t i o n a l rank as he was appointed g j l a ' d a r

of Ausa. I n i y a t Khan s/o Islam Vhsn was recommended for

appointment as faujdar of Sarkar Mehkar. The g i l a ' d a r i and

f au lda r i of Tirambak was ass igned to Shafqa tu l l ah with a con-4

d i t i o n a l mansab of 100/10.

Many more such ^ p o i n t m e n t s with c o n d i t i o n a l rank may

be c i t e d . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , c l e a r from the evidence con t a in

ed in the Adab regard ing the award of c o n d i t i o n a l rank, t h a t

Aurangzeb used i t very f r e q u e n t l y with a view to u t i l i z e the

s e r v i c e s of capable o f f i c i a l s .

( i i ) Month Sca les

Shahjahan 's name i s a s s o c i a t e d with the i n t r o d u c t i o n

of month s c a l e s or r a t i o s for i n d i c a t i n g d i f f e r ence between

the o f f i c i a l assessment of lerna' and ac tua l h a s i l . Since the

1. Docximent No. 1.13.

2. Document No, 1,45

3. Document Ko, 1.44

4. Document No. 1.22

Lahori , I I , 567, c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e s the m i l i t a r y o b l i ga t i ons of mansabdar in accordance with t h e i r month r a t i o s i . e . '12 monthly ' or '11 monthly' j a q l r s and so o n . See also N.A. S idd iqu i , ' I m p l i c a t i o n s of the Month Sca les in the Mansabdari System*, PIHC, 1961, 57—6 2,

. . . ix

( ix)

1 aq l r s in the Deccan were not more than '4 rronthly ' or '3

monthly ' and of ten even f e l l beyond t h i s l e v e l as the revenue

r e a l i z a t i o n ( h a s i l ) of the Mughal Deccan p r o g r e s s i v e l y dec

l i n e d to ^ th of the jama*, the implementation of the month

r a t i o i n d i c a t e d the r e a l s t a t e of a f f a i r s in the Deccan, Even

t h e o f f i c i a l s t r a n s f e r r e d from North Ind i a r ece ived '7 monthly '

1 aq i r s in l i e u of t h e i r sai ' r h a s i ^ 1 aq^'rs which n a t u r a l l y en-2

t a i l e d a lower month s c a l e .

Since the month s c a l e s were also appl ied to cash s a l a

r i e s , the pay was h igher p e r horse for the naqdi , p laced in

the h igher month s ca l e s than those of lower c a t e g o r i e s , who

were, however, compara t ive ly b e t t e r off before the promulga

t i o n of Shahjahan 's d a s t u r u ' l 'amal of 27th yea r . This o rder

f ixed Rs, 17 5 p e r month per horse for 3. monthly 1 a q i r s and 4

Rs. 1 5 / - pe r mensum for two monthly j a q i r s . With a view to

sa feguard the i n t e r e s t s of those vrfio were thus adverse ly

a f f ec t ed , Aurangzeb t r i e d to impress upon Sh'ahjah'an the nece

s s i t y of i t s modi f ica t ion and succeeded in convincing him on

t h i s s c o r e . Consequently an exemption was made in the case

of the Deccan for those p l aced in 2 and 3 month s c a l e s . They

1, Document Nos, 1,35, 1,36

2, Document No, 1,41

3 . M i r a t - i Ahmadi, Vol . I , 228.

4 . Document No. 1,35

• • • X

(x)

were now to be t r e a t e d a t pa r with 4 monthly mansabdars in

m a t t e r s of payment as they r ece ived Rs. 20 / - p e r month per

h o r s e ,

( i i i ) Deduction From Pay

There used to be a number of deduct ions aga ins t the

s anc t ioned claim (mugarrara t a l a b ) . For example the deduc

t i o n of one - fou r th of dams was ^ p l i c a b l e in case of some

1 a q i r s . But most of the Jag i r s . were s u b j e c t to a deduct ion

of 1/5th to 1/6th. However, Aurangzeb s t r o n g l y urged upon

t h e c e n t r a l government for i t s r evoca t ion in view of the

f a c t t h a t income from the j a g i r s in the Deccan was very low

and the mans abdars were f ind ing i t r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t to main

t a i n t h e i r c o n t i n g e n t s . Due to the i n a b i l i t y of the mansab

da r s sometime the s i t u a t i o n became so acute t h a t the imper ia l

c l e r k s r e s o r t e d to the wi thhold ing of the r e g u l a r pay-of

ment of Aurangzeb's s a l a r y due on the p r e t e x t / m u t a l i b a . Simi-

l a r l y a t the time of muhasiba ( s e t t l emen t of accoxonts) the

e n t i r e revenue of parqana Posad was resumed to the k h a l i s a

Shar i f a in s a t i s f a c t i o n of the muta l iba ou t s t and ing aga ins t 3

Rao Karan,


2. Document No. 6.8

3 . Document No. 1,4 2. He was ass igned a d d i t i o n a l 1aq;Lr of 18 lakh dams from the revenues of parqana Posad in 1650, SD3R, 175-6.

. . .xi

(xl)

( iv) Recrui tment and Promotion

In theo ry the rnanaabdars were eppointed by the Enperor,

bu t in ac tua l p r a c t i c e r e c r u i t m e n t was made on the recommenda

t i o n s of the p r i n c e s and the l ead ing nobles i nc lud ing gover

n o r s . The evidence con ta ined in the Adab c l e a r l y shows

t h a t Aurangzeb made numerous recommendations for fresh ^ p -

o in tments as well as promotions in rank da r ing the second Vice-

r o y a l t y of the Deccan. Aurangzeb a s s e r t e d t h a t he always r e

commended the cases of the dese rv ing cand ida te s fo r appoin t

ment as mansabdars . He f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t in reconmending 2

promotion the on ly c r i t e r i o n followed by him was mer i t so

much so t h a t those found worthy of the rank of 1000 were r e -3

commended on ly for 900.

Quite o f ten Shahjahan r e j e c t e d Aurangzeb's recommenda

t i o n s for promotions and appointments . Aurangzeb recommended,

f o r i n s t a n c e , Hoshdar s/o Mul ta fa t Khan for the p o s t of darp-

qha - i topkhana. Shahjahan r e j e c t e d the p roposa l and ordered - - 4

t h e appointment of Safi Khan or Mir Ahmad Rizwi. However,

1. For d e t a i l s of p rocedure , see I b n - i Hasan, Cent ra l S t r u c t u r e of the Mughal Empire, Delh i , 1970.

2. Document Nos. 1,11, 11 .4 . Cf, Y.H, Khan, 'The S t a tu s of t he Subedars and Diwans of the Deccan in the Time of Shahjehan*, I s l . C u l . . Vol . XX, No. 4, 388.



. . . x i l

( x i i )

ul t imate ly Aurangzeb succeeded in get t ing Hoshdar eppointed.

Similar ly, Aurangzeb was charged by the E ^ e r o r for being un-2

fr iendly to the Rajputs. When the Viceroy of the Deccan r e commended Baglana for an o f f i c i a l with an increase in the rank he was s t r i c t l y censured by the Emperor who contested his

r i g h t of assignment of his ina'm jaqi r as well as recommenda-3

t ions for an Imperial rank. These experiences had made

Aurangzeb so much cautious tha t in one of the l e t t e r s he wrote

t ha t he could nei ther assign 1aqir nor recommend any increase

in anyone's rank (in t h i s case Murshid Q\ili Khan),

Nevertheless Aurangzeb continued to make strenuous

e f fo r t s in furthering the i n t e r e s t s of h is o f f i c i a l s who came

to believe tha t they would receive promotions only when they

were favoured with the fûldarl and q i l a ' d a r l and consequently

exerted themselves in t h i s d i r ec t ion . For exanple, Mufta^sliir

Khan accordingly requested for Fathabad, In th i s way Aurang

zeb found himself in the most unenvious pos i t ion ; on the one

hand he was constant ly pes tered by h is o f f i c i a l s for promotion


2, Document Nos. 1,9, 1.10. I t i s curious tha t Aurangzeb was censured by Shahjahan as being hos t i l e to the Rajputs while he recommended the case of Rao Karan for promotion,

3 , Document Nos, 1,5, 1,6

4 , Document No, 1.20

5 , Document No, 1,11

. . . x i i i

( x i i i )

while on the other hand the Ektperor was not in an obliging

mood. Piqued and annoyed he b i t t e r l y complained tha t in such

a s i tua t ion vô would come to serve under him and could be

ent rus ted with the o f f i c i a l du t i e s . Similar ly reca l l ing of

the competent o f f i c i a l s serving under him to the Court l ike 2

Malik Husain evoked sharp c r i t i c i sm from him. But Aurangzeb

was not to be deterred by such things and despite the adverse

circ\imstances, immediately on assuming the viceroyal ty , he r e -

conmended and sent off his own o f f i c i a l s to d i f ferent suba^

to take the charge of those p l aces , Muhammad Sh'ah Qadimi was 3

recommended for appointment as q j l a ' d a r of Qandahar (Deccan). - 4

Fathullah was appointed than ad ar of Nandapur, Kbali lul lah

e n t i t l e d Muftakhir Khan received appointment as cas te l lan of

Fathabad Dharur, Khaishgi was made fauidar of S y k a r Bija-

garh following the t ransfer of 'Usman Afghan. Shah Beg Khan 7 -

was assigned the q i l a ' d a r i of Ahmadnagar and Hadi Dad Kh"an was promoted as Subedar of Telingana, Ell ichpur, the head-

1, Document No. 11,4

2 . Docrffn«nt No, 2.4

3&4. Document No, 1.3



7 . Docximent Nos, 1.8, 1,4 3, 9 , 2


. . , x i v

(xiv)

quar te rs of Sub a Berar was given in charge of Ziiuddin Husain.

Many other off icers of proven a b i l i t y were selected and recom

mended for appointments and received s i tua t ions of t r u s t and

importance in the Mughal Deccan,

(v) Mil i ta ry Obligations of the Mansabdars

As there was much slackness and very widespread d i s

honesty in maintaining the r equ i s i t e number of cavalrymen, the

branding regulat ion (zab i ta - i daqh) was introduced to check

t h i s mal-pract ice , Aurangzeb had promised to inclement the

new branding regulat ion immediately after the rece ip t of the

Imperial farm an, but he could not have been ind i f fe ren t to the

r e a l i t i e s of the s i tua t ions and adopted a more pragmatic a t t i

tude . He was convinced tha t in the preva i l ing condit ions, the

implementation of the new regulat ions would cause much hard

ship to the mansabdars because an off icer who fai led to main-

ta in the r equ i s i t e contingent would be obliged to refund the

excess amount charged by him. P a r t i c u l a r l y in view of the un

favourable 1aqlr income, none excepting few could follow i t .

He, therefore, sought to mit igate th i s hardship by explaining

the posi t ion to Sh"ahjahan. He was ra ther enphatic in explain

ing the dangers inherent in the enforcement of the Regulation,


2 . Document No, 1,24

,xv

(xv)

When the anperor di rected him to sutmit h is proposals in th i s

regard Aurangzeb, who always showed consideration to the o f f i

cers who served in the Deccan with honesty and abi l i ty , imme

d i a t e l y complied with the orders in view of the d is t ressed

condit ions of the mansabdars posted in the Deccan who were agi

t a t i n g against i t .

In his proposals to the Emperor^ Aurangzeb pointed out

t h a t t h i s Regulation would actual ly lead to a sharp reduction

of the troopers! pay from Rs.20/- to Rs. Hh or even RS. 15/- per

month whereas the s trength of the cavalry was raised to 9000.

Shahjahan had taken th i s step with a view to reduce the e55)en-

d i tu re on a i n i n i s t r a t i o n . But the Viceroy f e l t t ha t the new

r a t e s were too low for a trooper to maintain a sui table horse

o r himself in proper f ight ing tr im. He further argued that the

ejqpected increase in nxamber of the troops would only be in

theory. In p rac t i ca l terms i t would adversely affect the

morale and eff iciency of the army posted in the Deccan, The

Mughal administration oould i l l - a f f o r d such a s i tua t ion in this

far-f lung province, which also happened to be the la rges t p ro

vince of the Mughal empire and the two of i t s neighbouring

ru l e r s possessed large t reasur ies and commanded big forces.

The s i tua t ion becomes much more serious if i t i s k ^ t in the

view that during the previous years most of them were receiving

as much as Rs. 32/- per mensxim, and they had not got as many of

t h e i r horses branded as they were expected today. The r e s u l t

. . . x v l

(xv i )

was t h a t l a r g e a r r e a r s were p e n d i n g a g a i n s t them i n t h e o f f i c e

r e c o r d s . I f t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s were implemen ted t h e s e sums

would have t o be r e a l i z e d from t h e l a q j r s of t h e s e d e f a u l t e r s

and t h i s would l e a d t o n o t h i n g l e s s t h a n an o u t r i g h t d i s a s t e r .

As an example M u l t a f a t lOian ' s c a s e was r e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Empe

r o r who d e s p i t e h i s l o w - r e v e n u e p a y i n g l a q j r s i n t h e Deccan and

d e p e n d i n g l a r g e l y on t h e j a g i r s i n H i n d u s t a n was o b l i g e d t o

m a i n t a i n as many as 90 a d d i t i o n a l h o r s e s more due t o t h e new 2

R e g u l a t i o n , As a r e s u l t of t h i s v i g o r o u s p l e a d i n g of Aurang-

z e b , Shah jahan u l t i m a t e l y r e a l i z e d t h e a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n p r e v a i l -

i n t h e Deccan and exempted t h e mansabda r s p o s t e d i n t h e Deccan

from t h e p e r v i e w of t h e new R e g u l a t i o n ,

I I JAGJR ADMINISTRATION IN THE MUGHAL DECCAN;

S i n c e t h e Mughal mansabda r s were p a i d e i t h e r i n cash

( i n t h a t caise t h e y were known as naqd i ) o r by t h e a s s i g n m e n t s

o f j a q i r i n l i e u of t h e i r p a y and as such t h e y were d e s i g n a t e d

as i a q i r d a r s . Because of t h i s f a c t t h e j a g i r d a r l sys t em came

t o be i n t e g r a t e d wi th t h e m a n s a b d a r i sys tem and any weakness

a f f e c t i n g t h e f u n c t i o n i n g of t h e one was bound t o a d v e r s e l y

e f f e c t t h e f u n c t i o n i n g of t h e o t h e r . I t was because of t h i s

t h a t whe reve r i n t h e l e t t e r s of Aurangzeb t h e r e i s a r e f e r e n c e

1 , Document Nos . 1.35, 1,36, 1.37


, . . x v i i

(xvii)

to mansab i t i s always coupled with the functioning of the

i aq i r .

Tuyul was o r i g ina l l y used for princes"' assigninents.

However at l e a s t in the time of Shahjahan the term was ind i s

cr iminately employed for a l l assignments.

Aurangzeb had also served e a r l i e r as Viceroy of the

Deccan from 1636-44 but h is f i r s t Viceroyalty has not been

properly documented except for s t r ay references in Adab which

the Prince e s sen t i a l l y c i t ed for the purposes of comparison 2

with his second term in the Deccan.

I t would appear tha t Aurangzeb has considered opinion

about many of the problems which were pecu l i a r to Deccan and

which tended to affect the functioning of the government there.

He seems to have come to the conclusion tha t Khan-i Dauran,

Raja Ja i Singh, Islam Khan, Shah Nawaz Kh'an, Prince Murad

Bakhsh and Shaista Khan were mainly responsible for the low - — 3

income of the 1aqirs and decline in agrarian conditions, e t c .

The Sub a of the Deccan in fact comprised of four subas

which were roughly divided into Painghat (low land) and Bala-

ghat (up land), the former comprised the en t i r e lOiandesh and

1. Prof. Athar Ali has suggested ihe establishment of th i s usage from Aurangzeb*3 re ign. Adab i s , however, replete with the interchangeable use of j ag i r and tuyul, which I have most often s i l e n t l y converted to l aq i r .


3 . Document Nos. 1.2, 1.6

(xvi l i )

one half of Berar, while the l a t t e r cons t i tu ted the other ^

provinces . The Viceroy was empowered to eppoint governors of

four provinces. Accordingly Telingana was given xinder the

charge of Hadi Dad Khan, whereas Sh"ahjahin promised the grant

of '10 monthly* naqdi laqjr to Aiirangzeb for ra i s ing strong 2

contingent for the administration of Sub a Berar,

(i) Aurangzeb's Jaq i r s

Aurangzeb together with his sons was assigned 12 crore

dams in jaqi r and 3 crore dams as ina'm which were largely paid

from the t reasury of the Deccan, This arrangement continued

for two years . Aurangzeb s t i l l suffered a reduction of 17

lakh rupees as compared to his income when he was posted in 4

Multan and Bhakkar. Aurangzeb did not receive the ful l payment as his sa la ry was assigned 2/3rd in jaq i r and l/3rd in naqdi. Baglana was granted as in'am to him, EHichpur was

assigned to him in laqir which he subsequently exchanged for

' 10-monthly' ja 'gir. Bir held by Aurangzeb in laqir was resum

ed into khal isa shar l fa and a corresponding * 10-monthly* naqdi


2. Document No3. 1.6, 1.8

3, Document No. 1.23

4, Document No. 1.6

5, Document No. 2.2

6. Docximent No. 1.9

.. ,xix

(xlx)

1 aqlr was sanctioned to him. Aurangzeb was allowed to obtain

saf r h'asll jaql rs in l ieu of his low-revenue yielding laqi rs / 2 which he p o l i t e l y declined to avoid any possible react ion.

This arrangement was modified in 1654 when the Prince was grant

ed ten crore diims from the t reasury of Malwa and allowed to

obtain 2 crore dams by exchanging his unproductive jaqirs with

the high revenue yielding laq i rs of other mansabdars. Aurang-

zeb accepted the proposal with ce r ta in reservat ions due to his

p o l i t i c a l sagaci ty . He acquired laqi rs worth one crore 27 lakh

dams (RS. 317, 500/-) . Aurangzeb's fears came to be true and i t

led to a grave c r i s i s . Multafat Khan's misrepresentation to

the court tha t under the cover of th i s proposal Aurangzeb had

overlapped the l imi ts by get t ing so-cal led '16 monthly' laqir

in Asir and thereby appropriating for himself 40 lakh dims i n s

tead of 30 lakh dams. This repor t seems to have created a veiry

grave c r i s i s for Aurangzeb and as a r e s u l t he suffered a reduc-4 - - -

t ion of 50%. The jaqirdars threatened with dispossession

alleged tha t Aurangzeb had selected only the best v i l lages in

each mahal and l e f t for them laqi rs which were hardly worth

' 15 or 2 monthly' . On the other hand Aurangzeb r igh t ly asser t

ed tha t he had taken en t i r e mahal and had not selected the




4 . Document Nos. 1.15, 1.18

• • • XyC

(xx)

bes t yielding mahals and t h i s was necessary because a mahal

held in par tnership could not be administered properly — a

p r i nc ip l e vAiich was firmly held by him in regard to other - - - 2

i aqlrdars as wel l ,

Aurangzeb also received 3arkar Bijagarh with a reduc-3

t ion of 12 lakh dams in jama*. Since the Viceroy used to

receive '12 monthly' j ag i r in the North which was reduced to

'6 months' in the Deccan due to which he often found i t d i f f i -4

c u l t to make both the ends meet. For the maintenance of the

army he had to mainly f a l l back on the naqdi he so l i c i t ed

parqana Nandurbar with 60 lakh dams as previously assigned to

Prince Murad Bakhsh with a su i t ab le reduction in jama'.

Aurangzeb subsequently re jected i t as i t yielded only Rs.92,000.

Aurangzeb also requested for the adjustment of 1,9 lakh rupees

rea l i zed from the mandawi of Jahanaljad in Burhanpur against

a corresponding amount to be sent from' the t reasury of Malwa

for two years . Notwithstanding such d i f f i c u l t i e s in receiving

h i s sa lary, i t was always his endeavoxir to properly administer the Deccan.


2. Document No, 6,9




6. Document No, 8,4

. . .XXI

(xxl)

( l i ) J ag l r s of Other Off ic ia ls

Despite his suggestion of taking away from the 1aqir-

d"ars lands yielding revenues equal to the d e f i c i t and resume

i t to the khal i sa shar i fa Aarangzeb saw to i t tha t the man-

sabdars not only re ta ined t h e i r former laqi rs in Hindustan

but also received extra-Deccan l a q i r s .

Aurangzeb encouraged and appreciated the off icers who

were able to make improvement in t h e i r laqjr holdings. For

exanple he sanctioned an abatement of 3 lakh dams to Mir _ - 2

Khal i lu l lah who increased the income of his laqir by 50%. o imi lar ly h is commendation for Abdul Wahh'ab for administering

- 3 - -

well Baglana showed his keen i n t e r s t in improving the ]aqir

a f f a i r s . I t was, therefore, but natural tha t he fovind i t dif

f i c u l t to put up with ine f f i c i en t o f f i c i a l s summarily dismiss-4 5

ed Uzbek lOian and Darwesh Beg Qaqshal; competent o f f i c i a l s — 6 - — 7 — 8

l ike Diyanat Khan, Shah Beg IQian, Rustam W an and others

highly valued by him and i t was always his endeavour to keep

such off icers around him. Aurangzeb considered i t a bad

1. Document No. 1,23


3. Document No. 1.5


5. Document No, 1.22

6. Document No. 1.4

7. Document No. 1.6

8. Document No. 1.9

,. .xxii

( x x i i )

p o l i c y to combine two o f f i c e s and seldom recommended such

c a s e . The d e t e r i o r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s of the Deccan r e q u i r e d

s ingleminded e f f o r t s of the o f f i c e r s of keep them \3p and

could not brook any n e g l i g e n c e . I t was on t h i s ground t h a t

he ob jec ted to the appointment of 3a f i lOian s imul taneously

as bakhshi and t o p c h l . However he recommended assignment

of the Diwani of Pa inghat to Murshid Quli Kban in addi t ion

to Balaghat which could be approved only a f t e r Mul tafa t 2

Khan's t r a n s f e r to Ahmadnagar in 1656. He a lso recommended

h i s name for the assignment of f a u j d i r i of Mahxir. Aurangzeb

ab ly pleaded the case of numerous mansabdars through h i s 4 Wakil a t the Imper ia l Court and he e x c e l l e n t l y defended the

mansabdars . He was b i t t e r when Muhammad Nas i r , the darogha

of the Imper ia l karkhanas a t Burhanpur made u n - c a l l e d - f o r 5 compla in ts a g a i n s t the mansabdars. S i m i l a r l y when h i s r e

commendation for Faz lu l l ah s/o Zakariya and h i s b ro the r whose

c o n d i t i o n a l mansab d id no t g e t Impericd s a n c t i o n no twi th -


2. Document No. 1.4 3

3. Document No. 120


5. Document No. 6,3

...xxiii

(xxlv)

standing the i r meritorious services in the Deccan warfares

Aurangzeb argued tha t increase in the zat rank of the Afghans

was in accordance with the prevalent regulat ions and in doing

so he has not v io la ted any provision of law. He also extend

ed f inancial assis tance to the j aq i rd i r s as well as the so l -2

d i e r s . The o f f i c i a l s serving xander a commander in a m i l i

t a ry ejqpedition were recommended for promotion. The comnand-3

e r was also authorised to r e c r u i t 500 so ld ie rs as wel l .

( i i i ) Transfer of Jag i r s

As a rule the Jagirs were subject to t ransfer and i t

was the cardinal p r inc ip le of Mughal administration tha t a

mansabdar should not be permitted to re ta in the I jq i r for

more than two to three years . The ra t iona le behind the t r ans

fer was tha t the laqirdars should not consider any pa r t of the 4 - -

Empire as t h e i r own. The watan-jagirs. were an exception to


2. Document Nos. 14.3, 15,4, 16


4, If we calculate the period of a jaqirdar in the account of Chinareri deshmukh an "average of three years is yielded. Document No, 13,1, Cf, Tara-pada Mukherji and Irfan Habib, 'The Mughal Administration and the Temples of Vrindavan During the Reigns of Jahangir and Shahjahan', PIHC, 1988,

.,,xxv

(xxv)

t h i s r u l e and they were no t s u b j e c t to t r a n s f e r and were h e r e

d i t a r y . The Calendar does p rov ide d e t a i l s of numerous t r a n s

f e r s which^ sometimes, a l so caused grave d i f f i c u l t i e s for the

1aq i rda rs p a r t i c u l a r l y when the t r a n s f e r s were e f fec ted in

the middle of the year."^ Since Aurangzeb was f u l l y aware of

the consequences of such xontimely t r a n s f e r s and sought to

minimise i t s e f f e c t s . For exanple he recommended assignment

of parqana Patode to Shah Beg Khan whose mahajis were t r a n s f e r -2

red a t the time of h a r v e s t . S imi l a r was the case of another _ - 3

l a q i r d a r . But in both cases ca re was taken no t to e3<pose

them to any l o s s , Aurangzeb was anxious to atvoid the t r a n s f e r

of the l a q j r s of those who were pos t ed in Deccan and had t h e i r - - 4

1aqjrs in Hindus tan . At the same time he took pe r sona l i n

t e r e s t to secure the t r a n s f e r of o ld o f f i c i a l s pos ted e l s e

where to the Deccan as a l so those who faced d i s m i s s a l . For

exanple , N a s i r i Khan, who had remained engaged in Qandahar ex-

5

p e d i t i o n was recommended for t r a n s f e r to the Deccan, Simi

l a r l y , Mughal Khan whose l a q i r was resumed due to h i s f a i l u r e

i n j o i n i n g Qandahar campaign was r e q u i s i t i o n e d to the Deccan.




4 . Document No. 6 .1



, , , x x v i

(xxvl)

Aurangzeb assigned Kara Nimone to Tatar Khan and recommended

assignment of faqir in lieu of his resumed jagirs.

(iv) Crisis in Jaqirdari System

Since Deccan had remained a d e f i c i t area p a r t i c u l a r l y

during Sh'ahjah"an's l a t e r years, the signs of c r i s i s in l aq i r -2 -

dar i system became c l ea r ly v i s i b l e . Sh'ahjahan reprimanded Aurangzeb for his so-cal led fa i lu re in administering the

3 1aqj.rs and was asked to explain h is conduct. The non-avail a b i l i t y of j ag i r s technica l ly tejcmed as be-1'aqiri was the main hurdle in the smooth functioning of the 1aq;lr administrat ion which was brought to i t s culmination owing to sca rc i ty

- - 4

of paibaqi lands . Any large scale t rans fe r of the mansab-

dars could not be effected due to the c r i s i s in laqir as the

income had dwindled to less than a quar ter - a phenomenon

Richards fa i led to discern even during the closing years of

Aurangzeb's re ign. Nxomerous references to the low income of

1, Document No. 15,3

2, Gf, Satish Chandra, ' Pa r t i e s and P o l i t i c s at the Mughal Court (1707-1740)', Delhi, 1979, x l v - l i .

3 . Document Nos , 1.24, 1.26

4 , Docximent No. 1.23

5 . J . F . Richards, Mughal Administration in Golconda, OUP, 1975, pp. 199-204. See also Zakir Husain,'The Working of the Jag i r System in Deccan During the Later Years of Aurangzeb', JOS, Vol. I I , No. (forthcoming).

, , . x x v i i

( x x v i i )

J a g i r s a r e found in o u r C a l e n d a r which g i v e s xis an i n s i g h t i n

t o t h e r e a l magn i tude of t h e p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d by Aarangzeb

d u r i n g h i s V i c e r o y a l t y i n t h e Deccan , He had t o go t h r o u g h a

v i r t u a l o r d e a l as he was n o t o n l y m i s u n d e r s t o o d b u t h i s a c t i

v i t i e s were v iewed w i t h s u s p i c i o n and as a r e s u l t he was v e r y

o f t e n s u b j e c t e d t o u n j u s t t r e a t m e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e t e rm of

o f f i c e as i s e v i d e n t from t h e r e l e v a n t p a s s a g e s from Shah-

j a h a n ' s c e n s u r i n g e p i s t l e s f r e q u e n t l y c i t e d by Aurangzeb ,

I I I REVENUE ADMINISTRATION

W i t h i n a decade a f t e r A u r a n g z e b ' s r e c a l l from h i s

f i r s t V i c e r o y a l t y of t h e Deccan, a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e m a i n s t a y of

t h e economy of t h e r e g i o n , was i n shambles due to mismanage

ment and t h e p e a s a n t r y , t h e backbone of t h e a g r a r i a n sys t em,

was t h o r o u g h l y o p p r e s s e d . As a r e s u l t l a r g e numbers of t h e

p e a s a n t r y took t o f l i g h t l e a d i n g t o s t e e p f a l l i n t h e r evenue

and c o n s e q u e n t p r e s s u r e on t h e i m p e r i a l e x c h e q u e r . Th i s s i t u

a t i o n a la rmed S h a h j a h a n , Aurangzeb was r e c a l l e d from Qandahar

e j q j e d i t i o n and was a p p o i n t e d as V i c e r o y of t h e Deccan f o r t h e

s e c o n d t i m e on 17th J u l y 1652. The V i c e r o y r e a c h e d Burhanpur

on 3 F e b r u a r y 165 3 . From t h e r e he in formed t h e Emperor t h a t

a f t e r s e t t l i n g t h e a f f a i r s of P a i n g h a t he would l e a v e f o r

D a u l a t a b a d . Shahjahaon had u r g e d him t o a m e l i o r a t e t h e c o n d i

t i o n s of t h e p e a s a n t r y , t o i n p r o v e t h e c u l t i v a t i o n and r e l i e v e

. . . x x v i i i

(xxviii)

the royal t reasury from the annual d ra in .

(i) Auranqzeb's Observations on the State of Agriculture

When Aurangzeb reached Painghat he found the adminis

t r a t i o n in extremely bad shape. He reported to the Ernperor

t h a t Baglana had not been properly administered ever since

3alyid 'Abdul Wahhab's departure leading to v i r t u a l collapse 3

of the administrat ive machinery the re , Deccan affairs as a 4

whole were in t o t a l d i sar ray and the peasants were groaning - 5 6

under the oppression of Uzbek Khan and Darwesh Beg Qaqshal.

The Mugbal administration of the Deccan had d e t e r i o r a t

ed to such an extent that Aurangzeb had to spend 9 months at

Burhanpur for streamlining i t s af fa i rs notwithstanding Shah-

jahan ' s frequent ins t ruc t ions to him to proceed to Daulatabad.

He did not think i t advisable to move to Daulatabad without

accomplishing the task in hand at Painghat. ^5oreover, no

1, Document Nos. 1,2, 1,16. See also Jadunath Sarkar, History of Auranqzlb. Vol. I , Delhi, 197 3 ( r ep r in t ) , 99-100. 3 . Molnul Haq, Prince Awranqzlb; A Study, Karachi, 1962, 38-9. Najib Ashraf Nadwl, Muqaddama-1 Ruqa ' t - i Âlamoir. 'Azamgarh, 1981 ( r ep r in t ) , 195-6.


3 . Docvunent No, 1,4



6 . Docximent No. 1.22

. . . x x l x

(xxlx)

immediate business was awaiting him at Daulatabad, He pro

mised to leave for Balaghat af ter sometime and resolve the

issue on the spot .

In a statement of revenue and esênditure of the

Deccan, he la id bare the difference in o f f i c i a l estimates of

i ama' and has i l and the actual income and ejqpenditure as se t

out in the following t a b l e . Such an over-estimation in the

1 ama' of the Deccan was well recognised by the Mughal admin

i s t r a t i o n despi te Aurangzeb's frequent complaints against

I t . 2

Documents Nos, 1.4, 1.6. Sarkar has erroneously infer red tha t due to Aurangzeb's love af fa i r he prolonged his stay at Burhanpur for which he has c i t ed Ahkam-i 'Alamqiri and Ma 'as i ru ' l Umara. History 'of Auranqzeb, Vol. I , 35-7, 94, 113. But Aurangzeb's so-cal led love af fa i r with Zainabadi at the cost of paralysing the Deccan administrat ion seems to be qui te improbable as in t ru th his stay at Burhanpur was necess i ta ted by conpul-sion of circumstances.

For reasons of th i s over-estimation of 1ama* in Deccan, see Shireen Moosvi, 'The Mugtjal Empire and the Deccan Factor —— Economic Factors and Consequences', PIHC, 1982.. Akbar was himself r e s ponsible for th i s i n f l a t ion in jama'dami because he had ra ised (50%) the value of tank a from 16 to 24 dams by a s ingle s t roke of pen following his expansionist pol icy in the Deccan, cf. Atlas, i .

,xxx

(xxx)

Table - 2

A. Official Estimation

1. Jama'dami = 1/44,90,00,000 dams » (RS. 3, 6 2, 26, 000)

2 . Has i l i nc lud ing a deduct ion of Rs, 12, 00,000 on account of af a t = Rs. 1, 00* 00, 000

3 . vJ^giia of Aurangzeb and h i s sons = 12,00,00,000 dams

« (RS. 30,00,000)

4 . Ina*m of Aurangzeb and h i s sons " 3 ,00,00,000 dams

» CRS. 7,50,000)

B. Actual Position

1. Income from the Deccan

(i) Peshkash of Golconda = RS. 8,00,000

(ii) Peshkash of Deogarh = RS. 1,00,000

(iii) Income from Bir = RS. 2,40,000

Total = Rs. 11,40,000

2. Expenditure in the Deccan

(i) Expenditure on Artillery = RS. 6,30,000

(ii) On the salaries of Viceroy, Princes and other heads » Rs. 25,43,000

Total = Rs. 31,76,000

3. Deficit = Rs. 20,36,000

...xxxi

(xxxl)

The above table indicates tha t the actual r ea l i za t ion had

declined to 88 lakh rupees only, which did not amount to

even one-forth of the jarna* (24,3%). The c i v i l and mi l i t a ry

e:>q?enditure of the Deccan, excluding the s a l a r i e s of the

o f f i c i a l s from the iaqirs stood at Rs. 31,76,000, of which

Rs. 25,4 3,000 were spent on the cash allowances of Aurangzeb

and his sons whereas the esqjenses on Ar t i l l e ry and other r e

l a t ed ejqjenditure required Rs.6, 30,000. The only means of

providing th i s sum was the Khalisa Sharif a and the t r ibu te

from Golconda and Deogarh which were Rs.ll, 43, 000. Therefore

the annual d e f i c i t of Rs. 20, 36,000 was made good by drawing

on the reserve accumulated over the years in the Deccan

t reasur es through various resources . As a r e su l t , the cash

balance f e l l from 80 lakh rupees to 40,50,000 within two

years.

( i i ) Aurangzeb*3 Revenue Reforms

Aurangzeb a t t r ibu ted the fa i lu re of revenue adminis

t r a t i o n in the Deccan to the mishandling of the former pro

v i n c i a l s dlwans and the connivance of the Viceroys, He,

therefore , took keen personal i n t e r e s t as soon as he was

appointed the Viceroy of Deccan in 165 2. He sent his o f f i

c i a l Muhammad Tahir well in advance to take over the charge

a t Painghat and ins t ruc ted the dlwans of Balaghat and Pain-

ghat to appoint knowledgeable and trustworthy persons to

look af ter his j ag i r s . Muhammad Tahir was selected for the

, . . x x x i i

( x x x i i )

task due to his knowledge of the Deccan a f f a i r s . When Aurang-

zeb reached Burhanpur he wrote to the Emperor to provide cer

t a in f a c i l i t i e s to him, e .g . a ra ther long tenure, qual if ied

personnel for h is s taff and some money. Although the disorder

which had continued and extended about a decade could not be

undone in a short time yet he promised to exert his utmost for

the extension of c u l t i v a t i o n , Aurangzeb now embarked upon a

pol icy of coirplete re-organizat ion of the revenue administra

t i o n . His very c r i t e r i on for the se lec t ion of an o f f i c i a l to

a post of r e spons ib i l i t y was the incumbent's a b i l i t y to imp

rovement (abadankari) . When he was at Burhanpur he appointed

Murshid Quli Khan as the diwan of Balaghat by t ransfer r ing

Diyanat Khan, but allowed Multafat Wian, the diwan of Painghat,

to continue in o f f ice .

Multafat Khan had a plan for increasing the revenues.

He decided to advance tagavi for r a i s ing the embankments of

the dams in Khandesh and Berar. For th i s purpose he r equ i s i

t ioned 40-50,000 rupees. ohahjahan's ins t ruc t ions regarding

the improvement of cu l t iva t ion and encouraging the r e s e t t l e

ment of v i l l ages but somehow Aurangzeb did not sanction th i s

amount and forwarded i t to the Emperor, The Enperor censured

the Viceroy for not sanctioning such a meagre amount on his

own as t agav i .

1. Document No. 14. 1 2. oarkar has erroneously a t t r ibu ted th i s adventure to

Murshid Quli lOian, History of Aurangzeb, Vol. I, pp. 106, 113.

. . x x x i i i

(xxx l i i )

The p reva lence of d i f f e r e n t forms and methods of assess

ment ( zawabl t - l cfunaqcpn) was an o t h e r cause of the agra r ian

c r i s i s . With a view to removing t h i s de fec t , i t was sought to

i n t r o d u c e a uniform system in the revenue a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The

t a s k of the inp lementa t ion of the new uniform system was en

t r u s t e d to Murshid Quli Khan, who abrogated a l l e a r l i e r misce

l l aneous r e g u l a t i o n s . He in t roduced a p e c u l i a r form of c r o p -

sha r ing with a d i f f e r e n t i a l s c a l e depending upon the na tu re

of crop and i r r i g a t i o n . The implementat ion of crop shar ing

( ' ama l - i b a t a l ) was cons idered extremely he lp fu l in impiroving 2

t h e revenue a f f a i r s of the Deccan, But q u i t e obvious ly i t

was ejqsensive as i t involved the p r o t e c t i o n of the food-g ra in .

I t would seem to have been in t roduced as a temporary measure

fo r evolving a r e l i a b l e c r o p - r a t e ( r a i ) . Both the diwans of

the Deccan were inves ted with the enforcement of c rop - sha r ing

i n Pa ingha t and Balaghat and even Mul tafa t Khan's t r a n s f e r to

c^llichpur was cance l l ed due to h i s engagement in enforc ing 4

c r o p - s h a r i n g in Balaghat ,



3 , Document No, 1,36, For a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of Murshid Quli Khan's revenue reforms, see Sadiq Khan, ihahlahan Nama, Br, Mus. Or, 174, ff,i :<i'At' ; J^jwafi Khan, Muntakhafcjdl Lubab, E i b . I n d . , p , 735; R,A, Alavi , Murshid Quli Khan in Deccan in S tud ie s in the Deccan H i s t o r y , 1978.':^- TP-

4 . Document Nos. 1,9, 1,16, 1.17, 1,43

, , . x x x i v

(xxxlv)

Murshid Quli s u c c e s s f u l l y brought the e n t i r e Deccan

under c r o p - s h a r i n g . He wsis p r a i s e d for h i s e x c e l l e n t revenue

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n both by the Emperor and the Vice roy . Aurang-

zeb f r equen t ly recommended for i n c r e a s e in h i s manaab and 2

ass igned him misce l laneous d u t i e s . He no t only commended

h i s e f f o r t s in p r o p e r l y admin i s t e r ing Bir but a lso ^ p r e d a

t e d him for doubl ing the revenues in c e r t a i n mahals . As a

r e s u l t of t hese measures, 25% i n c r e a s e in j^ma* as corrpared to - - 4

Diyanat Khan's time was e f f e c t e d by 1654, P a r t n e r s h i p in

c r o p - s h a r i n g parqanas was d i scouraged . Murshid Quli Khan's

appointment as the diwan of Pa ingha t in 1656 in add i t ion to

h i s charge of Balaghat was a t r i b u t e to h i s p o t e n t i a l i t i e s in

b r i n g i n g p r o s p e r i t y to the Deccan.

But the des i r ed r e s u l t s could not be achieved in the

s h o r t p e r i o d , Murshid Quli l e a n ' s reform could not produce

an immediate change. S i m i l a r l y , Shahjahan ' s s a l a r y schedules

fo r c a v a l r y could not be expected to overcome the chronic

1. Document Nos. 1,3, 1.10, 1.17, 1.20, 11,1

2. Document Nos. 1.5, 1.16, 1.20, 1.38, 1.42, 9 . 1 , 9.2, 12.2, 14.3, 15.1

3 . Document Nos. 1.16, 12.1


5 . Document No. 1. 24

6 . Document No. 1.43. See Bhimsen's obse rva t i on in 1658. Nuskha-i Dilkusha, 25, 26, 38, as quoted in : a r k a r . H i s t o r y of Aurangzeb, I , 107.

. . . X X X V

(xxxv)

oroblem of d i f f e r e n c e between the jama* and h a s i l . All the

same, Murshid Quli Khan '3 revenue reforms had f a r - r each ing

consequences^ and t h e i r importance in the h i s t o r y of Mughal

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n in the Deccan cannot be minimized.

( i i i ) T r i b u t e from Gplconda

The s e t t l e m e n t of 16 36 con ta ined a c l ause regard ing

the payment of 2 lakh huns as annual t r i b u t e , which Qutb 2

3hah used to pay to the Nizamshahis, i n s t e a d of 4 lakhs 3

as Shahjahan excused 2 lakh huns as a favour . Qutbul Mulk

used to pay 8 lakh rupees as e q u i v a l e n t to 2 lakh huns . This

amount was spen t on the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the Deccan, In

r e t u r n i t was s t i p u l a t e d t h a t the Mughal Viceroy of the 4

Deccan would help the l a t t e r .

Subsequent to Aurangzeb's appointment as Viceroy,

Shahjahan ordered for p r o c u r i n g e l ephan t s to the tune of

ha l f of the peshkash on the p r e t e x t of inadequate supply

1 . Jee my paper , 'Agrar ian Survey of Parqana 'Adilabad, 1696 - A Second Reconnaissance*, lESHR, Vol , XXVII,

No. 2, 1991 ( for thcoming) ,

2. See Tuzuk-i J a h a n q i r i (ed.) Syud Ahmud, Ghazipur, 186 2, for the annual t r i b u t e pa id by Qutb Shah to Nizamshahi Kingdom, p .

3 . Document No. 4 . 4 . See a lso S a t i s h Chandra, 'The Deccan Po l i cy of the Mughal - A Reappra i sa l , (I), IHR, 1977, 332. M a k a t i b a t - i Hazra t Sahib Q i r a n i ,

4 . Cf. Document No. 1,16

, . . x x x v i

(xxxvi)

from Orissa and Bengal, This meant loss of four lakh rupees

to the Deccan t reasury yet Aarangzeb complied with the order ,

ohahjahan seems to have not been ful ly s a t i s f i e d with the

qua l i t y of the elephants supplied from the Deccan and conse

quently Aurangzeb was di rected to return elephants of low-2

breed to Qutbul Mulk, This further led to a dispute over 3

t h e i r p r i c e . Since elephants and other g i f t s were normally

adjusted against the annual peshkash from Qutbul Mulk, 3hah-

j ahan reprimanded the Viceroy for offering an elephant as pesh-

kash on h i s behalf which Aurangzeb had received as personal 4

peshkash to him and counted i t among the t r i b u t e from Golconda,

Aurangzeb's correspondence with the Golconda ru le r con

cent ra ted chief ly on the payment of ar rears of peshkash and

regular annual t r i bu te — a recurr ing theme in l e t t e r s to

some other addressees as wel l . The appointment of four hal ibs

in succession ( i . e . 'Abdul Latif, Qabad Beg, Ahmad Beg Najm-i

1. Document No. 1,8



4. Docxament No. 1.32

5. Document Nos, 4,1 to 4,13

6 . Document Nos, 10.1 to 10. 3

.,,xxxvii

(xxxvii)

Sani and'Abdu'l Ma'bud) was not only p o l i t i c a l l y notivated as

Aurangzeb wanted the ha l lbs of Golconda and Bljapur subservient

and responsible to the Viceroy, but also aimed at rea l iz ing

the t r i b u t e . 'Abdul Latif, who remained ha l i b t i l l the conclu

sion of t r ea ty with Golconda, used to inform Aurangzeb of the 2

t rue circumstances of the peshkash and other re la ted mat ters .

When 'Abdul Latif informed Aurangzeb of the inordinate delay in

payment of the arrears of peshkash by Qutbul Mulk, the Viceroy

asked Golconda malar to c lea r the peshkash as ear ly as poss ib le ,

He was allowed to remit t h e amovint in cjuestion in regular in

stalments within a year. However, when Qutbul Mulk fa i led to

make the payment, he was asked to a t tach some of his parqanas

to the Mughal Deccan so tha t the r e q u i s i t e amount of arrears 3

could be rea l ized by the Imperial adminis trat ion. This option remained open t i l l Mughal offensive against Golconda and even

the basic aim of the invasion was said to have been rea l i za t ion 4

of the arrears of tribute.

The Mughals and the rulers of Golconda seem to have

difference of opinions about the exchange rate between the

1. E)ocument No. 1.7

2. For a detailed discussion about the peshkash see Seema Singh's 'The Golkunda Tribute', PIHC, 1986. v--

3. Document No. 4.2


...xxxviii

( x x x v i i i )

hun and rupee and t h i s appears to have led to frequent d i s

p u t e s . For exanple, in 16 36 the exchange r a t e for a Golconda

hun was Rs. 4 which rose to Rs. 4ls and f i n a l l y to Rs. 5 per hun

in 1654. Qutbul Mulk was asked to remit the addit ional arrears

of t r i b u t e to the tune of 20 lakh rupees accumulated due to the

Mughal demand for remit t ing the difference in exchange r a t e .

This could be paid in elephants i f he was unable to pay the

same in cash.

Qutbul Mulk's unwarranted delay in payment of arrears

could not have perhaps created so much bad blood in normal

times as they actual ly d id . The f inancia l c r i s i s in the Deccan

was deepening as i s evident from the correspondence between

3hahjahan and Aurangzeb during t h i s per iod. Moreover, Emperor's

refusal to allow any further drain of resources from other

Mughal provinces to the Deccan, These were the circumstances

which led to Mughal attack on Golconda, Since the Viceroy had

a l l along sought i t s annexation to the Mughal dominion he had

used a l l kinds of arguments to persuade the Errperor to sanction 2

i t s invasion. Aurangzeb was now crying for the blood of Golconda and was in no mood to be hal ted in his t r acks . He had

1. Document No, 4.4

2. Document No. 1.39. Cf, Satish Chandra, opôit, " \

.,• xxxix

(xxxlx)

therefore , requested the Emperor not to heed appeals by Qutbul

Mulk aimed at reapproachment. But the l a t t e r succeeded in

saving his kingdom from ext inc t ion through h i s manipulations

a t the Mughal Court on the condition of negot ia t ing a s e t t l e

ment. He renewed the agreement by swearing on the Holy Quran

and his nazranas (offerings) were to be adjusted against his 2

annual peshkaah. The main clauses of the agreement r e l a t i n g

to the t r i b u t e a re :

(i) Payment of 25 lakh huns in cash and kind

including e lephants ,

( i i ) Cessation of the fo r t of Ramgir in suba

Berar and other adjoining t e r r i t o r i e s

yielding 6 lakh rupees annually,

( l i i ) Payment of 6 lakh rupees as dowry of h is

daughter married to Prince Mvihammad Sultan

(according to the terms of t h i s t r e a t y ) .

Qutbul Hulk's mother had s o l i c i t e d a concession of 5

lakh huns in t r i b u t e . Aurangzeb, however, remitted one lakh

huns each on her and tha t of h is son 's wife. But Qutbul


2. Document No, 4,7

3 . Docximent Nos, 10,1 - 10.3. Cf. Salih.xw


• • • Xi^CÔC

(xxxx)

Mulk was s t i l l pleading for concession because he had i n i t i a l l y

offered 40 lakh rupees only to Prince Muhammad Sultan, where

as he had to pay at l e a s t one crore rupees, ^ p a r e n t l y the

annexation of Ramgir was an added bonus as i t s income was e s t i

mated to be 6 lakh rupees. But Aurangzeb did not think t h a t i t

yielded more than 80,000 huns (RS.4,00,000) . Qutbul Mulk claim

ed tha t Aurangzeb's o f f i c i a l s had, however, accepted i t for

1,20,000 huns (RS .6 ,00 ,000 ) . Aurangzeb therefore had to ask

Mir Jumla to u p r i s e the Emperor of the rea l pos i t ion of income - - 2 from Ramgir, In another context Aurangzeb, reported tha t i t s

income did not exceed one lakh huns (RS.5,00,000) . But due to

the war of succession these matters came to a s t a n d s t i l l and

the fu l l amoiont of peshkash could not be r e a l i z e d .

(iv) Tribute From Zamindars

The Viceroy received the l a rges t amoxont of t r i b u t e from

Golconda which was in fact a subordinate a l l y whereas the 4

Mugtjals attacked B i j ^ u r and imposed war indemnity on i t . The

Zamlndar of Chanda also paid t r i b u t e but a large amount of

1. E>ocument No, 8.6

2. Document No. 9,3

3. Document No, 4.9

4 . Document No. 5

,.,xxxxi

(xxxxi)

peshkash was outstanding against him. The Mughals did not

have any a l t e rna t ive but to at tack Deogarh to r ea l i ze the

a r rears of peshkash which he could not remit due to h is bank-2

cruptcy . Previously the Chief of Deogarh paid Rs, 1,00,000 3

p e r annum. The Mughal Viceroy also used to receive peshkash 4

from the deshmukh of Chinarer i . Aurangzeb also secvired

appointment of Rao Karan to the t e r r i t o r y of Jawar as his

watan-laqjr on the condition of payment of Rs.50,000 and con-5

quering tha t p r i n c i p a l i t y by h is own cont ingent . But the

d e f i c i t faced by the Viceroy of the Deccan was so large t ha t

i t could not be of f se t by the uncertain income received from

t h i s source.

IV ZAMINDARS AND THE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION

Aurangzeb as Viceroy of the Deccan made strenuous

efforts to win over the support of the zamindars to the Mughal

cause and succeeded in making some of them active allies of

the Mughal administration in the Deccan,

1. Document Nos. 1,6, 1,26, 8,1

2. Document Nos, 1.31-1.33

3. Document Nos. 1.23, 1.26


5. Document Nos. 1.29, 1.30

...xxxxii

(xxxxii)

(i) Zamlndar of Deogarh

The Chief of Deogarh was loyal to the Mugheils; he used

to pay an annual peshkash of one la3ch rupees. But due to h is

own pecuniary problems the zamlndar of Deogarh (also known as

zamindSr of Jatba) became unable to c lea r the ar rears of

t r i b u t e . In view of h i s loya l ty , Aurangzeb recommended remi

ssion of the amount of peshkash outstanding against him so

t h a t he could remit the annual peshkash r egu la r ly . But the

zamlndar of Chanda had/ on purpose, sent to Shahjahan e n t i r e

l y incor rec t information about the matter and as a r e s u l t the

Emperor f l a t l y turned down Aurangzeb's p leas s o l i c i t i n g his

exeitption of the zamlndar from the payment of arrears of t r i

bute owing to h is impoverishment. The Enperor further argued

t h a t the same zamlndar was forced by Kh§n-1 Dauran to present

170 elephants and cash and t h a t he s t i l l possessed 200 e l e

phants and therefore there was no tangible reason to excuse

him from payment, Aurangzeb t r i e d h i s best to defend the

zamlndar as he was ful ly aware of his wretched condit ions, but

to no a v a i l .

Despite a l l the esdiibitions of J a t b a ' s loya l ty , S h ^ -

jahan sanctioned mi l i t a ry action against the Zamlndar of Deo

garh who was unnecessari ly compelled to offer to submission.

1, Document No, 1,28, See also Sal ih , I I I , pp . 164-5,

2 , Document No, 1,31

, . . x x x x i i i

(xxxxi i i )

He promised to deposi t one lakh rupees in cash and kind as

a r rea rs within a year as well as at tach ce r t a in parganas to

the Imperial dominions the revenue of which would be adjusted

against payment of ar rears of t r i b u t e . He rendered merito

r ious services in the Mughal operation against Golconda for

securing some remission in h i s enormoxis ar rears of t r i b u t e ,

( i i ) Zamindar of Jawar

Since the Imperial peshkash was not imposed ijpon the

Zamindar of Jawar he began to defy the Imperial au thor i ty .

Rao Karan was, therefore , assigned the task of annexing the

p r i n c i p a l i t y of Jawar to the Imperial dominions, Sr ipat , the

Chief of Jawar, offered submission in January 1656 and l a t e r

secured the independence of h i s t e r r i t o r y by paying an indem

n i t y and promising to t r ans fe r some por t ion of h is t e r r i t o r y 2

towards the payment of t r i b u t e .

( i i i ) Zamindar of Chanda

The Zamindar of Chanda enjoyed a t r i b u t a r y s ta tus and

pa id an annual peshkash, Shais ta Khan informed h is successor, 3

Prince Aurangzeb to r e a l i z e Rs,30,000 of peshkash outstanding

1. Document Nos, 1,33, 1,34

2. Document Nos, 1,29, 1,30, See also Salih, 'Amal-i Salih, Vol. Ill, 165,

3. Document No, 8,1

,..xxxxiv

(xxxxiv)

against the Chief of Chanda t i l l 1652, vrtiich however increased

to 50/000 in 1653. The zamlndar was instrumental in persuad

ing the Mughals to at tack Deogarh,

(iv) Zamindar of Dhandhera

The chief of Dhandhera had remained interned for the

l a s t 20 years of Shah j ah an 's r e ign . Aurangzeb reconimended h i s

case to the Enperor who made h is re lease contingent \jypon h is

embracing Islam, payment of peshkash and surrender of h is

watan- lag l r . Since Narsing Das, g i l ^ a r of Asir, stood

sure ty , Aurangzeb found i t almost impossible because the

zamindar was re ly ing upon the f inancia l sxipport of the Brah-

mans and the mahalans. Aurangzeb's recommendations of h i s

case to Sa 'dul lah Khan did not bear f r u i t . He was released

by Aurangzeb following the outbreak of the war of succession.

(v) Deshmukh Of Chlnareri and Other Zamlndars

The Chinareri deshmukh loya l ly served the Mughals in

the Deccan and paid annual t r i b u t e . But due to some xinavoid-

able circumstances he fa i led to remit the peshkash. As

1, Document No. 1.6



.,.xxxxv

(xxxxv)

Aurangzeb was famil iar with the r ea l s i t u a t i o n , he esqplained

the pos i t ion of the deshmukh. The minute d e t a i l s about the

annual t r i b u t e and other addi t ional impositions upon China-

r e r i showed Aurangzeb's knowledge of the a f fa i r s of the

z amindars in the Deccan,

Pratayp grassiya indulged in bandatory and organised a

n ight attack on Dadal Saidana in Sarkar Asir which was imcoe-

d i a t e l y foi led and his r e l a t i v e s and accomplices were a r r e s t

ed. Over-awed by the Mughal mic^t, he apologised and his 2

l i f e was spared.

The zamlndars in the v i c i n i t y of Burhanpur indulged in

highway robbery which were, however, repulsed across Narbada.

S imi lar ly the Zamindars of Kamatak created problems for Mir

Jumla, An a t t i t u d e of s t r i c t benevolent n e u t r a l i t y was main

ta ined towards the Zamindar (Chief) of Kamatak whose t e r r i t o

r i e s were usurped by B i j ^ u r and Golconda r u l e r s .

(vi) The Peasantry

Exploi ta t ion of the peasants at the hands of the j a g i r -

dars and the zamindars was r i f e and the Mughal administration

in the Deccan t r i e d to suppress such tendencies . For exanple.

1. Document No. 1 3 . 1

2 , Document No. 6 . 5

. . . x x x x v i

(xxxxvl)

Aurangzeb issued c lear ins t ruc t ions to Shais ta IQian tha t the

tagavj. pending payment by the peasants should be rea l ized by

the deshmukhs and pa te l s and be d i s t r i bu t ed among the small

peasantry (reza r i a ' ya ) . For ensuring repayments bonds were

to be executed. In t h i s way the amount outstanding agednst

these peasants who had died or run away would be rea l ized

from the executants . But the peasants who were al ive and in

actual possession of land but unable to pay i t at once would

be asked to pay i t in ins ta lments . However, those who were

indigent and unable to pay were exempted from i t s payment

a f t e r a thorough enquiry into t h e i r circumstances,

The zemindars were not allowed to t r ans fe r t h e i r burden

to the shoulders of the peasantry because such oppression had

resu l t ed in the pas t in the f l i g h t of the peasantry from the

v i l l a g e s and the ruinat ion of ag r i cu l tu re . Aurangzeb l e f t be

hind Muhammad Tahir at Burhanpur only because the peasantry 2

was happy with h i s considerate behaviour. He even took s t e m measures against such jag l rdars who had oppressed the

3 4 peasantry l ike Uzbek Khan and Darwesh Beg QSqshal.

1 . Document No. 8 . 1

2 , Document No. 1.18

3 , Docvmient No. 1.13


• . . x x x x v i i

( x x x x v i i )

N a s i r i Khan was s p e c i a l l y d i r e c t e d t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e

p e a s a n t s and i n h a b i t a n t s were s a v e d from t h e a t t a c k s of t h e

enemy and r ema in engaged i n c u l t i v a t i o n . The Mughal o f f i

c i a l s were asked t o p r o t e c t t h e p e a s a n t r y from S h i v a j i ' s

a t t a c k s and t h e B i j a p u r i h a y a l a d a r s .

When t h e p e a s a n t r y of Shahganj co r rp l a ined a g a i n s t t h e

u n j u s t r e a l i z a t i o n of t a x by t h e i a q i r d a r s on t h e p r e t e x t of

b u i l d i n g a f o r t , Aurangzeb o r d e r e d t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n a l amount

s h o u l d be r e t u r n e d t o t h e p e a s a n t s and i n c a s e t h e money was

needed f o r b u i l d i n g t h e f o r t t h e r e q u i s i t e amount c o u l d be

drawn from t h e t r e a s u r y .

V MISCELL. NEOUS

( i ) For t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and C o n s t r u c t i o n of new F o r t s

Aurangzeb as V i c e r o y d i d n o t o n l y s t r i v e f o r ^ p o i n t -

ment of c o m p e t e n t commandents of t h e f o r t s p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e

s i t u a t e d on t h e b o r d e r b u t showed keen i n t e r e s t i n c o n s t r u c t -

2 - ~

ing new ones as well , Shahjahan wanted to assign ten for ts

to Aurangzeb l ike the for t of Ahmadnagar, which he p o l i t e l y

declined due to enormous esqpenses involved in t h e i r mainte

nance. The grant of Asirgarh fo r t also created bad blood

1. Document No. 16. 2. Ibid.

3. Document No. 8.5

...xxxxviii

(xxxxviii)

between the Enperor and the Viceroy as he was deprived of t h i s

favour with a sense of humil ia t ion . Aurangzeb recommended the

appointment of J^jali lullah Khan, an excel lent topchi, to the 2

f ron t i e r for t of Fathabad as well as the continuance of Uzbek,

notwithstanding his res ignat ion t i l l the appointment of the new

c 33 t e l l an to the f ront ie r for t for which Barkhurdar Khan's name

was recommended, Aurangzeb's recommendations for the grant to 3hah Beg Khan ig33n

of Ahmadnagar/and the t r ans fe r of MirzaZfrom there which was 4

acceded to should be seen in the l i gh t of Aurangzeb's pol icy

of safeguarding the f ron t ie r s against any poss ible invasion of

the enemy as well as h is fondness for eff ic iency and i n t e g r i t y .

Aurangzeb also sanctioned the demolition of an \inauthorised

fo r t constructed by Mulla Ahmad, former Governor of Konkan, and

deputed o f f i c i a l s for the acconplishment of the task .

( i i ) Imperial Karkhanas

Shahjahan and Jahaa Ara were keenly in te res ted in the

smooth functioning of the Imperial Karkhanas producing cloth

for royal consumption. i*-.T.ulating t h i s example, Aurangzeb also

1, Document No, 2.4

2, Docxmient No, 1,12

3, Document No, l.W,

4, Document No. 1.9

5, Document No, 12.2. Aurangzeb also got repaired the for t of Burhanpur.

. . .xxxxix

(xxxxix)

es tab l i shed h is own Karkhana but i t c»uld not gain Shahjahan's

favour. The treacherous behavioxir of Nasira, the Superinten

dent of the Imperial Workshops at Burhanpur much annoyed the

Viceroy, on the p re t ex t of non-avail a b i l i t y of yarn from

gasba Dharangaon, in his i ag j r .

In the l i g h t of the above discussion, i t i s abundantly

c l e a r t h a t the l e t t e r s of Aurangzeb contained in the Ad"ab~i

Âlamqiri. spec ia l ly those r e l a t i n g to the period between 165 2-

58, are extremely valuable for the study of Mughal h i s to ry in

the Deccan. These are p a r t i c u l a r l y helpful in understanding

the functioning and conplexi t ies of the Mughal administration

in the Deccan and bring in to l i g h t many aspects of the admin

i s t r a t i o n h i the r to not fu l ly known. Similar ly , the fact t h a t

there were severe s t r a in s in the re la t ionsh ip of Shahjahan

and Aurangzeb i s common knowledge but these l e t t e r s make i t

poss ib le to ident i fy the sources of tension between the two

which u l t imate ly p i t t e d them against each other leading to

the be t t e r end in the war of succession. Moreover, these

l e t t e r s are extremely valuable for proper understanding of

the evolution of the Deccan pol icy of the Mughals during the

1. Document No\\C)

2. Doc\ament No.fe , Aurangzeb also obtained chintz from Machhlipattan,

. • .1)

(L)

re igns of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb, These l e t t e r s provide

a wealth of information about these and many other aspects

of p o l i t i c s , diplomacy and administration r e l a t i n g to Mughal

Deccan as well as character and persona l i ty of Aurangzeb.

1. Cf. A,A, Beg, 'Aurangzeb*s Second Viceroyalty of the Deccan & C \ I s l . C u l . , XLVIII, No. 1, 39-47.

AURANGZEB'S REPRESENTATIONS TO THE EMPEROR

1.1 R e d u c t i o n i n A u r a n g z e b ' s j a q i r s i n t h e D e c c a n ( A u g u s t -i e p t e m b e r 1652, p . 96) :

S u b m i t s t h a t o w i n g t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e c u r r e n t i n c o m e

and t h e d u a l - i _ j a q i r o f t h e D e c c a n t h e r e a l p o s i t i o n

o f w h i c h i s known t o H i s M a j e s t y a n d , God w i l l i n g i t w o u l d

be a l s o s u b m i t t e d p e r s o n a l l y t o t h e Waz j r ( S a ' d u l l a h Khan)

a f t e r h e p r e s e n t s h i m s e l f ( a t t h e C o u r t ) . I s p e r p l e x e d

a b o u t t h e c a u s e of r e d u c t i o n by 17 l a k h r u p e e s ( i n h i s i n

come) and t h e t r a n s f e r o f t h e h i g h r e v e n u e p a y i n g j a q i r s

- 2 3

of M u l t a n and B h a k k a r . I f H i s M a j e s t y w i s h e s t h a t h e

( A u r a n g z e b ) s h o u l d be p u t i n c h a r g e o f s u c h an i m p o r t a n t

p r o v i n c e ( i . e . D e c c a n ) t h e n h e s h o u l d h a v e t h e w h e r e w i t h a l

t o f u l f i l t h e d u t i e s of h i s c h a r g e o f t h e l a r g e and d i s

t u r b e d p r o v i n c e s i n a p r o p e r m a n n e r and n o t t o be emba

r r a s s e d b e f o r e t h e n o b l e s and r u l e r s ( a m i r a n o d u n i y a d a r a n )

o f t h e D e c c a n .

1 . S a ' d u l l a h K h a n , ( I n d i a n M. 7 0 0 0 / 7 0 0 0 (5000 x 2 -3 h) r e m a i n e d D i w a n - i Kul o r W a z i r f rom 1646 t o 1656 t i l l h i s d e a t h . W a r i s , 9 3 ( b ) as c i t e d i n A p p a r a t u s S . / 6 5 6 4 ; E n g l i s h F a c t o r i e s ' (EF) , X, 6 6 .

2 . S a r k a r M u l t a n i n s u b a M u l t a n , At l_as , 5A.

3 . i a r k ex B h a k k a r i n s u b a M u l t a n , A t l a s , 5A.

(2)

1.2 Aurongzeb's Endeavours in Streamlining the Administration of the Deccan (August-September 1652, p . 100) :

Irrperial orders were issued tha t i t would r e f l e c t a great

c r ed i t upon him if Aurangzeb could bring about prospe

r i t y in the Deccan. Submits tha t although he (Aurangzeb)

does not compare in his competence and efficiency with a l l

the fai thful servants of the Emperor yet from the time

of the assignment of jagir;, he has never shown any neg l i

gence in the affairs of administrat ion. Thus th i s very

suba of the Deccan tha t was extremely ruined and desolate

was brought to prosper i ty by him (during his f i r s t Vice-

royalty) as the whole world knows. Perhaps after his

t ransfer , the real s t a t e of affa i rs was reported to His

Majesty, Hopes that if he remained in charge of the

affa i rs (of the suba) for some time and the administration

i s properly carr ied out, then despite the fact tha t the

peasants have fled due to the oppression and negligence of

the Governors (oubadaran), and the en t i r e t e r r i t o r y has

been mal-administered and ruined, the r e su l t s of his

(Aurangzeb's) endeavours will be manifest, God wil l ing, in

a short period of time.

1. Aurangzeb's f i r s t v iceroyal ty of the Deccan began from 1636 A.D. and continued t i l l 1644 A.D.

2. There remained the following s ix governors following Aurangzeb's dismissal from the f i r s t Viceroyalty of the Deccan; Khan-i Dauran (May 1644-June, 164 5), J a i Singh (off ic ia ted U l l 17 July,_ 1645), Islam jQian (July 1645-November 1647), Shah Nawaz lOian (off ic iated t i l l July 1648), Murad Bakhsh (July 1648-September, 1649, Shaista Khan (September, l649-3eptember, 1652).

. . . 3

(3)

1.3 Affa i rs of the Zamlndar of Chanda and Recommendations for Some O f f i c i a l s ( January-February 1653, pp . 116-7):

The Imper ia l orders were promulgated t h a t whenever the

Zamindar of Chanda v i s i t s Aarangzeb on h i s way to p r e

s e n t himself before His Majesty he should no t be de ta ined

for more than one day and be despatched immediately to

the Imper ia l Cour t . Submits t h a t as soon as the Zamindar

a r r i v e s he (Aurangzeb) would send him to the Imper ia l

Court wi thout any delay and t h a t he would a lso ac t accord

ing to the Imper ia l o rde r s in regard to h i s peshkash.

Since now i t has been l e a r n t from the ' a r zdash t of Murshid 2

Quli and the d a i l y r e p o r t s (roznimcha-i waqal*) t h a t 3 - 4 - 5

Aman Beg g i l a ' d a r of Qandahar suba Tel ingana i s

1 . The p r i n c i p a l i t y of Chanda was s i t u a t e d in s a rka r Kalam which c o n s t i t u t e d 31 mahals of which 8 were under the Zamindar of Chanda , ' c f , A t l a s , 36, 59.

2. Murshid Quli (1000/500) was made the Diwiin of Bala-ghat in 16 53. He was given t i t l e of Khan and an i n c rease of 500 za t in the same yea r . Waris 168(a) as c i t e d in Apparatus 3 . , 5747.

3 . Mirza Aman Beg, Aiaf Khan (1500/1500) g i l a ' d a r of Qandahar (Deccan) died in 1653. Waris 148(b), 268 (b) as quoted in Apparatus S . , 5645; "see a l so Zakhira , I I I , 90.

4 . Par gap a Qandahar (Kandahar), in sa rka r Nander, suba Bidar, A t l a s , 14A, 15A.

5. Sh'ahjah'an c r e a t e d a s e p a r a t e suba of Tel ingana by adding in i t a p o r t i o n of the e a r s t w h i l e Nizamshahi Kingdom and some p a r t s of s a r k a r P a t h r i , Lahor i , I , i i , 6 2, I I , 711. Cf. Gii iarat Dorumffn^g Bibl io theque Nationals (Microfilm No. 470 in tjie Department of H i s to ry , AMU, Al lga rh ) , f . 6 7 ( b ) .

. . . 4

(4)

dead, Muhammad Shah Qadimi ho ld ing the rank of 800/800

and who had come to r ece ive Aurangzeb, was despatched to

t h a t p o s t , to reach t h e r e immediate ly . An i n c r e a s e of

200/200 of which 100 sawars du asp a s ih asp a i s to condi

t i o n a l (mashrut) , i s recommended, enhancing h i s rank to

1000/1000 (2 X 3 h) , F a t h u l l a h , son of Zakariya who

p r e v i o u s l y held the rank of 600/600 sawar, was assigned

c o n d i t i o n a l rank of 200/200, and i s appointed as the 2 thanedar of Nandapur, consequent ijpon the t r a n s f e r of

Muhammad Shah, Since he i s an e f f i c i e n t o f f i c i a l having

a con t ingen t , the (previous) i n c r e a s e in h i s mansab con-

d i t i o n a l v:pon o f f i c e has been r e t a i n e d and some one has — — 3

been deputed to e s c o r t (sazawali) him from Burhanpur to the sa id thana .

1. Fa thu l l ah s /o Zakariya (Afghan) (800/800) was appointed Thanedar of T a u n d ^ u r in 16 5 3, 3D3R, 159; see a lso Zakhira , I I I , 116-7.

2. Madnapur s p e l t Nandapur, sark"ar Mahur, suba Berar, A t l a s , 15A, 59.

3. Burhanpur was the headquarters, no t only of suba Khahdesh, but of the e n t i r e Deccan, u n t i l r ep laced in the l a t e r r o l e by Aurangabad in 16 36, (Atlas, 36 >• However, i t r e mained the headquar te rs of Painghat t as well as an import a n t t r a d e r o u t e dur ing the Mughal periodic Cf. Gordon, Burhanpur: En t repo t and H in t e r l and , 1650-1750, lESHR, XXV, No, 4, 425-42; Zakir Husain, 'Agrar ian Survey of Parqana 'Adilabad, 1696 KSecond Reconnissance ' , IE5HR. XXVIII, No. 2 (Forthcoming) .

• • • ^

(5)

1.4 Revenue A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (Februa ry -March 1653, p p . 1 1 8 - 9 ) :

Re fe r s to t he I m p e r i a l o r d e r s t h a t Aurangzeb s h o u l d s t a y

a t Burhanpur fo r some t i m e , l o o k i n g a f t e r t h e a d m i n i s t r a

t i o n of Payan Ghat p r o p e r l y . Af t e rwards he s h o u l d

- - 2

l e a v e f o r D a u l a t a b a d t o s t r i v e f o r t h e p r o s p e r i t y of

t h e fou r siSbas of t h e Deccan p a r t i c u l a r l y h i s (Aurang

z e b ' s ) i a q i r s . Submits t h a t s i n c e t h e management of t h e

a f f a i r s of Payan Ghat has been d i s r u p t e d i t i s n e c e s s a r y

fo r him t o s t a y i n t h a t c i t y (ba lda ) f o r some d a y s . A f t e r

s a t i s f y i n g h i m s e l f about i t s p r o p e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n (band-o

b a s t ) he would l e a v e fo r D a u l a t a b a d . Assu re s t h a t by t h e

g r a c e of Almighty and t h e t r a i n i n g and i n s t r u c t i o n s of His

M a j e s t y he would s t r i v e t o h i s u t m o s t f o r t h e p r o s p e r i t y

(ma 'murl) and t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e a f f a i r s of t h e

subas of t h e Deccan t h e r u i n and deso la t ion of which i s

n o t h idden (from the Emperor) . - 3 Submits t h a t D i y a n a t Khan, owing to t h e low r evenue (az

_ - - 4 rehcfuzr - i kam h a s i l i ) of p a r g a n a P h u l a m b a r i , which t h e

1 . Shah jahan c r e a t e d two new p r o v i n c e s , P a y a n g h a t and B a l a -g h a t ( i n h i s 8 th r e g n a l y e a r ) which between them compr i s e d t h e whole of t h e Mughal Deccan , Atl_as, 36.

2 . D a u l a t a b a d was t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of B a l a g h a t . See A t l a s , 5 5 .

3 . D i y a n a t Khan had remained t h e Diwan of B a l a g h a t t i l l t h e a p p o i n t m e n t of Murshid Q u l i Khan i n 1653. Cf. L a h o r i , I I , 7 28.

4 . P a r g a n a P h u l a m b a r i , s a r k a r D a u l a t a b a d , s u b a Aurangabad, A t l a s , 14A.

. . . 6

(6)

great diwans ^diwanlyan-l 'uzzam) have assigned him in

iaq i r , wanted to v i s i t the Imperial Court and met Aarang-

zeb (on his way) near Narbada r i v e r . Since he has served

in the Deccan for a long period he i s aware of some of

the p e c u l i a r i t i e s of th is region (wi 1 ay at) . Aurangzeb

has kept him with him, and desi res to assign him in l ieu

of the said parqana, which i s extremely desolated and low

revenue paying a jaqlr elsewhere, so tha t he does not

stay i d l e .

1.5 Conditions of Baglana (March-%)ril 1653, pp. 120-22):

Submits tha t previously i t had been heard tha t the admin

i s t r a t i o n of Baglana had been establ ished properly but

when the writer reached the place he foxind j u s t reverse of

what was heard. The t ransferred in te l l igence reporter of 2 Surat por t vô has proceeded to the Imperial Court,

would, perhaps, after having audience with the Emperor

through the d i g n i t a r i e s , convey the fact to His Majesty.

Since the management of Baglana could not be done smoothly

1. The p r i n c i p a l i t y of Baglina was annexed to the Mughal empire in 16 38 (Lahori, I I , 10 5-7) and t rea ted as a separate charge (wilayat) for some time. I t has been mentioned as a separate uni t in Dasturu ' l 'Amal-i 'Alamqiri, whose s t a t i s t i c s per ta in to c.1656. But i t was l a t e r joined to suba Khandesh as one of i t s sar-kars . Cf. Atlas, 23. '

2. Surat Port was a celebrated por t in Gujarat. See Atlas, 7A.

. . . 7

^.

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a f t e r Sa iy id 'Abdul Wahhab, he would send the e n t i r e

amount which has to be spen t in add i t ion to the income

from t h a t t e r r i t o r y which due to poor c u l t i v a t i o n

(zabuni - i ".aiTiaJL.) was l e s s revenue paying than in the

p a s t . The admin i s t r a t i on of the p rov inces of the

Deccan has l o s t i t s v igour (az nasg uf tada) and the de

s o l a t i o n which i s known to His Majesty r e q u i r e s compe-2

t e n t s t a f f . Accordingly Asadullah, son of Mir Fazlul -lah who i s an e f f i c i e n t Kh an az ad and p r o p e r l y managed

- 3 - 4

the a f f a i r s of Sul tanpur and Nandurbar with 500/100

has been appointed as faujdar of Baglana and a condi

t i o n a l i nc r ea se of 500/800 du asp a s ih asp a was recom

mended for him making h i s o r i g i n a l and a d d i t i o n a l rank

to be 1000/900 du asp a s ih asp a and the r e s t o r a t i o n of

two of the mahals from h i s old mahal. He has been sanc

t ioned the a r r e a r s of pay aga ins t both o r i g i n a l and

1. i a i y i d Abdul Wahhab s/o Saiyid Abdur Rahman (Ind. M,) (1500/1500) (800 X 2 - 3h) was appointed q i l a d a r of Baglana in 1644, 3D3R 141, Lahori I I , 379. He died in 1646-7, Lahori I I , 729.

Mir Asadullah s/o Mir F a z l u l l a h (Tucani) (1000/1000) C2x3h) was appointed faujilar of Baglana in 1653.

-iultanpur and Nandurbar (Nazarbar in the Pe r s i an sources) are two parganas of s a r k a r Nandurbar vrfiich was t r a n s f e r r e d from suba Malwa to suba Khandesh by ohahjal-ian in 16 34, Lah'ori, I , i i , 62,

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a d d i t i o n a l r a n k s from B a g l a n a . R e c a l l e d Kamal Lodi and

ot>iGr o f f i c i a l s t o him and g r a n t e d him a d d i t i o n a l income

frorr. some f o r t s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h His M a j e s t y ' s o r d e r s .

'usman Afghan h o l d i n g t h e rank of 1000/800 ( p r e v i o u s l y )

- " - 3 was t he f a u j d a r of s a r k a r B i j a g a r h and c o n s e q u e n t upon

_ 4

the t r a n s f e r of S h a i s t a Khan t h a t s a r k a r has been

a s s i g n e d to him (Aurangzeb) . S i n c e a f a u j d a r i s t o be

a p p o i n t e d to S u l t a n p u r and Nandurba r , r e s e r v e d f o r t h e

K h a l i s a (whose r e v e n u e s were r e s e r v e d f o r t h e Emperor)

Muhammad Beg K h a i s h g i , ( h i s o f f i c i a l ) was a p p o i n t e d

t h e f a u l d a r of B i j a g a r h w i t h c a v a l r y and i n f a n t r y . Usman

was made f a u j d a r of S u l t a n p u r and Nandurba r w i th 200

c o n d i t i o n a l sawars to h i s r a n k , so t h a t he now h e l d 1000/

1000.

Kamal Lodi H i z b a r Kiian Afghan (2000/500) *Alamqlm'ama 55, 63 , 7 6 - 7 7 .

'Usman Afghan (1000/800) c e a s e d t o be t h e f a u j d a r of s a r k a r B i j a g a r h in 1653.

• i a rka r B i j a g a r h was t r a n s f e r r e d to sub a Khandesh in 1634 L a h o r i , I , i i , 62 -3 .

Abu T a l i b S h a i s t a Kh-in ( I r a n i ) (5000/5000 , 2-3 h) was t r a n s f e r r e d to sub a C5u j a r a t as i t s Governor f o l lowing t h e a p p o i n t m e n t of Aurangzeb as V i c e r o y of t he Deccan in'" 1652. War i s , 142(b) as c i t e d i n A p p a r a t u s 3 . , 5586.

Muhammad Beg K h a i s h g i was ^ p o i n t e d f a u j d a r of s a r k a r B i j a g a r h i n 165 3 fo l l ov / ing t h e t r a n s f e r ofÛsman Afghan.

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Murshld Quli appointed Diwan of Balaghat by His Majesty,

held some j a g i r s in the n o r t h . After h i s a r r i v a l t he re

he was ass igned parqana Savda, which had the jama'

(es t imated income) of 10,85,000 dans whereas the r e a l i

s a t i o n ( h a s i l ) of the p rev ious year was a l i t t l e over

Rs. 71,000 out of which Rs. 50,000 were r e m i t t e d because

of ca lami ty leav ing a balance of only something over

Rs. 20,000. In view of t h i s His Majesty sanc t ioned a

r educ t ion ( t akhf i f ) in jama* of the parqana of 57,00,000

dams (reducing the 1ama' of the parqana to 51,50,000

dams) , 50,00,000 dams of Murshid Q u l i ' s s a l a r y are now met 2

ny assigrament of t h i s parqana . But the parqana i s s t i l l

d e s o l a t e and (even a f t e r the above j ama ' - r educ t ion ) i s

low-has 1 1 . Proposes t h a t only 30,00,000 dams (about 3/

5ths of the parqana) , be ass igned to Murshid Qul i , as

were ass igned to Diyaoiat Khan, the remainder of the

parqana to be r e t a i n e d by old l a q l r d a r s of the s a id p a r

qana who were t r a n s f e r r e d upon i t s assignment to Murshid

J u l i . For the balance (20,00,000 dans) Murshid Quli may

be assigned 5 or 6 monthly j a q i r ^ .

1. liargana Savda, s a rka r Asir , sub a ^ a n d e s h . At las , 9A, 14A.

2. There had been'S'tremendous dec l i ne in the ac tua l income of the parganas in IQiandesh as corrpared to the 1ama' . Cf. J . F . Richards , ' O f f i c i a l Revenues and Money Flows i n a Mughal P r o v i n c e ' , Imper ia l Monetairy System of Mughal I n d i a , OUP, 1987, 19 3-231,

. . . 1 0

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.6 Deter iorat ing Agrarian Conditions of the Deccan (April-May 16 5 3, pp. 131-4) :

Refers to the royal orders tha t he (Aurangzeb) should

have been free from the task of s e t t l i n g the affairs of

Payan Ghat. He should leave for Daulat"abad immediately

upon the receipt of th i s order. He should, however,

consider both Balaghat and Payan Ghat as placed under

him and administer i t properly.

Submits tha t the desolation of the country of the Deccan

which has been l e f t unattended in the l a s t ten years i s

not of such type that i t s set t lement can be accomplished

in a shortwhile, and the way the sett lement can be made

by personally attending to hira would not be possible if

one is at a ""distance. There i s important business await-

inu hirii in -âulatabad tha t leaving the management of

Payan Ghat unaccomplished he should proceed there imme

d i a t e l y .

ouanits tha t in response to his arzdasht recommending an

increase in Asadullah son of Faz lu l lah ' s rank and further

recommending the fau id i r i of Baglana for him, royal

orders were issued that "if he wants to induct him into

Imperial service by granting the faui'dari of Baglana the

For Balaghat, see document no. 1.4, n . l .

. . .11

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recommendat ion i s n o t p r o p e r b e c a u s e Bag lana i s h e l d as

i n a ' m by him ( A u r a n g z e b ) . He c o u l d g i v e him wha teve r he

l i k e d for t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of i t s a f f a i r s o t h e r than a

I m p e r i a l mansab (mansab- i d a r q a h i ) . " Submi ts t h a t in

t h a t p e t i t i o n he had r e f e r r e d to i n a d e q u a t e r e v e n u e s and

c o n s i d e r a b l e expenses ( z i y a d a t i - i kha rch ) of Baglana ,

and so p r o p o s e d i t s a s s i g n m e n t t o one of t h e o f f i c i a l s .

In view of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r ank of 'Umar Afghan was

i n c r e a s e d from 600/100 t o 1000/1000 du asp a s i h asp a

( f o r h o l d i n g t h e f a u j d a r i of Baglana , he had made a r e -

corpjnendation f o r an i n c r e a s e i n t h e mansab of A s a d u l l a h

v;ho i s a S a i y i d and Khanazad and a c o m p e t e n t man, and

h o l d s t he rank of 500/100 du asp a s i h asp a . S i n c e most

of h i s l a q i r s were a s s i g n e d from t h e r e t h e w r i t e r d id n o t

make any r e q u e s t f o r a s s i g n m e n t i n l i e u of t h a t i n a ' m .

S e e i n g t h i s i n t h e i n t e r e s t of economy in government e x

p e n d i t u r e , he had made t h e above r e q u e s t . I f i t i s app

roved , i t would be b e s t ; o t h e r w i s e t h e a d d i t i o n a l s a l a r y

would be g r a n t e d to him from Baglana , which i s an Impe

r i a l g i f t to t he w r i t e r . The r o y a l o r d e r s were i s s u e d

t h a t s i n c e i t was known from t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t

1 . Umar T a r i n (Afghan) (500/100) ( L a h o r i , I I , 751) was a p p o i n t e d f a u j d a r of Bag lana i n 1648, 'Waris^, 45(b) as c i t e d in Appa ra tu s S . , 44 38; s ee a l s o Z a k h i r a ,

I I I , 7 6 .

. . . 12

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n e i t h e r 'Umar T a r i n coi i ld a d m i n i s t e r Bag lana p r o p e r l y nor

t he c o n t i n g e n t s s e n t by Aurangzeb , he ( 'Umar T a r i n ) s h o u l d

be s e n t to t h e C o u r t .

As for o r d e r s of exempt ion from payment of a r r e a r s of t r i

b u t e of R3. 50,000 from t h e Zamindar of Chanda from t h e

b e g i n n i n g of Fa rward in 26th R.Y. and t h e c o l l e c t i o n s of

t h e a r r e a r s of t r i b u t e of t h e 25th R.Y. as o u t s t a n d i n g

a g a i n s t him t i l l t h e end of I s f anda rmuz t h e s e would c e r

t a i n l y be f o l l o w e d .

I t had been o r d e r e d t h a t "he s h o u l d send Shah Beg Khan,

who does n o t m a i n t a i n p r o p e r c o n t i n g e n t s t o t h e r o y a l

C o u r t and i f he l i k e s he c o u l d h o l d t h e s e p a r g a n a s of

(Shah Beg Khan) i n l i e u of h i s nagd i (j a g i r ) o r a s s i g n

them t o anyone v;ho i s c o m p e t e n t and m a i n t a i n s (p rope r )

c o n t i n g e n t s and a p p o i n t him in h i s (Sh'ah Beg Khan ' s )

p l a c e . "

Submits t h a t His M a j e s t y i s w e l l aware of t h e c i r c u m s t a n

c e s of t l ie o f f i c i a l s p o s t e d i n t h e Deccan and t h e v / r i t e r

d i d n o t know of commanding l a r g e r c o n t i n g e n t t han Shah

Beg Khan and a d m i n i s t e r t h a t p r o v i n c e (Be ra r ) p r o p e r l y .

Shah Beg Khan (4000/4000) was ^ p o i n t e d t h e g i l e d a r of Ahmadnagar i n 16 5 3. Cf. Appa ra tu s S . , 5898.

. . . 1 3

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-3o o u t of f avour i t has been o r d e r e d t h a t i f he wanted he

c o u l d have h i s (Shah Beg Kh^^ '^^ tuyu.l i n l i e u of h i s own

n a g d i . He would, t h e r e f o r e , s h o r t l y d e p u t e one of h i s

e f f i c i e n t o f f i c i a l s w i th a s t r o n g c o n t i n g e n t and send Shah

Beg Khan t o t h e r o y a l t h r e s h o l d .

S i n c e a s t r o n g c o n t i n g e n t i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e

of Berar he (Aurangzeb) hopes t h a t as soon as t h e ( d e t a i l s

of t he ) income of t h e p a r q a n a s of 3h"ah Beg M i a n ' s j a q i r

a r e p r e s e n t e d t o His M a j e s t y he would g r a n t i n h i s s a l a r y

10-m.onthly c a s h (naqd) w i t h o u t any d e d u c t i o n ( a f a t ) from

- 1 2 t h e p a r q a n a s of E l l i c h p u r and Ankot f i x i n g t h e jam_a' as much as His Ma jes ty l i k e s .

1.7 P e s h k a s h of t h e Deccsn R u l e r s , e t c . (May 1653, p p . 1 2 3 - 5 ) :

The h a i ' l b s of the tv;o Deccan R u l e r s w i t h t h e i r p e t i t i o n s

came and saw lum and p r e s e n t e d g i f t s from t h e i r m a s t e r s .

'Ad i l Khan - had n o t p r e v i o u s l y s e n t such i n f e r i o r g i f t s

( t u r b a n , o rnamented ' f ingure-guard and e l e p h a n t ) . Anyhow i n

1 . i :^l l ichpur (mod. . ^ h l a p u r ) t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of ( h a v e l i -m.ahal) s a r k a r Ga.vil sub a Bera r t hen a l s o ' se rved he ad -q u a r t e r s of sub a B e r 5 r . Cf. A t l a s , 36.

2 . rârqana Ankot (Akot) s a r k a r N a m a l a , sub a Be ra r , A t l a s , 9 A, 14 A.

3 . Muhammad "Adil Shah wa i t h e r u l e r of B i j a p u r from 16 27 t o " 1657.

. . . 14

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c o m p l i a n c e v/ith the Imperial orders whatever was p r e s e n t e d

has been accepted . Qutbul Mulk s e n t a f i n e r i n g with a

f i n e diamond, ornamented w e ^ o n s and s i x e l e p h a n t s of

which fou r f o r Aurangzeb and two f o r h i s sons (Khanazads) .

Some d a y s , God w i l l i n g t h e y would be s e e n by His M a j e s t y .

In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h I m p e r i a l o r d e r s , he w i l l , s h o r t l y d e p u t e

J a ' f a r to B i j a p u r and 'Abdul L a t i f ( p r e v i o u s l y diwan of

Qandahar and now the w r i t e r ' s o f f i c e r ) t o Golconda. Some

j e w e l l e d arms and Gujarat c l o t h w i l l be s e n t with them as

p r e s e n t s . I t would be b e t t e r i f t h e y c o n s i d e r t h e m s e l v e s

s e r v i n g unde r t he Governor of t h e Deccan, o t h e r w i s e wha t

ever t h e i:^mperor d e c i d e s .

- 4 - _ - -

Informs t h a t Mir 3 a l i h son of Mir Qiwamuddin Mazandran i ,

a r e l a t i v e of Shcih 'Abbas who had gone to Aurangabad v i a

o u r a t p o r t and determined to proceed to Golconda was c a l l e d

t o Burhanpur and s e n t to the Imperia l c o u r t , Hopes t h a t

1. Abdul lah Quto 3h"ah was t h e r u l e r of Golconda from 1626 to 1672.

2 . J a ' f a r was a p p o i n t e d as h"ai ib a t t h e Cour t of Bi j ^ u r i n 1653.

3 . 'Abdul L a t i f v /as a p p o i n t e d as h a j i b at the Court of GolGondaîn 1653.

4 . Mir S a l i h ' s r ank n o t i d e n t i f i e d . However Aurangzeb not o n l y ' e n t i c e d the o f f i c i a l s of the Deccan r u l e r s but a l s o checked the f o r e i g n adventurers from J o i n i n g t h e i r Courts by Inducing tliem to j o i n the Imperia l s e r v i c e . See Riazul I s lam, Indo-fetSftl lRelations, Study of the P o l i t i c a l and Dip lomat ic R e l a t i o n s Between the Muqha^ Empire and Iran , 1970, 9 7 - 1 2 3 .

. . . 1 5

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a f t e r b e i n g p e r m i t t e d to k i s s t h e r o y a l t h r e s h o l d he would

be r ewarded a c c o r d i n g to h i s t a l e n t s .

Re fe r s to h i s p r e v i o u s l e t t e r r e g a r d i n g t h e d e s p a t c h of

one of h i s o f f i c i a l s t o suba Be ra r i n c o m p l i a n c e wi th

I m p e r i a l o r d e r s . A c c o r d i n g l y Z i audd in Husa in , h i s f o r

mer b a k h s h i and a compe ten t p e r s o n was s e n t t o E l l i c h p u r

w i t h a c o n t i n g e n t of 400 c a v a l r y and 200 gunner s ( i n f a n t r y )

and d i r e c t e d 3hah Beg t o p r o c e e d t o t h e w r i t e r a f t e r t h e

f o r m e r ' s a r r i v a l t h e r e .

1.8 Peshkash from Qutbul Mulk and J a q i r - Assignment to Aurangzeb (16 5 3, p p . 144-5)":

iimperor has o r d e r e d t h a t s i n c e fewer male and female e l e

p h a n t s than b e f o r e a re b e i n g b r o u g h t from Bengal and

O r i s s a , Qutbu l Mulk be asked t o send e l e p h a n t s i n l i e u of

h a l f t he annua l t r i b u t e (peshkash ) of 8 l a k h s of r u p e e s .

Submi ts t h a t , though t h i s would r e d u c e t h e income of t h e

Deccan t r e a s u r y by 4 ' l a k h s a n n u a l l y he would s t i l l p r e s s

Qutbul Mulk t o f u l f i J t he I m p e r i a l demand.

I t has s p e a r e d from t h e r e p o r t of A u r a n g z e b ' s wak i l a t

t h e Cour t t h a t t h e Emperor had remarked t h a t s i n c e Aurang-

1 . Mir Z iaudd in Husain Himmat Khan, I s l a m Khan (Turan i ) (4000/2000) Ma 'mur i , 9 7 ( b ) . S i d h a r i L a i , T u h f a - i Shah-l a h a n i , Ms. I . O . , 337, f. 3 0 b ; ' A q i l WisJ^' W%qia!t-i ' A l a m g i r i , 39.

. . . 1 6

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zeb had t a k e n p a r g a n a E l l i c h p u r on h i s own, w i t h o u t any

r e d u c t i o n in j ama ' , why s h o u l d t h e r e be any t a l k now (of

r e d u c t i o n in t h e j j r r i a ' ) .

Submits t h a t His M a j e s t y had h i m s e l f o r d e r e d t h a t " i f he

(Aurangzeb) wanted tx) have j a q i r s of some of t h e t u y u l -

d a r s (i a q i r d a r s ) i n exchange of h i s ca sh s a l a r y ) ( t a l a b - i

n a a d i ) , a s u i t a b l e j ama' would be f i x e d t h e r e o f . T h e r e

f o r e , Aurangzeb had s o l i c i t e d p a r g a n a E l l i c h p u r o u t of

t h e p a r q a n a s h e l d i n j a q i r by Shah Beg Khan and s e n t t h e

d e t a i l s of c u r r e n t income ( h a q l q a t - i h a l - i h a s i l ) t o t h e

r o y a l c o u r t u n d e r t h e s e a l of M u l t a f a t Khan, t h e Diwan,

so t h a t t h e r e d u c t i o n c o u l d be s a n c t i o n e d a c c o r d i n g l y , so

t h a t he migh t n o t s u f f e r any l o s s by e x c h a n g i n g h i s 10-

mon th ly cash s a l a r y fo r t h e - jaq i r . I f t h e r e d u c t i o n i s

n o t g r a n t e d he would s u f f e r a l o s s of two l a k h s ; b u t he

was p r e p a r e d to s a c r i f i c e e v e r y t h i n g f o r t h e Empero r ' s

a p p r o b a t i o n .

2

The Ahmadnagar f o r t was s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e b o r d e r . Shah

Beg Khan who p r e v i o u s l y h e l d t h e c h a r g e of t h a t f o r t v;ant-

ed i t s q i l a ' d a r i . Seeks I m p e r i a l o r d e r s fo r h i s a p p o i n t -

1. r - i u l t a f a t Khan s /o I r a d a t }Q\^ ( I r a n i ) (2000/2000) was t h e Diwan of I ^ a n d e s h and P a i n g h a t , Waris_, 116 (b ) , as c i t e d in Appara tus 3 . , 5456. See a l s o Z a k h i r a , 1 1 1 , 9 3 .

2 . Ahmadnagar f o r t i s s i t u a t e d i n s a r k a r Ahmadnagar suba Aurangabad, A t l a s , 14A.

. . . 17

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mant to t h e s a i d f o r t and r e t a d n Mi rza K h ^ ' ^ k h i n a z a d ,

wi t h h im.

1,9 A u r a n g z e b ' s U n p r o d u c t i v e J a q i r s and ^ p o i n t m e n t / T r a n s f e r of h i s O f f i c i a l s (1653, p p . 1 4 1 - 3 ) :

Re fe r s to t h e r o y a l o r d e r s i s s u e d to him t h a t from t h e

b e g i n n i n g of r a b i ' c rop of Yunt I I he would be s a n c t i o n e d

c a s h payment (naqdi ) i n l i e u of p a r g a n a E l l i c h p u r , t h e

r e a l i t y of h i s e f f o r t s t o improve p r o s p e r i t y of t h e Deccan

has been made known by h i s r e l i n q u i s h i n g (on t h e ground of

i t s becoming r u i n e d ) . i ^ r o t e s t s t h a t t h e s a i d p a r g a n a h a s

had a s h o r t f a l l i n r e l a t i o n t o i t s jama ' f o r t h e l a s t

t w e n t y y e a r s . How c o u l d i t become p r o s p e r o u s w i t h i n a

h a r v e s t o r two.

:''-efer3 to t h e r o y a l o r d e r s t h a t ' a c c o r d i n g to h i s (Aurang

z e b ' s ) r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ( i l t i m a s ) , Mi rza Khan was removed

from t h e c h a r g e of ^0-imadnagar f o r t . However, r e a s o n s f o r

h i s t r a n s f e r shou ld have been tsjq^lained and he should be

r e p l a c o , ' oy Shah Beg Khan. . h e p r e s e n c e of an i n t e l l i g e n t

and mprover (abadankar ) v/as n e c e s s a r y i n E l l i c h p u r , i t

Mirza Khan (3000/2000) r emained q i l a d a r of Ahmadnagar from 16 5 0 - 3 . Gf. vVîs 16, 116 (bTI a s ~ c i t e d ' i n Appar a t u s 3 . , 5455.

. . .li

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s h o u l d be a s s i g n e d e i t h e r t o J a l a l K i k a r o r t o M u l t a f a t

Khan. I f he wishes he may recommend t h e name of e i t h e r

f o r i n c r e a s e ( i n mansab) .

Submi t s t h a t he b e l i e v e d t h e c i r c \ i m s t a n c e s of Mi rza Khan ' s

c a s e were a l r e a d y known a t t h e C o u r t and so r e f r a i n e d from

p u t t i n g i t i n w r i t i n g as he was a Khitnazad and c o n s i d e r e d

i t b e s t t h a t he s h o u l d remain w i t h him ( Aurangzeb)

Shah Beg K h ^ ^^^ been p o s t e d to Ahmadnagar f o r t and r o y a l

o r d e r s r e g a r d i n g ttie a s s i g n m e n t of t h e t u y u l of Shah Beg

Khan and K i r z a Iân \^rould be f o l l o w e d . S i n c e J a l a l Kakar

i s a s o l d i e r he has no competence i n t h e s p h e r e of a g r i c u l

t u r a l improvement . N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h i s he was p o s t e d as

_ - - 2 3

f a u j d a r of i-ûnar on t h e b o r d e r s of Deogarh two t h r e e

months o r e v i o u j i y . His M a j e s t y would have been informed by

t h e waqia ^ .news-report) of t h i s p r o v i n c e * M u l t a f a t Khan

was engaged i n t h e work of c rop s h a r i n g of Payan <3hat. He

d i d n o t a g r e e w i th t h i s p r o p o s a l . A c c o r d i n g l y t h e a s s i g n -

t of p a r q a n a iC l l i chpu r to e i t h e r of t h e two was w i t h h e l d , men

J a l a l ân Kakar s / o D i l a w a r ân Kakar (Afghan) (2000 / 1500) was a p p o i n t e d f a u j d a r of Puna r , L a h o r i , I I , 727 .

P a r g a n a Punar (Paunar) was t h e s e a t of h e a d q u a r t e r s of s a r k a r Punar i n sub a B e r i r , A t l a s , 36.

Deogarh was a p r i n c i p a l i t y which o f f e r e d s u b m i s s i o n and p a i d t r i b u t e to the Mughal e m p i r e . See A t l a s , 35.

. . . 1 9

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^ 1

Proposes t h a t i t be assigned to Rao Karan who on suffer

ing a deduct ion of 500/500 (barawurdl) in h i s rank had 2

l o s t parqana Kandalcur, where he had shown h i s c a p a c i t y

to improve c u l t i v a t i o n . He may be r e s t o r e d the rank of

500/500 and be deputed to serve a t ^ l l i c h p u r , and h i s

barawurdi be made du aspa s i h aspa for s e r v i c e a t E l i i c h -

pu r . That parqana could be assigned to him for the pay

ment of h i s s a l a r y a g a i n s t h i s p r e s e n t and a d d i t i o n a l - 3 rank, and in l i e u of parqana Pus ad he holds in suba

Berar . The balance (of jama') from parqana E l l i chpu r could be sanc t ioned to o t h e r s .

- 4 - - 5

Kustam Wian b ro the r of I r a j Khan wants to s o l i c i t p e r

mission to proceed to roya l cou r t as he says t h a t he has

been c a l l e d to be with h i s b r o t h e r . He begs to r ece ive

Rao Karan (3000/2000) s /o Rao 3ur Bhurt iya (Rajput) su f fe red a demotion in rank in 1652-3, which was r e s to red to him only in 1655, Waris, 22f(b), as c i t e d in Apparatus .

:cin fakur, s a r k a r Gurramkonda, suba Hyderabad, ^ t l a s . 16A.

3. i 'arqana Pus ad, sa rka r Mahur, suba Berar, Atl as , 14 A, 15A.

4 . Rustam Khan s/o Qiz i lbash ( I r an i ) held the fau jda r i of 3angamner in 16 50-51, ( âkhl ra . I I I , 71,) whftE^/roro W was t r a n s f e r r e d probably in 165 3.

!J . i r a j Khan s/o j i z i l b a s h Khan ( I r an i ) served as thanedar of r a t h r i in 16 50-51, (Waris, 108(b), as c i t e d in ^ p a -r a tu s J . , 540,) wherefrom he was t r a n s f e r r e d to North I n d i a as faujdar of J.amnun and Kanpur, Waris 173(6), cu c i t e d in Apparatus 3 . , 590 2; see also Zakhira, I I I , 69-70.

20

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an a p p o i n t m e n t for h i m s e l f i n i m p e r i a l s e r v i c e . P r e s e n c e

of p e o p l e l i k e him i n t h i s p r o v i n c e i s n e c e s s a r y . I t may

be o r d e r e d t h a t he be p e r m i t t e d t o s t a y h e r e o the i rwise he

would be s e n t t o t h e C o u r t .

1.10 Recommendation fo r Rao Karan, Ra jpu t and Supply of C lo th t o t h e Royal K a r k h a n a s , ( i 6 5 3 , pp . 1 4 6 - 7 ) :

Refe r s to t h e r o y a l o r d e r s t h a t s i n c e t h e a s s i g n m e n t of

S l l i c h p u r to a Ra jpu t l i k e Rao Karan was n o t p r o p e r t he

s a i d o f f i c e has been e n t r u s t e d to A s a d u l l a h son of

2 Rashid Kh^^* '-'"^ s h o u l d e n t r u s t work to a p e r s o n who

can do i t . Submits t±iat t h e c h a r g e of E l l i c h p u r does n o t

i n v o l v e a n y t h i n g e x c e p t h o l d i n g t h e 1 a q l r and i m p r o v i n g

c u l t i v a t i o n and Aurangzeb had been s u s p e c t e d a t t h e Cour t

of i l l - t r e a t i n g t h e R a j p u t s , he had made a recommendat ion

of Rao Karan , l o o k i n g a t h i s m a n s a b - r e d u c t i o n and h i s a b i

l i t y to i n c r e a s e c u l c i v a t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o what had been

h e a r d abou t h im. A s a d u l l a h t o o , w i t h h i s p r e s e n t mansab

.and c o n t i n g e n t , cann<5t look a f t e r t h e d u t i e s of Governor

of B e r a r . However, a c c o r d i n g t o r o y a l o r d e r s , he was s e n t

1 A s a d u l l a h s / o Rash id Khan Ansa r i (1500/1000) was a p p o i n t e d f a u l d a r of E l l i c h p u r in 165 3, VJaris 184 ( b ) , as c i t e d in Appara tus S , , 5990.

-•âshid Khan - \nsa r i (Afghan) (4000/4000) Nazim of T e l i n g a n a d i e d i n 1648, War i s , 4 9 ( b ) , 260(a) ' a s c i t e d i n . - ^pa ra tu s o . , 448 5 . '

. . . 2 1

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1 - 2 to E l l i c h p u r and I lhamul lah to Chandaur. Their j a g i r s

v;ould be assigned in accordance with the r e v e r s e endorse

ments (zimn) of t;he farm an.

Refers to His Majes ty ' s d i r e c t i o n t h a t the p i eces of c lo th

manufactured by Aurangzeb a t Burhaoipur be sen t to the

Court e x p e d i t i o u s l y . '.-/hile ejqpressing g r a t i t u d e for t h i s

a t t e n t i o n , expla ins t h a t the de lay in despatch has been

due to the lack of a r t i s a n s (kar iqaran) because most of the

e>q.jert v;eavers in Burh'anpur axe working in the Imper ia l 3

and Begarn Sah ib ' s karkhanas and the work of those in

Aurangzeb'3 karkhanas was not of a q u a l i t y to win His

Majes ty ' s approba t ion . A few p iece -goods , which had been

orepared by the time of N a s i r a ' s a r r i v a l , have been s e n t

t o the Court .

C i t e s His Majes ty ' s obse rva t i ons t h a t Aurangzeb had l e f t

h i s div;an for watching over Burhanpur and has not appointed

1. I lhamul lah s/o iâshid Khan Ansari (1000/1000) was appointed tiianedar of Thander ( r e c t . Chandur) , V/aris 184(b) is c i t e d in Apparatus, 3 , , 5991.

2. £3£--JL'— --'' indur was claimed for s a rka r Kalam but the same ma>ial was also cons idered under s a rka r iManikdrug, Atl as , 52,60.

3 . Begum iai;i;^ was the t i t l e of P r inces s Jahan Ara Begum.

4 . Nas i ra not i d e n t i f i e d .

5. He was p robably Muhammad Tahir vô was l e f t there .

. . . 2 2

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ed anyone e l s e as t h e diwan t i l l now. Submits t h a t His

" a j e s t y vrould know tJie d e t a i l e d r e a s o n s f o r d e l a y i n t he

m a t t e r from a n i s h a n s e n t by Aurangzeb t o him a t t h e

Cour t i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e same q u e r y i n a h a s b u l hukm.

.'.j^ôrts ei^jpointment of Z iaudd in Husa ln (pjaeviously

Aurangzeiij 's jBaJchshi) as h i s Diwan.

1.11 RecommGndation f o r t h e A p p o i n t m e n t of Hoshdar as y o p c h i ,and Ba>;h5hi ( J u l y 1653, p p . 1 3 6 - 7 ) :

I m p e r i a l o r d e r s (manshur) have come t h a t s i n c e t he s u p e r

v i s i o n of t h e a r t i l l e r y ( topkhana) i s an i m p o r t a n t o f f i c e / _ 2

a s s i g n m e n t and Koshdar i s n o t wor thy fo r t h a t p o s t . I f _ 3

3af i Khan was ready to a c c e p t t h a t o f f i c e he c o u l d be

a s s i g n e d t h e same t c combine w i t h t h e o f f i c e of t h e

4 B a k h s h i . O t h e r w i s e Mir Ahmad R i z v i wDuld n o t be a bad

( c h o i c e ) b e c a u s e he knew t h e a s s i g n e d d u t i e s and c o u l d

g e t them e x e c u t e d .

-)

j e e ir^.15, n , 1, The Mughal P r i n c e s were a u t h o r i s e d to m a i n t a i n t h e i r d iwans and b a k h s h i s .

Hoshdar s /o Nawab M u l t a f a t Kh^" ( I r a n i ) (800/400) was u ^ j o i n t e d D a r o q h a - i Topkhana of t h e Deccan . War i s , 169 ( a ) , as c i t e d i n Appa ra tu s 3 . , 5755; s ee a l s o Z a k h i r a , I I I , 9 7 .

S a f i Khan (500/100) r ema ined Bakhshi and 4 a q i a Nawis of tl^.e Deccan t i l l 1654-5; W a r i s , 229 (b ) , as c i t e d in Appara tus 3 . , 640 5.

••'-ir Ahmad R i z v i s /o S a ' a d a t Khan B i z v i ( I r a n i ) (1000/ 600) was a p p o i n t e d F_aivJQar of N a s i r a b a d i n 1652-3 , W a r i s , 1 5 7 ( a ) , as c i t e d in Appara tus 3 . , 57 37.

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Submits t h a t His Majesty was aware t h a t he had been in the

o f f i c e of Governorship s ince the age of e ighteen he has

never made imiproper recommendations for imper ia l d u t i e s ,

o therv/ ise , how these could have been approved?

i ince i t was presumed t h a t the Super in tendent of the A r t i

l l e r y in add i t ion to h i s a b i l i t y for supe rv i s ion and i n

t e g r i t y should be aware of the a r t of (commanding) tuf ang

and e s s e n t i a l s of the sa id o f f i c e , he (Hoshdar) has the

adequate knov/ledge of the same and i s a commander of high

repute h i s name was i n t e n t i o n a l l y recommended by him. He

tia j no t , however, committed any ac ts of d i shones ty and i n

f i d e l i t y . Since His Majesty does not agree, Saf i Khan, '

would be communicated the good news and be made aware of

the roya l favour towards him. Fu r the r submits t h a t s i nce

combining t h i s o f f i ce with the o f f i c e of bakhshi would be

a burden as the cond i t ion of the l a q l r in the Deccan was

not unknov/n and wi thout r e sources (masalih) , such high

o f f i ce could not be performed, Hopes t h a t Saf i be honour

ed by a d d i t i o n a l rank, and perform the d u t i e s of the twin

o f f i c e s who le -hea r t ed ly . Submits t h a t Mir Ahmad Rizvi as

observed by His Majesty was not undese rv ing .

1. Although Hoshdar*3 appointment was not to the l i k i n g of ShShjahan^ yet Aurangzeb secured h i s appointment as Daroqha-1 Top Khan a of the Deccan. Dociament No. 12.1; Waris, 169(a) as c i t e d in Apparatus, S.^ 57 55.

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. 12 Recommendations for t h e Appoin tment of Mir K h a l i l u l l a h ( J u l y 1653, p p . 152-3) :

o i n c e Fathabad (Dharur) i s a f r o n t i e r f o r t , t h e p r e s e n c e

of one of t h e t r u s t e d o f f i c i a l s t h e r e was n e c e s s a r y .

2 - -

A c c o r d i n g l y Mir K h a l i l u l l a h , an e f f i c i e n t I^l^^^îad, who

had u n d e r t a k e n we l l t h e c h a r g e of t h e a r t i l l e r y ( top khan a)

had been p o s t e d t h e r e t o u r g e n t l y assume t h e d u t i e s of

c a s t e l l a n . An i n c r e a s e of 500/200 b a r a w u r d l ( o r d i n a r y )

and 600 sawars du asp a s i h asp a was recommended to h i s o r i -

g i n a l rank of 1500/800 t h e r e b y r a i s i n g i t t o 2000/1000 con-

d i t i o n a l upon perfa : rming t h e d u t i e s of q l l a ' d a r i of PathQ-3 b a d . i-ârqana Daryapur i s a s s i g n e d f o r 70 l.-akb.a i n h i s

j a q i r ; he has improved c u l t i v a t i o n w i t h i n two y e a r s by 50

p e r c e n t compared to t h e y e a r he o b t a i n e d i t . The h a v e l i

of Fathabad which had 88 l akh dams as j a m a ' , was a s s i g n e d 4

to him fo l l ov / ing t h e d e a t h of 'Arab Khan f o r 85 l a k h s

v/ i th a r e d u c t i o n of 3 lakh dams. Recommends con fe rmen t of

a t i t l e on h im.

1. Dharu r , s i t u a t e d i n suba Aurangabad, was renamed F a t h abad u n d e r S h a h j a h a n ' L a h o r i , I , i i , 278 .

2. M i r z a K h a l i l u l l a h s / o 'Azam K^jan ( I r a n i ) (1500/800) was a p p o i n t e d Qi la 'da r of Fathabad (Dharur) i n 165 3 wi th t h e t i t l e of Muf takhar Sân, Waris 169(a) , as c i t e d i n Appa ra tu s 3 . , 5754; see a l s o Z a k h i r a , I I I , 9 3 - 5 .

3 . P a r q a n a Daryapur , s a r k a r Gav i i suba Be ra r , A t l a s , 9A, 14A.

4 . Nur Muhammad 'Arab Khan ( 'Arab) (2000/2000) (500x2-3) d i e d in 1653 as Qi la 'da r of F a t h a b a d , Waris_ 169 (a) , as c i t e d i n Appa ra tu s 3 . , 5753; s e e a l s o Z a k h i r a , I I I , 9 0 ,

. . ?.s

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Hoshdar, son of Multafat lOian, a deserving Khinazad and

musketeer (banduqchl), has been ^po in t ed Superintendent

of A r t i l l e r y . Since he has had no increeise, an addition

of 200/100, condit ional upon th i s off ice , i s recommended

to ra i se his mans ab to 900/400.

1.13 Aurangzeb's_Representation Regarding the Exchange/Assignment of Jaql rs to his Subordinates (1653, pp. 125-6):

issued

Refers to the Imperial order32after the w r i t e r ' s .daul-i

1aqir had been submitted. I t had been decreed. If after

his a r r iva l in the Deccan he found tha t be t t e r revenue

paying (sa i ' r -has i l ta r ) jagirs, are held by other tuyuldars

( jaqirdars) there he could, i f he so desired, exchange

them with those assigned to him; he i s ful ly authorised.

However, the writer did not make use of th i s p r iv i l ege in

order to keep up the morale of the of f icers , and l e f t a l l

the i r jaqirs in the i r possession. He himself held what

i aqirs had been assigned to him from the Imperial Court.

But since there were men not su i tab le for 1 aqi r s , he has

now obtained in exchange jaqirs with a l i t t l e over

1,27,00,000 dams in en t i r e mahals, which are desolated

(zabun) and low in revenue-yield, from various da tes . He

had sent the papers (^ rad) to the Court, so tha t Imperial

o f f i c i a l s placing them before His Majesty may send the

tankhwah (jagi£-salary) assignments. But when the sanad

. . . 26

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arrived, i t had been lea rn t t ha t the exchange of mahals

has not been approved. Instead some from those low reve

nue-paying parqanashave been re ta ined with the wri ter ,

while in some mahals previously held by the wri ter r e

ductions (in jarna') have been granted.

If the disapproval was due to the miscalculation about an

increase in rea l i za t ion i t i s submitted tha t the revenues

of his en t i re jaqir in th i s province including the mahals

received in exchange does not exceed eight months on

average. The exchanged j aqirs of 1,27,00,000 dams are

s l i g h t l y over 9-monthly and or a l i t t l e over. The de

t a i l s are being submitted by the w r i t e r ' s wakll at the

Imperial Court, If being higher than 9-monthly and a

l i t t l e over, l e t these be resumed to the Khallsa from the

beginning of Kharif Yunt 11 and in l ieu of tha t cash

sa lary equal to 8-months be granted to him so tha t such

t r i f f l i n g issues may not become subject of representa

tion again.

States tha t previously the unsound physical condition of

Uzbek Khan \âs reported to His Majesty and i t was order

ed that he (Aurangzeb) would summon him and verify his

1. Uzbek Khan Turani (2000/2000) was dismissed from the Qilddari of Ausa, War i s 19 3(b), as c i ted in Apparatus 3 . , 6035.

. . 27

( 27 )

condit ion. Accordingly he was cal led and the wagla'-

navls (news-reporter) was ordered to record in the

wacfia' whatever was observed. Since there were no other

orders regarding him and i t was not proper to keep the

f ront ier for t vacant hej v/as sent back to the for t t i l l

the rece ip t of the Imperial o rders . Meanwhile, i t was

kno'vn from the report of the news-writer, tha t he has

committed some uncal led-for-ac ts (not worthy of a cas te

llan) . Accordingly 3afi was asked to write a l e t t e r

containing s t r i c t admonitions and injunctions so tha t he

should be more careful in future . He tendered his resig

nation from, the post and the j a g i r as would be known in

de t a i l to His Majesty from the waqia ' . Moreover many of

the peasants l iv ing in his j a g i r have sought r e l i e f from

his oppression.

If ^proved Khwaj a Barkhurdar a t rus ted and competent

o f f i c i a l / s e r v a n t holding the rank of 1000/500 be granted

condit ional increase on account of the q i l adar i and the

mahal of Uzbek lOian be assigned in his j ag i r so tha t he

may take custody of the said fo r t .

1. Khwaja Barkhurdar Turani (2000/2000) was ^po in t ed Qiladar of Ausa in 16 5 3, Waris 19 3(b), as c i ted in Apparatus 3 . , 6034.

. . . 28

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1.14 Aurangzeb S o l i c i t s High-Revenue Paying J a q i r s (1653, pp . 18*5-5) :-

Refers to the Imper ia l o rde r s i s sued in response to the

w r i t e r ' s ' a rzdash t r ega rd ing the abatement granted in

the mahals of the w r i t e r and a u t h o r i s i n g him to exchange

h i s low-revenue paying mahals with the h igh-revenue

y i e l d i n g parqanas of j a g i r d a r s of the Deccan, I t appear

ed from the farm'an t h a t His Majesty b e l i e v e s t h a t the

w r i t e r has not changed the e n t i r e mahals, but on ly s e l e c

ted v i l l a g e s in each parqana, l eav ing the ru ined (zabun)

v i l l a g e s to the j a q i r d a r s . Submits t h a t the w r i t e r has

always followed the Imper ia l o rders wi thout any d e v i a t i o n .

Since he has been admin i s t e r ing sub as he i s aware of the

f a c t t h a t sha r ing of a mahal (among l a q i r d a r s ) leads to

i t s r u i n . ^Vhatever he abandoned in s a rka r Bijagarh, e t c . ,

on account of lov/-income was in the form of the e n t i r e

mahals . The s a l ' r of parqana J u n a i r , i s not a s epa ra t e

mahal or v i l l a g e but p a r t of the e n t i r e parqana of J u n a i r

and i s p a r t of the jama' of t h a t parqana.^ When t h a t pa r -

1 Pargana Junnar , the headquar t e r s of s a rka r of the same name, suba Aarangabad, which Pe r s i an sources u s u a l l y w r i t e ' J u n a i r ' , Lahori, I , i i , 160-1, 225 ,e tc;

Sh'ahjahan used to censure Aurangzeb at the i n s t i g a t i o n of the mischief-mongers. His l e t t e r to Shuja' c l e a r l y ind ica tes that s ince Aurangzeb did not administer the Deccan to the Emperor's approbation Shuja* was offered t h e charge of the four subas of the Deccan, Mugaddamah, 230.

. . . 2 9

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_ 1 - 2

gar.a in the j a q i r of Sazawar lOian, IQn^^-i Dauran out

of h o s t i l i t y to him, s epa ra t ed the sai ' r from some p a r -

qanas, and jama' being fixed s e p a r a t e l y on i t , i t was de

s i g n a t e d a chauki . Promises to exchange only e n t i r e

mahals in fu ture in compliance with the Imper ia l o r d e r s .

Apprecia tes the appointment of Khwai'a Barkhurdar as in 3

charge of Ausa f o r t with c o n d i t i o n a l i n c r e a s e upon h i s

p r o p o s a l . Accordingly he vould be pos ted to the f o r t and

the daul of h i s j a q i r would be sen t to the Court . Uzbek

Khan w i l l be asked to proceed to the Cour t . Mirza Kh§n

no twi th s t and ing Imper ia l o rde r s had not e n t r u s t e d Ahmad-

nagar f o r t to Sh'ah Beg Khan and i t was thought t h a t Uzbek

Khan would do the same. 3o Aurangzeb d id not send a

nishan to Uzbek Khan, but t o l d Safi Khan to t e l l him of

the Imper ia l o rders and ask him to d e l i v e r the f o r t (of

Ausa) to Barkhurdar upon r e c e i p t of the nishiin and ex

t r a c t from the farman; o the rwise a farman addressed to him

w i l l be o b t a i n e d . This would p reven t Barkhurdar l o i t e r i n g

o u t s i d e the f o r t l i k e Shah Beg Khan.

1. 3azawar Khan s/o Lashkar lOian Mashhadi ( I r an i ) (3000/ 2000 (500x2-3h)) who p r e v i o u s l y he ld the q i l ^ a r i of Junnar was also t r a n s f e r r e d from the q i la :dar i of Ausa. Hyd. 3677, as c i t e d in Apparatus 3 . , 5630; Zakhjra, I I I , 97 -8 .

2. Khwaja oab i r 'All N a s i r i Wiah, IQian-1 Dauran Bahadur Nusra t Jang (Turani) (7000/7000 (5000/2-3h)) had r e mained subedar of the Deccan from 1644-5, L'ahori, I I , 376, 4 26V see Zakhira, I I I , 18-25.

3 . Ausa in sarkeir Wander, suba Bidar, A t l a s , 14A,

. . . 3 0

( 30 )

1.15 C o n d i t i o n of A u r a n g z e b ' s J a g i r s . and M u l t a f a t Khan ' s R e q u e s t fo r Loan (1653, p p . 2 0 6 - 7 ) :

The Emperor had o b s e r v e d a f t e r s e e i n g t h e awar j a of p a r -

gana A s i r , s e n t by M u l t a f a t Khan t h a t i a q i r worth 40

l akh dams a s s i g n e d to Aurangzeb ( i n t h a t p a r q a n a ) was

16-month ly , t h e s e l e c t i o n of h i g h - i n c o m e ( s a i r h a s i l )

v i l l a g e s i n a p a r q a n a and a s s i g n m e n t of l o w - r e v e n u e y i e l d

i n g v i l l a g e s , t h a t were 1^ o r 2 -month ly o n l y , was c o n t r a r y

t o I s l am and j u s t i c e . T h e r e f o r e now a f u r t h e r 20 l akh dams

have been a s s i g n e d t o t h e l o w - r e v e n u e y i e l d i n g ( k a m - h a s i l )

v i l l a g e s of t h e p a r q a n a i n l i e u of c a s h s a l a r y (so f a r

p a i d ) so t h a t t h e 60 l a k h dams wor th of 1 ama' now a s s i g n

ed t o Aurangzeb i n t h a t p a r q a n a c o u l d be e q u i v a l e n t t o

1 2 - m o n t h l y .

Submi t s t h a t d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d he has h e l d t h e Governor

s h i p (of t h e Deccan) he has neve r commi t t ed such i n j u s t i c e

as would be f a r away from I s l a m and from His M a j e s t y ' s

a p p r o b a t i o n . Out of t h e 40 l a k h dams which have c a u s e d

such a s e v e r e c e n s u r e forro p a r t of ( t h e r e m a i n i n g ) 33

2 l a k h dams a r e a c c o u n t e d f o r by Bahadurpura which comp-

1. P a r q a n a A s i r i n s a r k a r A s i r of suba ICiandesh, A t l a s , 9A, 14A.

2 . Bahadurpura i n p a r q a n a and s a r k a r A s i r of s u b a Khan-d e s h .

. . . 3 1

(31)

r i ses market and t r a n s i t (sai ' r ) . The balance is assign

ed to the t e r r i t o r i e s adjoining the c i t y where revenue

does not reach 6-monthly. These t e r r i t o r i e s were not

selected by Aurangzeb but were assigned to him by the

diwans of the Empire before his a r r iva l / and as conse-

cjuence of t ransfer of Shaista Khan. Is surprised tha t

tl'ie off icers of the Central Ministry, espec ia l ly the

Dlv;an (Dastur-i A'zam) himself have notwithstanding the i r

strong memories have not represented th i s fact at the

time of the submission of the said papers and the copy of

the assignment (daul-i 1aqir) of Aurangzeb tha t they had

themselves drawn up. Protes ts that such misrepresentat ion

has caused displeasure of His Majesty who, owing to the

annoyance caused, has even brought the matter of Islam in

to the matter . The fact i s tha t Aurangzeb's I'aqirs in

the Deccan including 40 lakh dams assigned in Asir, and

the high-yielding assignments given in l ieu of 10-monthly

cash sa lary do not in aggregate exceed 8-monthly. If His

Majesty thinks that Axirangzeb's assignments are s t i l l too

high-yielding and so has decided to resume a further cash

sa lary of 20 lakh dams (assigning low-yielding j aqlrs in

l ieu thereof) , Aurangzeb out of s incere loyal ty would

s t i l l accept i t . The iimperor has remarked that Multafat

Khan has reported that 40-or 50,000 rupees were sanctioned

to be advanced as taqavi for construct ing dams in suba

. . . 3 2

(32 )

Khandesh and Berar of Payan Gh'at, the amount would be r e

turned to the Imperial t reasury within two years and

vrauld at the same time increase c u l t i v a t i o n . He (Multa-

fat Khan) had submitted the matter to Aurangzeb who had

ordered that in respect of the parganas of jaqirdars ,

tiê matter should be submitted to His Majesty, so tha t

v/hatever he orders may be done. His Majesty has observed

that i t was e>pected that Aurangzeb would have himself

immediately sanctioned the s t ipu la ted amount from the

Imperial t reasury with the assurance (ta* ahud) tha t if

tJ'ie i.\mount requis i t ioned was not accorded Imperial sanc

tion tiien Aurangzeb would refund i t to the Imperial

Khalisa from his o\ m establishment (sarkar) . Submits

tha t if he (Aurangzeb) does not take personal i n i t i a t i v e

in such a matter because of the way in which he was being

brought to account without any faul t of h i s . Previously

whon he had been granted authori ty and s ta tus in th i s

suhg he never l e t such (petty) matters go to His Majesty

d i r ec t l y or through the diwans. But now he must cut his

coat according to his c loth, otherwise there would be no

way of escaping censure. Otherwise in sp i t e of his ami

cable conduct, he becomes subject to such censures.(This

ft

ambitious proposal of advancing tadiyi. by the royal ex

chequer for financing the raising of embankment in the provinces of Khandesh and Berar, perhaps, did not mater i a l i s t .

• • « O O

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1.16 A s s i s t a n c e t o Qutbu l Mulk, P o t e n t i a l i t i e s of Murshid J u l i and h i s J a q l r Ass ignment , e t c . (August 165 3, pp . 138-9) :

VvTiatever has been o r d e r e d i n d e a l i n g s w i t h t h e R u l e r s of

the Deccan '/ADUld be f o l l o w e d . I t has been l e a r n t t h a t

nov;-a-days ' A d i l Khan i s c o n t e m p l a t i n g h o s t i l i t i e s w i t h

j u t b u l Mulk in o r d e r t o s e i s e t h a t p a r t of t h e l a t t e r ' s

t e r r i t o r y in which tlie zamindar s of K a r n a t a k have c r e a t

ed d i s t u r b a n c e . Under t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s he (Qutbul

l-'.ulk) would be h e l p e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e way His Ma jes ty

o r d e r s . The Emperor has o r d e r e d t h a t "he (Aurangzeb)

s h o u l d a b s t a i n from a c c o r d i n g f a v o u r t o Qutbu l Mulk and

keep him s a t i s f i e d w i t h him", i t would be p o s s i b l e fo r

Aurangzeb t o p l a c a t e Qutbul Mulk i f he was informed of

t h e c o n t e n t s of a l l I m p e r i a l o r d e r s i s s u e d to Qutbul

Mulk so t h a t he migh t ask him f o r answers t h e r e t o .

The I m p e r i a l o r d e r s were i s s u e d t h a t "he (Aurangzeb

s h o u l d s t r i v e fo r t h e p r o s p e r i t y of t h e Deccan P r o v i n c

es . Murshid Qul i who i s a k n o w l e d g e a b l e and compe ten t

o f f i c e r s h o u l d remain a t t a c h e d p e r m a n e n t l y w i t h t h e •

d u t i e s of t h e d i w a n i . Whatever i s s u g g e s t e d by Murshid

Qul i i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t s h o u l d be l i s t e n e d t o ,

E f f o r t s s h o u l d be made to e n f o r c e c rop s h a r i n g and a b r o

g a t e t h e m a s c e l l a n e o u s r e g u l a t i o n s ( z a w a b i t - i gunagon)

which a r e t h e cause of r u i n of t h a t t e r r i t o r y . "

. . . 3 4

(34 )

Jubmits t±iat the wri ter has exerted a l l possible effor ts

and he i s s t i l l engaged in the administration of the

four ^^^rovinces of the Deccan and the increase in the i r

p rosper i ty . Hopes that by the introduction of crop-

jl-iax-ing the country would be properly s e t t l e d . Endorses

Hi.s Majesty's observations about the efficiency and

knowledge of Murshid Quli for tha t reason prec ise ly

Aurangzeb had recommended the grant of the Diwani of

Dalaghat to him. He has been helped and would receive

a l l help in future. Murshid Quli hopes for a t i t l e so

that his s ta tus may be further ra i sed . If Multafat Khan

is also granted a flag ( ' alam) i t wil l enhance his p r e s

t i g e .

I t was ordered about pargana Bir tha t "from the begin

ning of kharif crop of I l i n - i I I in l ieu of the said

pargana be included in en t i r e ty in Khalisa. He (Aurang-

zeb) should receive 10-monthly cash sa lary (nagdi) . "

- 2 - 1 jubmits that since qasba Shahgarh and Machhligaon from pargana Bir have always remained in his jagir and

' • Pargana Bir modem Bhir was a s ingle mah"al sarkar having painths (marts). Cf. Atlas, 56. '

2, Qasba Shahgarh in sarkar Bir was probably included in 3arkar Jalnapur during Aurangzeb's reign. Cf. Atlas, 14A.

3. Qasba Machhligaon is probably a misprint for Majhli-gao'n (mod. Manjhlegaon) . Cf. Atlas, 56.

* • • J Z)

(35)

in the e n t i r e territX)rY of the Deccan no s e l a (muslin) of

the f ine q u a l i t y s u i t a b l e for o f f e r i ng to the Eimperor's

produced comparable to t h a t of Shahgarh. Requests for

the r e s t o r a t i o n of the two mahals . Murshid Quli adminis

t e r e d t h a t parqana as has been r epo r t ed to His Majesty

and imposed a uniform mode of revenue c o l l e c t i o n ('amal)

throughout the parqana so Aurangzeb would- a lso leave

those (tvro) mahals to h i s management.^

Submits t h a t he has informed Sazawar Khan" of the royal

o rde r s i s sued for h i s s a l a r y . Parqana Ankot e t c . , were

p r e v i o u s l y ass igned to Sh'ah Beg Khan> who has now

agreed for i t s exchange with the parqanas of Nan durbar

and Su l t anpur . However the revenues of both the p a r

qanas have dec l ined so he r e q u e s t s t h a t the jama' of

t hese be fixed at 1,50,00,000 dams ( i n s t e a d of 2 c ro re

dams) , as had been conceded to S h a i s t a Khan, and for the

balance of 40,00,000 dams he might be given j a g i r e l s e

where .

1. Murshid Quli Khan's reforms have also been described in other conteirporary or near contenporary chronic les l ike Muhammad Sadiq Khan, Shahiahan-nama. Or. 174; Or 167lij9<rjfi<hafi Khan. Muntakhab-al Lubab. Calcutta, 18, Vol . I I , 735. Cf, A.J, Syed, Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab, Bombay, 1977, 58-60. ~~~

. . . 36

(36)

1.17 Recommendations for P romot ion of V a r i o u s O f f i c i a l s (1653, p p . 1 5 4 - 6 ) :

Notes con fe rmen t of t i t l e of Khan on Mursh id Qul i Khan.

Ke has been in fo rmed of t h e I m p e r i a l i n s t r u c t i o n s fo r

i n t r o d u c i n g c r o p - s h a r i n g ( b a t a l ) in B a l a g h a t . M u l t a f a t

Khan has a l s o been g r a n t e d a banner by t h e Emperor; he

t oo has been conveyed I m p e r i a l o r d e r s t o e n f o r c e b a t a i .

/ ^ a t (measure) he would t h i n k f o r t h i s would become

known to t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t t h rough h i s ' a r z d a s h t .

Thanks t he Emperor fo r t h e a c c e p t a n c e of h i s r e q u e s t

abou t Muf takhar Kh'^'* '^^ Emperor has o r d e r e d t h a t he

(Aurangzeb) s h o u l d t r a i n him u n d e r h i s g u i d a n c e . Shah

Beg ICian who r ema ins i d l e i n Aurangabad be s e n t to F a t h -

a b a d . Submi ts t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l s p o s t e d i n t h e sub as

(of t he Deccan) have c o n c l u d e d t h a t u n l e s s t h e y a r e

a s s i g n e d an o f f i c e i n t h e s u b a l i k e fau 1 d a r i , g i l a ' d a r L

e t c . , t h e y \>ould n o t r e c e i v e p r o m o t i o n s . Muftakhar Khan

whose younger b r o t h e r was awarded a t i t l e , o f f i c e of

b a k h s h l and p romot ion i n r a n k , has s u h n i t t e d t h a t i f he

was a p p o i n t e d to Fathabad he would pe r fo rm t h e d u t i e s

d i l i g e n t l y . S i n c e Aurangzeb i n h i s p r e v i o u s c h a r g e of

t h i s suba had h igh o f f i c i a l s u n d e r him, b u t now has none

such o t h e r t han t h e D e c c a n i s , l ooks fo rward t o h a v i n g

•.vith him an o f f i c i a l l i k e Shah Beg Mian, S i n c e Muhammad

S a f i h o l d i n g t h e o f f i c e of t h e Bakhshi of t he Deccan

i s a c o m p e t e n t Khanazad, recommends av/ard of t h e t i t l e

. . . 3 7

(37 )

to h im. U n l e s s Aurangzeb had found him wor thy of 1000

he would n o t have recommended him for 900 z a t . He i s

a d e s e r v i n g I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l (Kh"anazad) .

1.18 A u r a n g z e b ' s A r r i v a l a t D a u l a t a b a d and I n t r o d u c t i o n of C r o p - s h a r i n g (December 1653 - J a n u a r y 1654, p p . 1 3 4 - 5 ) :

Submi ts t h a t he (Aurangzeb) l e f t Burh'anpur, l e a v i n g b e -1

h i n d Muhammad T a h i r t h e r e who s p e n t l o n g t ime t h e r e

and i s w e l l - a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s of t h a t

t e r r i t o r y . The w r i t e r and t h e r e s i d e n t s and p e a s a n t s

t h e r e o f were s a t i s f i e d w i t h h i s c o n s i d e r a t e behav io i i r ,

he (Aurangzeb) p r o c e e d e d t o D a u l a t a b a d and t r a v e l l i n g

2 t i i rough F a r d a p u r p a s s which i s on t h e r i g h t s i d e of

Nandapur a t a d i s t a n c e of two and a h a l f ku rohs and i s 3

much e a s i e r than t h e p a s s of Pkjhankheda, r e a c h e d Daul a t a b a d on 14 Muharram,

Hopes t h a t t h e a f f a i r s of t h a t t e r r i t o r y ( B a l a g h a t )

would be s e t t l e d as t h o s e of Payan Ghat and t h a t t he in-

1. Muhammad T a h i r Mashhadi was g r a n t e d t h e t i t l e of Wazir IOT_an by Aurangzeb, Ma'muri 9 6 ( b ) ; Hatim Khan, 'Alamqirnama, 150; Nuskha - i D i l k u s h a , 14'(b); M.U. I l l , 9 3 6 - 4 0 .

2 . F a r d a p u r p a s s s i t u a t e d i n s a r k a r B a i t h a l v a d i , suba Berair, A t l a s , 36.

3 . Hohankheda p a s s i n s a r k a r K a m a l a , silba B e r a r , A t l a s , 36.

. . . 38

(38 )

t r o d u c t l o n of c rop-3har ing ( ' amal-1 b a t a l ) a t the o rde r

of His Majesty would i n c r e a s e the p r o s p e r i t y .

Since he (Aurangzeb)required an i n t e l l i g e n t and know

ledgeable person to d i scharge the d u t i e s a t t ached to the

o f f i c e of the diwan and Murshid Quli Khan, d e s p i t e h i s

ass igned d u t i e s could supe rv i se t h i s o f f i c e (diwani) the

royal o rders were i s sued t h a t he would be e n t r u s t e d with

the o f f i c e of the diwan; or he should assign i t to any

of h i s o t h e r o f f i c i a l s ,

1.19 Qutbul Hulk ' s Peshkash, e t c . , (1653-4, p . 196):

Recommends conferment of t i t l e and s t andard (' alam) to

Khv/aja Barkhurdar, q i l a ' d a r of Aasa, a competent o f f i

c i a l who holds 2000/2000 and i s pos ted to the f r o n t i e r .

Submits t h a t Muhammad Momin Safdar Khani, an Imper ia l

o f f i c i a l who was s e n t by Aurangzeb to Qutbul Mulk was

asked t h a t on h i s r e t u r n , he should c o l l e c t e lephants

equal in viorth ha l f of peshkash from Qutbul Mulk. He

brought 30 e lephants i n c l u d i n g one-female e lephant from

Uutbul Mulk. Seven of these are d e f e c t i v e not worthy

Muhammad Momin Safdar Khani not i d e n t i f i e d . However, Safdar Khan Khwai'a 'Alai (5000/5000) died as qi 1 a ' da r of Qandahiar, Lahori , I I , 720,

3° • • • •w' ^

(39)

f o r His M a j e s t y . The w r i t e r r e t a i n e d a l l t h e e l e p h a n t s

and asked f o r the p r i c e s f i x e d by Qutbu l Mulk. I f i t

was a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t t h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e i n h i s

p r i c e s and t h e s e a s s e s s e d by A u r a n g z e b ' s o f f i c i a l s , he

would have d e s p a t c h e d e l e p h a n t s w i th an I m p e r i a l o f f i

c i a l and an agen t of Qutbu l Mulk t o t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t ,

o t h e r w i s e Aurangzeb vrould communicate the d i f f e r e n c e in

p r i c e s to t he C o u r t and a c t a c c o r d i n g t o r o y a l o r d e r s .

1.20 Peshkosh from Qutbul Mulk e t c . (1653-4 , p p . 2 1 6 - 8 ) :

The I m p e r i a l farm an v;as i s s u e d - r e g a r d i n g the d e s p a t c h of

Qutbul Mulk ' s e l e p h a n t s and v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e r e p o r t s

of D i y a n a t Khan and h i s c l e r k ( p e s h d a s t ) . On 1 s t Mihr,

t h e e l e p h a n t s v;ere s e n t o f f t o t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t . A f t e r

2 t h e a r r i v a l of t h e p e s h d a s t of Diyanat Wian and Brahmans,

Aurangzeb has t h o r o u g h l y examined t h e m a t t e r s which had

come to t h e n o t i c e of His M a j e s t y and t h e f a c t u a l p o s i

t i o n of a l l t h e m a t t e r s would be s u b m i t t e d t o t h e Empe

r o r , as t h e s e appea r a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

In most of t h e maha] s of B a l a g h a t t h e r e have been heavy

r a i n s c o n t i n u o u s l y fo r 15-16 d a y s . I t i s hoped t h a t

Khwaja Kesu Das Kay as t h Saxena was t he p e s h d a s t of D i y a n a t Khan, Diwan of t h e Deccan, s ee Z a k h i r a . 1 1 1 , 3 7 . Meghu Ram a n i J i v j i Hemant were t he two Brahmans, who a l l e g e d D i y a n a t lOân fo r u n w a r r a n t e d embezzlement had a l r e a d y d i e d so t l i e i r r e l a t i v e s were summoned, c f . £ a k h i r a . I I I , 36 -7 .

(40)

t h e r e would be heavy r a i n s t w i c e o r t h r i c e more so t h a t

t h e k h a r i f h a r v e s t ( m a z r u ' a t - i ' k h a r i f i ' ) c o u l d r i p e

and the r a b i ' c rop ( n a s q - i f a s l - i r a b l ' ) m igh t a l s o be

s a t i s f a c t o r y .

Murshid Qul i Khî^ who i s an e f f i c i e n t s e r v a n t and has

l i s c h a r g e d h i s a s s i g n e d d u t i e s h o n e s t l y has made u tmos t

e n d e a v o u r s fo r t h e good a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and p r o s p e r i t y

of t he t e r r i t o r y of B a l a g h a t . Had t h e former dlwans

e x e r t e d i n a s i m i l a r way the a f f a i r s of t h i s t e r r i t o r y

c o u l d n o t have d e t e r i o r a t e d t o t h i s e x t e n t . S ince h i s

income does n o t meet h i s e>qpenses, and w h i l e from Impe

r i a l g e n e r o s i t y he used t o h o l d 12-month ly j agXr i n

H i n d u s t a n t h e b a s i l of h i s 1 a q l r s i n t h e Deccan i s 6-

mon th ly , he i s i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t r e s s . He (Aurangzeb)

can n e i t h e r a s s i g n tlie j a q i r w i t h o u t His M a j e s t y ' s

o r d e r s nor recommend enhancement i n r a n k . I f he i s

f avou red wi th an i n c r e a s e ( i n mansab) or i f I m p e r i a l

o r d e r s a r e i s s u e d t h a t Aurangzeb a s s i g n him 8-month ly

1 a q i r s i n l i e u of h i s former j a q i r t h i s would l e a d him

t o s t i l l f u r t h e r e x e r t i o n s o u t of g r a t i t u d e t o His

M a j e s t y . Murshid Qu l i Wnan was c o m p e t e n t enough to com

b ine o t h e r d u t i e s l i k e f a u j d a r i of Mahur a long wi th

h i s o f f i c e of d lwani and d i s c h a r g e d u t i e s d i l i g e n t l y , he

s h o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , be f a v o u r e d t h u s .

1. Maliur v/as t h e p a r q a n a and s a rk i r - h e a d q u a r t e r s , sub a B e r a r , A t l a s , 9A, 14A_15A.

. . . 4 1

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Hao K a r a n i s an I m p o r i a l o f f i c i a l who m o s t l y d e p e n d s on

t h e i n c o m e from h i s w a t a n - i a q i r . R e c e n t l y S a b a l S i n g h

:--:hatti, \vho h a s b e e n g r a n t e d t h e z a m i n d a r i o f J a i s a l m e r ,

h a s r a i s e d a c o n f l i c t o v e r t h e b o u n d a r y Chadd O'-slnv)

2 3

v ;h ich due t o i t s p r o x i m i t y t o B i k a n e r and J a i s a l m e r ,

h a s a l w a y s b e e n a b o n e of c o n t e n t i o n . As a r e s u l t d i s

t u r b a n c e s h a v e a r i s e n i n Rao K a r a n ' s w a t a n ( j a q i r ) .

S o l i c i t s I m p e r i a l o r d e r s r e s t r a i n i n g t h e z a m i n d a r s o f

J a i s a l m e r from p u r s u i n g t h e q u a r r e l .

1 . 2 1 A p p o i n t m e n t of S h a m s u d d i n as I n c h a r g e o f A r t i l l e r y ( J u l y - A u g u s t 1654, p p . 1 9 8 ) :

R e f e r s t o t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s t h a t i n l i e u o f p a r g a n a

4 - _ 5

.--:kil, s u b a B i h a r , S h a m s u d d i n / i n - c h a r g e o f t h e A r t i

l l e r y o f t h e D e c c a n , h a s b e e n a s s i g n e d a n o t h e r m a h a l i n

t h e D e c c a n n o t y i e l d i n g l e s s t h a n 7 - m o n t h l y i n c o m e . Sub-

1 . dao S a b a l S i n g h J a i s a l m e r i ( R a j p u t ) was i n i t i a l l y : i r a n t e r l t h e r a n k of ( 1 0 0 0 / 7 0 0 ) i n 1 6 5 1 - 2 , W a r i s , 1 4 7 ( a ) , a i c i t e d i n A p p a r a t u s S . , 5 6 1 9 , w h i c h h e r e t a i n e r ! c i l l 1 6 5 7 - 8 , - ' / a r i s , 2 6 4 ( b ) , a s c i t e d i n ^ p a -i-^rûs .^ . , 6 6 6 7 ; S a l i h , I I l ^ 4 6 6 ,

Z'SiB. u i k a n e r and J a i s a l m e r w e r e t h e two p r i n c i p a l i t i e s s i t u a t e d i n s a r k a r B i k a n e r i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e 1 7 t h c e n t u r y . Cf. A t l a s , 1 6 .

4 . P a r g a n a £ k i l s a r k a r and suba B i h a r , A t l a s , IQA.

5 . Shamsuddin s / o Mukhtar Khan ( I r a n i ) (1000/400) was a^jpointed t he D a r o q h a - i Topkhana of t h e Deccan i n 1654, War i s , 1 8 5 ( a ) , as c i t e d i n Appa ra tu s 3 . , 5994.

. . . 4 2

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m i t s t h a t he has been g r a n t e d p a r q a n a Nalgunda , p r e

v i o u s l y h e l d by Uzbek Khan, which i s y i e l d i n g , a f t e r

a b a t e m e n t , a 7 -month ly income. As he i s an e f f i c i e n t

Kh"anazad, he i s p r o p e r l y d i s c h a r g i n g h i s a s s i g n e d

d u t i e s . At t h e t ime of h i s ^ p o i n t m e n t h i s 1 a q i r had

been r e t a i n e d i n t h e N o r t h . But now a l l h i s j a g i r s have

been a s s i g n e d in t h i s sub a .

1.22 Recommendation for P romot ion of S h a f q a t u l l a h (1654, p . 151) :

2 The p e a s a n t r y of Tirmabak h a s r e p r e s e n t e d a g a i n s t t he

3

o p p r e s s i o n and h a r s h c o n d u c t of Darwesh Beg Q a q s h ^ l .

Al though he was admonished y e t he d i d n o t i m p r o v e .

A c c o r d i n g l y i t has been recommended t h a t f a u j d i r i and

q i l a ' d a r i h e l d by him be t r a n s f e r r e d t o S h a f q a t u l l a h

3on of -Saaawar Khan, an e f f i c i e n t Khanazad wi th t h e c o n

d i t i o n a l i n c r e a s e of 100/100 r a i s i n g t h e r e b y h i s rank t o

P a r q a n a and s a r k a r Nalgunda i n sub a H a i d a r a b a d , A t l a s , 6 0 .

P a r q a n a Trimbak, s a r k a r Sangamner, suba ^ ^ r a n g a b a d . A t l a s , 14A.

Darwesh Beg Qaqshal (Turan i ) (1000/450) was d i s m i s s e d from t h e Q i l ^ d a r i of Trimbak i n 1654, Hyd. 4155, as c i t e d in Appara tus S . , 6 283 .

S h a f q a t u l l a h s /o Sazawar Iîan ( I r a n i ) (700/400) was a p p o i n t e d Q i l ^ d a r of Trimbak i n 1654, War i s , 194 (b ) , as c i t e d i n Appara tus 3 . , 604 3 ,

.43

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7 0 0 / 4 0 0 . I f t h a t i s approved then he would be a s s i g n e d

t h a t p o s t , o t h e r w i s e someone e l s e c o u l d be a p p o i n t e d .

1,23 Income and ^ ' j ^ e n d i t u r e of t h e Deccan (1654, p p . 1 5 6 - 8 ) :

The p o s i t i o n of t h e income and e>qpenditure of t h e sub as

of t h e Deccan i s as f o l l o w s ^ On t h e e x p e n d i t u r e s i d e

abou t Rs, 6 , 3 0 , 0 0 0 a r e f i x e d f o r t h e e x p e n s e s of t h e A r t i

l l e r y (ahshain- i t o p k h a n a ) , t h e s t i p e n d h o l d e r s and o t h e r

n e c e s s a r y expenses of t h e f o u r sub as and Rs. 25,4 3,000

hdve been a s s i g n e d ( tankhwah shud) t o t h e w r i t e r , and

for t h e d a i l y a l l owance of h i s sons (Khanazadqan) and

o t h e r s ar.iounting to Rs. 3 1 , 7 6 , 0 0 0 . As f o r income, t h i s

c o n s i s t s of t h e r e v e n u e s of p.argana B i r and o t h e r k h a l i s a

S h a r i f a maha l s p l u s Rs. 8 , 0 0 , 0 0 0 b e i n g Qutbu l Mulk ' s p e s h -

kash and F . 1 ,00 ,000 , t h e p e s h k a s h of t h e zainindar of

-ioo'jiirh, does n o t exceed Rs. 1 1 , 4 0 , 0 0 0 . In such c i r c u m s

t a n c e s t h e r e i s a d e f i c i t of Rs. 20 ,36 ,000 p e r annum. This

d e f i c i e n c y has so f a r been met f o r some t i m e s o n l y by

dravjing upon Rs. 8 0 , 0 0 , 0 0 0 which had been accumula ted i n

t h e Deccan t r e a s u r y .

v^hen t h e v / r i t e r came t o t h i s suba he d i d n o t r e p r e s e n t

t h e m a t t e r to t h e C o u r t d e s p i t e h i s av/areness of t h e

f a c t s . Now t h a t d u r i n g the r e c e n t y e a r s , a l a r g e sum

f rcn tJiO t r e a s u r y has been expended on t h e above h e a d s .

. . . 4 4

(44 )

l e a v i n g o n l y Rs. 20 ,50 ,000 b e s i d e s t h e 20 l a k h s d e p o s i t e d

in D a u l a t a b a d and As i r t r e a s u r i e s . Th i s anount of t r e a -

3ure i s tlie minimum r e q u i r e d fo r r e s e r v e i n such a f r o n

t i e r p r o v i n c e as t h i s . A c c o r d i n g l y he has s u b m i t t e d t h e

t r u e f a c t s to His M a j e s t y . I f t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s a re

i s s u e d he c o u l d resume of t h e mahals of t u w l d a r s ( j l . g i £ -

d a r s ) of an income (wusu l i ) of Rs. 20 ,36 ,000 t o t h e k h a -———— i

l i s a S h a r i f a from tJie b e g i n n i n g of k h a r l f c rop of t h e

c u r r e n t yea r so t h a t i n f u t u r e t h e income would be e q u a l

t o e>wpendi t u r e . However, t h e lama 'dami of t h e s e sub as

a f t e r d e d u c t i o n , comes t o 1 , 4 4 , 9 0 , 0 0 , 0 0 0 dams and i t s

r e v e n u e s (mahsul) a t one c r o r e r u p e e s , a f t e r t h e a l l o w

ance of 12 l akh made fo r c a l a m i t i e s by t h e Diwans, does

n o t on a v e r a g e exceed t h r e e m o n t h s . Of t h e s e 12 c r o r e

darns ai;e i n j a g i r s and 3 c r o r e dams a r e h e l d i n i n 'am by

t h e v / r i t e r and h i s s o n s . I f j a g i r s wor th Rs.20, 36,000 a re

resumed in t h e k h a l i s a then t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e o f f i c i a l s

p o s t e d in t h e Deccan would, s u r e l y , become j a g i r - l e s s and

t h e y v;ould n e c e s s a r i l y have t o be s e n t back t o t h e C o u r t .

Th is would r e s u l t in a r e d u c t i o n of n e a r l y o n e - t h i r d i n

t h e s i z e of t h e army, whose p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n i s known to

i i i s M a j e s t y , whereas what i s r e q \ i i r e d i s a l a r g e army a l l

t h e t ime in t h i s sub a, owing t o v a r i o u s f a c t o r s , which

s e t t i l l s suba ^ a r t from p r o v i n c e s l i k e Bengal and Guja

r a t .

1 . Cf. M i c r o f i l m No. 470, f . 6 8 ( a ) .

. . . 4 5

(45)

Submits tha t His Majesty has spproved the above during

his f i r s t Viceroyalty of the Deccan, Out of the entii 'e

i gqir of the wri ter some parqanas were assigned in other

sub as and cash sa lary ( t a lab- i naqdi) assigned from 3uba

Malv;a and the Port of Surat and these high off icers se r

ving with 1 aqi rs in other subas. So l i c i t s favourable

orders .

24 lo s i t i on of J Jq i r s in the Deccan (1654-5, pp. 165-8):

Mis Kajesty has observed tha t although he (Aurangzeb)

has not administered the a f fa i r s of the subas of the

Deccan as well as he should have during the l a s t three

years and his en t i re i"aqir would be assigned in tha t

suba so that he might s t r i v e for the improvement of cu l

t iva t ion triere, yet since owing to the low income of the

ja gi_rs_ in the Deccan, he suffers loss , he has been sanc

tioned 10 crore dams at 10-monthly in cash (saleiry) for

the next tv;o years from the t reasury of 3uba Malwa. For

the balance of two crore dams h i the r to paid in cash, he

may take (his jaqi rs ) in the subas of the Deccan from

the mahals of the l i q i rda r s , 3S he chooses, together

v.'ith parqana Nandurbar from the second half of Qui I I .

Submits that although the administration i s in the charge

of the div/ans i /ho have not committed any negligence in

the work of increasing the cu l t iva t ion and prosper i ty ,

. . . 46

(46)

yet the ef for ts and pain taken by Aurangzeb himself has

not been reported to the Emperor because of Aurangzeb's

d i s inc l ina t ion for s e l f - p r a i s e . Submits tha t i f the de

s i red prosper i ty of a country which has remained desolat

ed and mined since long in numerous ways was not achiev

ed as much as one would have wished within two or three

years, tha t was not due to any negligence and shortcoming

on his p a r t . This year in most of the m ah ails of Balaghat

and Pay an Ghat about ^th increase in the jama' has come

about over the jama' of the regime ( ' amal) of Diyanat

Khan which would be known to the Emperor from the reports

( ' arai ' z) of the di\;ans. Records his appreciation for

the grant of 10 crore dams as the cash sa lary from the

Imperial t reasury and Sub a of Malwa. Submits that Aurang

zeb does not indulge in unnecessary ejqsenses. Whatever

was sanctioned by the Emperor was spent on the sa la r i e s

( 'uluf a) of his army. During the period the wri ter was

maintaining his army from his cash sa lary and in case

there is reduction in i t , there wD\ild be a corresponding

disruption of his army. Aurangzeb has been assigned the

charge of th i s major f ront ier province (suba-i 'umda-i

sarhad) and i t s administration would be done according

to His Majesty's w i l l . I f he takes away the selected

iaqirs of jaqlrdars and assign them to himself in l ieu of

the cash pay, the off icers concerned would return to the

. . . 4 7

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Court owing to losing jagi rs in the Deccan. The p r e

sence of a large arrny in th i s suba i s e s sen t i a l for the

welfare of the country. If, anyhow they are to be

assigned jagirs elsewhere in l ieu of the i r j ag i r s ,

there is not enough paibagl in th i s country (wilayat) to

meet the i r claims. They \iADuld have to be assigned low-

revenue ].jaying mahals in exchange of high revenue y ie ld

ing (jalyid) parganas which would grea t ly demoralise the

o f f i c e r s . Leaves the matter for His Majesty's decis ion.

In compliance with the Imperial orders Aurangzeb has

selected some portions from the mahals of khal isa shar i fa

and the jagirdars as per separate papers sent to the

Court. Hopes that the Imperial o f f i c i a l s taking into

considerat ion the lO-monthly cash (naqd) assigned to him

previously and the expenses and the calamit ies that one

has to incur in jagl rdar i would sanction two crore dams

from those parganas yielding an average of 6-monthly in

come, after the abatement in lama' approved by His Majesty,

froin tlie beginning of the Kharif harvest of Qui 11. The

revenues (mahsul) of pargana Nandurbar that Aurangzeb has

reported is the t o t a l one without any loss (wusul-i be

' af' at) , the Imperial diwans have made the ca lcu la t ions .

Tlie statement of the income (hasi l) of previous years of

the said pargana together v/ith the revenues of 1063 A.H.,

which i s rea l i sed by share-cropping ( 'amal-i batal) is

. . . 4 8

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being s en t in s epa ra t e s h e e t s .

J ince the parqana was p r e v i o u s l y ass igned for 6o lakh 1

dams to (Prince) Murad Bakhsh assignment to Aurangzeb

with tlie same jama' in l i e u of the nagdl would be a

favour . In case t h i s r eques t i s conceded, s ince the r e

venues of reibi ' crop of the parqana, which crop in t h i s

count ry genera tes l a r g e r revenues and has now been fu l l y

ha rves t ed , 3azav/ar Khan (the p rev ious assignee) has r e a

l i s e d i t (mutasar r i f qashta) and the r e t u r n of the share

of ha l f of the rab l ' crop would be d i f f i c u l t for him,

r eques t s for i t s assignment (tankhwah) from the beginn

ing of kh a r i f c rop . After the mat ter of the tankhwah of

Nandurbar i s s e t t l e d (mushakhkhas) the Imper ia l o rders

would be followed rega rd ing Sazawir Kh"an. I f j a q l r in

l i eu of h i s cash s a l a r y i s a v a i l a b l e here t h a t would be

b e t t e r , o therwise he would be s en t to the Imperia l Ctourt.

The new branding r e g u l a t i o n s ( z a b i t a - 1 daqh) which have

fu r the r improved c o n t r o l over the o f f i c e r s would be en

forced from the date of the r e c e i p t of the farman.

P r ince Kurad Bakhsh was t r a n s f e r r e d from the subedar i of the Deccan in 1649 (v;aris, 87 (a ) , as c i t e d ' i n Appar a t u s 3 . , 4646). He v/as subedar of Gujarat in 1654, '^.F., IX, 251.

.49

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1.25 Revenues of Mandawi JahanSbad (1654-5, p p . 147-8):

Refers to the Imper ia l o rde r s t h a t he (Aurangzeb) should

send the amount of revenues of Mandawi Jahanabad Bur-

hanpur in the sa rka r (es tab l i shment ) of Nawwab Begum to

o h a i s t a Khan (then Governor of Malwa) by h i s s e r v a n t s .

Submits t h a t in compliance with the Imper ia l o rders he

can send Rs. 1,90,000 the c u r r e n t h"asil of the Mandawi to

(3hai3ta) Khan, which has accumulated. Suhxnits t h a t

s ince tine despatch would involve c o s t of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

(wajh-i k i r a y a ) , t h i s amount may be granted to Aurangzeb

in l i e u of two years cash s a l a r y (tankhwah-i t a l a b - i

naqdi) which has been sanc t ioned to him from the Imper ia l

t r e a s u r y of 3uba Malwa. He would then take the revenues

of the Mandawi, while'Umdatul Mxilk (Sha i s t a Khan) should

c o l l e c t Aurangzeb's e n t i r e cash s a l a r y from the Malwa

treasur-y and send i t to Jahan Ara, This would r e s u l t in

economy.

1.26 Revenue Resources of the Deccan (1654-5, pp . 163-4):

Refers to the Imperial censure .^ Aurangzeb had offered

trie excuse for the lack of improvement in the provinces

of the Deccan t h a t the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of dea l ing with

3hahjahan*3 censure emanated from h i s cfeservatlons that s ince the income from the Deccan was one crore rupees i t was equal to the revenues of Tranbxiana ( h a s i l - i kul Mawaraun Nahr) . M.F. No. 470 (Department of History Library, AMU Aligarh) f . 6 8 ( a ) .

. . . 5 0

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m a t t e r s of t h e p a r q a n a v e s t s w i th t h e d lv ;ans . Submits

t]-iat t h e management and m a i n t e n a n c e of t h i s c o u n t r y has

c e r t a i n l y been e n t r u s t e d t o him by t h e Emperor . However,

s i n c e d e t a i l e d work was the b u s i n e s s of t h e d lwans , and

he c a n n o t do a l l of i t by h i m s e l f , he had r e p r e s e n t e d

a c c o r d i n g l y . Subfnits t h a t he has been making c o n s i d e r a b l e

e f f o r t f o r t h e e x t e n s i o n of c u l t i v a t i o n and p r o s p e r i t y of

t h i s t e r r i t o r y ( w i l a y a t ) . ' A e t h e r cash s a l a r y ( t a l a b - i

naqd i ) i s s a n c t i o n e d as h e r e t o f o r e o r j a q l r i s a s s i g n e d i n

l i e u of t he same, he vrauld n o t be backward i n f u l f i l l i n g

h i s d u t y . V'/hatever he had t h o u g h t p r o p e r , he had s u b m i t

t ed to t he Emperor; wha teve r t h e Emperor t h i n k s of i t

'/TOuld be i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h wisdom. Sazawar Khan would

a l s o be s e n t to t he I m p e r i a l C o u r t .

The d e t a i l s of t he a r r e a r s of t r i b u t e (peshkash) of p r e v i

ous y e a r s o u t s t a n d i n g a g a i n s t t h e zamindar of Deogarh and

mode of i t s r e a l i z a t i o n would be s u b m i t t e d to His Ma je s ty

s e p a r a t e l y . The zamindar i s l o y a l . He has t o r e m i t

Rs. 1 ,00,000 p e r annum on a c c o u n t of h i s p e s h k a s h ; however

due t o d e c l i n e i n income ( w u q u ' - i ' h a s i l ) of h i s z a minda r i

he has f a i l e d to c l e a r a r r e a r s . The Emperor had r e m i t t e d

t he e n t i r e peshkash of t h e zamindar of Chanda. S o l i c i t s

s i m i l a r r e m i s s i o n of t h e a r r e a r s of t h e (zamindar of Deo

garh) so t h a t wi th t h i s r e l i e f he may r e g u l a r l y d e p o s i t

t h e s t i p u l a t e d peshkash p e r annum in t h e r o y a l t r e a s u r y .

. . . 5 1

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1.27 C o n d i t i o n of A u r a n g z e b ' s J a g i r s (1654-5 , p p . 190-9 2 ) :

Thanks His Ma jes ty for t h e a s s i g n m e n t of p a r q a n a S u l t a n p u r

as in 'am t o P r i n c e Muhammad i u l t a n . An i m p e r i a l o r d e r

has been i s s u e d g r a n t i n g p a r q a n a Nandurbar to him (Aurang-

zeb) from t h e second h a l f of R a b i ' Qui 1 1 , i n l i e u of ca sh

(naad i ) and r e q u i r i n g t h a t Aurangzeb s h o u l d d e p u t e one of

h i s t r u s t e d o f f i c i a l s t h e r e and d e s p a t c h Sazawar Khan to

t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t .

i u b m i t s t h a t p a r q a n a s of Nandurbar and S u l t a n p u r had been

a s s i g n e d to the w r i t e r ( d a k h i l - i d a u l - i t a n k h w a h - i j a q i r )

when he had been a p p o i n t e d to t h e Deccan , When t h e Emperor

l e a r n t of t h e i r r u i n e d c o n d i t i o n s t h e s e were exc luded from

t h e d a u l - i j a q i r of t h e w r i t e r . I m p e r i a l o r d e r s were

i s s u e d t o M u l t a f a t Khan t h a t s i n c e t h e s e p a r q a n a s have

r u i n e d to such an e x t e n t due t o t h e c a r e l e s s n e s s ( 'adam

p a r d a k h t ) of t h e t u y u l d a r s (j a q i r d a r s ) , he s hou ld submi t

t h e d e t a i l s of t h e d e s o l a t i o n of t h e a f f a i r s of t h a t mahal ,

t r a n s f e r t he p a r q a n a s t o t h e k h a l i s a and make endeavours

fo r t h e i r improvement . M u l t a f a t 1^1^ had s e n t t h e p a p e r s

of t en y e a r s ' income ( a f r a d - i h a s i l - i deh s a l a ) of t h o s e

two m a h a l s , bo th unde r k h a l i s a and j a q i r d a r s , to the Impe

r i a l C o u r t . P r o b a b l y t h e diwans have i g n o r e d t h e s e s h e e t s

P r i n c e Muhammad S u l t a n was g r a n t e d t h e rank of 7000/2000 i n 1655, vVaris 235(b) as c i t e d i n / ^ p a r a t u s S . , 64 29.

• • • -~ ^

(52 )

(auraa) and not r ep re sen ted the f ac tua l p o s i t i o n to His

Majesty, o therwise the Imper ia l o rders would not have des

c r ibed Nandurbar as e x c e l l e n t and prosperous (1 a iy id -o

abad) when i t s income does not exceed Rs.9 2,000. Remarks

t h a t i f His Majesty v/ants to assign a 5-monthly j aq i r

in l i eu of the wr i te r^ 10-monthly cash (n_aqd) than one

would have no opt ion but obey. If p e r m i t t e d , Aurangzeb

vrould ass ign parqana Nandurbar to Sazawar Khan an old e f f i

c i e n t Imper ia l o f f i c i a l and in l i e u of Su l t anpur assigned

to w r i t e r ' s son as i n ' am he vould assign s a l a r y (tankhwah)

to him elsewhere equ iva l en t to i t s h a s i l . However, i f he

(•iazawar Khan) was sen t to the Imper ia l Court then parqana

Nandurbar would be handed over to Mul ta fa t Khan in comp

l i a n c e with the p rev ious royal o rde r s so t h a t he might

adminis ter i t .

Records i n c r e a s e of 500 du asp a s lh asp a to I lhamul lah , son

of Rashid Khan.

28 i-'eshkash of the Zamindar of Deogarh (1655, pp . 211-3):

His Majesty has observed t h a t t he re i s no force in the

proposed remission of the a r r e a r s of the zamindar of Deo

garh on account of h i s p o v e r t y . He was the very zamindar

a g a i n s t whom t h e l a t e Khan-i Dauran had led an exped i t ion ,

and from whom he had c o l l e c t e d 170 e lephants as well as a

l a rge anount in cash . I t has been r epo r t ed t h a t he pos se s s -

• • • - J O

(53)

es over 200 elephants including Jaya Shankar. He does not

have troops l ike those posted in the Deccan. After the

rainy season, Aurangzeb should depute Prince Muhammad

Sultan or any other competent o f f i c i a l with an strong army

comprising Imperial troops as well as his own men to bring

Jaya Shankar and other elephants and recover arrears of

peshkash outstanding against him. Submits that having

obtained l a t e s t information about the conditions of the

adjoining p r i n c i p a l i t i e s of the Deccan he wi l l , if such

e>pedition is decided upon, not l e t his troops id le but

post them to the e jêdi t ion . How was i t possible that a

zamindar, despite his capacity and resources to pay the

peshkash, should act in defiance and r ebe l l i on . Since the

zamindar v i s i t ed Burhanpur without army being despatched

against him, met Aurangzeb and promised to pay the fixed

peshkash. Subsequently Aurangzeb deputed one of his o f f i

c i a l s to make enquiries about his e lephants . After spend

ing three or four months in that territory and getting in

formation, he has reported tha t the zamindar did not

possess more than 14 elephants . When the l a t e Khan-i

Dauran had marched against his father, there had been no

decline in the revenues and his father had col lected the

elephants over a long period of years. The present zamin

dar has ruined himself due to his extravagances as well as

fa i led to administer tha t t e r r i t o r y properly due to incom-

. . . 5 4

( 54 )

p e t e n c e . Under such c i r c u m s t a n c e s i f t h e a r r e a r s of p e s h -

kash a re demanded t h r o u g h a m i l i t a r y e j<ped i t ion , t h e r e

s u l t would be n o t h i n g b e s i d e s t u m u l t i n h i s t e r r i t o r y . In

v iew of t h i s Aurangzeb had recommended c o n c e s s i o n s so as

t o o b t a i n ( a t l e a s t ) t l ie f i x e d annual p e s h k a s h . However,

now t h a t His Ma jes ty wants to t a k e m i l i t a r y a c t i o n a g a i n s t

him Aurangzeb would a c t a c c o r d i n g l y .

I f His M a j e s t y would p r e f e r t h e a n n e x a t i o n of h i s p r i n c i

p a l i t y , o r d e r s to t h i s e f f e c t may be i s s u e d so t h a t Aurang

zeb may a s s i g n h i s son (Muhammad S u l t a n ) , who has r e a c h e d

h i s y o u t h , t o t h e t a s k so t h a t he may l i b e r a t e t h e mahals

of h i s z a minda r i and e:<pel t h e c h i e f i n a s h o r t w h i l e . I f ,

hov/ever, what i s wanted i s r e c o v e r y of t h e a r r e a r s of t r i

bu te and c o l l e c t i o n of e l e p h a n t s than any of t he I m p e r i a l

o f f i c i a l s p o s t e d i n t h e Deccan c o u l d be d e p u t e d to h i s

t e r r i t o r y so t h a t he may s e i z e a l l t h e e l e p h a n t s he has

and make him pay the p e s h k a s h . Al though Aurangzeb had

t r i e d to c o l l e c t i n f o r m a t i o n t h rough h i s men s e n t t h e r e i t

a p p e a r s t h e r e i s no e l e p h a n t of t h e name j a y a Shanka r .

I'hey say ttiis i s t he name of a f o r t on top of a h i l l . Nor

i s i t p r o b a b l e he p o s s e s s e s so many e l e p h a n t s . I f he had

p o s s e s s e d them then Shahnawaz jWian who in compl i ance w i th

i h a h Nawaz Khan S a f a v i ( I r a n i ) (5000/5000 (3000x2-3h) was a p p o i n t e d s u b e d a r of Malwa and the Deccan i n 1647, Waris 17(a) as c i t e d in Appara tus 3 . , 4312.

(55)

t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s had marched a g a i n s t him wi th t he e n t i r e

army of t h i s sub a would have d e f i n i t e l y c o l l e c t e d t h e e l e

p h a n t s in l i e u of t he p e s h k a s h , and a p a r t of the annual

s t i p u l a t e d (peshkash) v/ould n o t have been r e m i t t e d by His

Majes ty owing to the c ? i i e f ' s l a c k of r e s o u r c e s , n o r would

he have remained i n Burhanpur f o r t h e s a k e of r e a l i s i n g

tlie p e s h k a s h .

1.29 i ^ c a l c i t r a n c e of t h e Zamindar of J a w a r (Sep tember -Oc tobe r 1655, p p . 1 6 1 - 2 ) :

S o l i c i t s f l a g and k e t t l e drum t o Hadi Dad Khan (2500 /2500) ,

i u b a d a r of T e l i n g a n a , who m a i n t a i n s an e x c e l l e n t c o n t i n g e n t .

Ao of now tl-ie Zamindar (Chief) of J awar i s d e f i a n t and

g u i l t y of unbecoming a c t s . S i n c e t h e I m p e r i a l peshkash has

n o t been imposed upon him he d i s p l a y s c a r e l e s s n e s s and n e g

l i g e n c e in d i s c h a r g i n g t h e I m p e r i a l o b l i g a t i o n s . Rao Karan

p r o m i s e s t h a t i f t he p r i n c i p a l i t y of J awar was a s s i g n e d t o

him. as i n ' am o r added to h i s s a l a r y ( tankhwah) by the Cour t ,

he would d e r j o s i t Rs.50,000 as p e s h k a s h i n t he I m p e r i a l

t r e a s u r y and by a d m i n i s t e r i n g h i s t e r r i t o r y wi th h i s o\-m

c o n t i n g e n t he would b r i n g t h e t e r r i t o r y w i t h i n I m p e r i a l

dorn.inions. His M a j e s t y ' s o r d e r s a re s o l i c i t e d .

J a w a r (mod. Jawhar) s t a n d s n o r t h of Bombay on p l a t e a u between the Western Cîats and t h e Arab ian Sea was in the hands of a zamindar , H i s t o r y of Aurangzeb, I , 114, A t l a s , 55 .

. . . 5 6

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1.30 Gran t of Jav/ar to Rao Karan (1655, p p . 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 ) :

Thanks His Ma jes ty f o r i n c r e a s e of 500 sawars of Rao Karan

and t h e o r d e r s fo r a s s i g n m e n t of t he t e r r i t o r y of Jawar

t o r 40 lakh dams on a c c o u n t of a d d i t i o n a l s a l a r y . P romises

t h a t t l ie w r i t e r would a s s i g n t h e p r i n c i p a l i t y (of Jawar)

t o him and d e p o s i t t he s t i p u l a t e d pe s hka s h i n t h e I m p e r i a l

t r e a s u r y a f t e r c o l l e c t i n g i t from him. Recommends i s s u e

of manshur ( I m p e r i a l o r d e r ) g r a n t i n g t h e p r i n c i p a l i t y of

Jawar as h i s w a t a n . S o l i c i t s r e s t o r a t i o n of r e d u c t i o n of rs

500 z a t p r e v i o u s l y made in Rao K a r a n ' s rank and a s s ignmen t

of i t s s a l a r y from the t e r r i t o r y of J a w a r . A p p r e c i a t e s

tlie c o n f e r m e n t of s t a n d a r d and k e t t l e - d r u m on Hadi Dad

Khan.

1.31 Conques t of DeOgarh e t c . (1655, p p . 2 1 4 - 1 5 ) :

I m p e r i a l o r d e r s vrere i s s u e d t h a t Aurangzeb c o u l d conquer

t h e p r i n c i p a l i t y of Deogarh then he s h o u l d d e p u t e P r i n c e

Muhammad S u l t a n f o r t h e t a s k o r Hadi Dad 'ân s hou ld be

s e n t t h e r e wi th a s t r o n g army. Submits t h a t a l t h o u g h the

c o n q u e s t of tlieit p r i n c i p a l i t y was e a s y , b u t t o keep i t and

a d m i n i s t e r i t was d i f f i c u l t , s i n c e b e s i d e s t h e r e v e n u e s

t h e r e o f a l a r g e amount vrould have to be s p e n t a n n u a l l y on

Hadi Dad Khan s /o Rash id Khan Ansar i (Afghan) (1000 / 300) was t h e Nazim of Suba T e l i n g a n a i n 16 55, Waris 222(b) as c i t e d in Appara tus S . , 6373 .

. . . 5 7

(57)

t he a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h a t t e r r i t o r y . Th i s i s why t i l l now

I m p e r i a l o f f i c e r s have n o t a t t e m p t e d t o conque r and annex

i t . The v / r i t e r a l s o in viev/ of t h e same d i d no t p r o p o s e

thiis and had a c c o r d i n g l y p e t i t i o n e d His M a j e s t y . I f o r d e r s

a re i s s u e d to t h i s e f f e c t t h e n he w i l l a s s i g n h i s son to

the t a s k . As of now, he w i l l d e s p a t c h I m p e r i a l arm.ies

a g a i n s t him f o r r e a l i s i n g t h e peshkash bo th a r r e a r s and t h e

c u r r e n t amount, and c o l l e c t i n g t h e e l e p h a n t s owned by him

as p o i n t e d o u t by Zamindar of Chanda, i n c l u d i n g the e l e

p h a n t J a y a S h a n k a r .

i u b m i t s til a t a l t h o u g h Hadi Dad Khan i s an e f f i c i e n t o f f i

c i a l h a v i n g s t r o n g c o n t i n g e n t y e t he has n o t in r e c e n t

t i m e s u n d e r t a k e n such a t a s k , and t h a t i s p e r h a p s why some

of t he I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l s do n o t a t h e a r t wish to c o o p e r a t e

w i th him and i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e d i s a g r e e m e n t s and h i s

i n a b i l i t y to l e a d t h e o t h e r s may d i s r u p t a r r a n g e m e n t s . Des

p i t e t h i s , s i n c e i t has been d e t e r m i n e d t h a t I m p e r i a l

t r o o p s e n t e r t h a t t e r r i t o r y , Aurangzeb has d e c i d e d t h a t

h a l f of t h e army s h o u l d be s e n t \ inder t h e command of Hadi

Dad Khan whereas the r e m a i n i n g h a l f be under t h e cha rge of

Mirza Khan owing to whose s t a t u s as a h i g h n o b l e no one

would be d i s i n c l i n e d to accompany him. A u r a n g z e b ' s ov/n

c o n t i n g e n t s ( t a b i n a n ) u n d e r command of Muhammad T a h i r o r

any o t h e r t r u s t e d o f f i c i a l s , would be s e n t w i t h Mi rza Khan.

. . . 5 8

( 58 )

1.32 Peshkash from Deogarh and Golconda (1655, pp . 218-9):

In connect ion with the c o l l e c t i o n of the whole a r r ea r s of

poohkash and s e i zu re of a l l e lephants i nc lud ing Jaya

Jh,ankar from the Zamindar of Deogarh, submits t h a t i n s t r u c

t ions have a l ready been i s sued to Hirza K h ^ ^"^ Hadi Dad

Khan regarding tlê r e a l i z a t i o n of the e n t i r e peshkash from

the ZaiTiindar of Deogarh. Hopes for the success fu l comple

t ion of the task and s e i z u r e of a l l the e lephants from him.

In regard to the e lephan t which he (Aurangzeb) had obtained

from wutbul Mulk and then p r e s e n t e d as peshkash to the

r^mperor, the Imper ia l o rde r s have come t h a t i t would not be

counted as peshkash from Aurangzeb, and i t s p r i c e would be

allowed to Jutbul Mulk, s ince what Aurangzeb has done i s

not in conformity v/ith p rope r management. Submits t h a t i f

he knev; th5:t Qutbul Mulk would show h e s i t a t i o n , he would

have made an allowance for the p r i c e of the e lephants (in

his peshkash, as may be seen from Qutbul Mulk's communica

t ion to h i s hlJi i^ which would be s h o r t l y p r e sen t ed to His

Kajesty through Aurangzeb's wak i l . I t was only on t h a t

bas is t h a t Poarangzeh accepted t h a t e lephan t , and looking to

the f i n a n c i a l t^snefit of the Government, made a peshkash of

i t to His r-iajesty.l

1. Since Shahjahan had remained suspicious throughout the period of the second Viceroyal ty of Axirangzeb he always took i s sue with the Prince on C non- „ i s s u e s as we co^ne across numerous instances in Adab in addition to the calendared documents which have, however^ been excluded as these are mere repet i t ions , v i z , 147, 405-6, 50 2, 509, 544-5, 633-5, 808-9 & passim.

. . . 5 9

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1.3 3 Peshkash from the Zan lnda r of J a t b a (1655, p p . 2 2 5 - 6 ) :

The I m p e r i a l o r d e r s have been i s s u e d t h a t Aarangzeb s hou ld

d e s p a t c h an army a g a i n s t t he Zamindar of J a t b a . S i n c e

Aurangzeb had dep loyed t h e I m p e r i a l a rmies from two d i r e c

t i o n s a g a i n s t t he p r i n c i p a l i t y of J a t b a , t h e zamindar s e n s

i n g the dange r has s u u n i t t e d and p r o m i s e d t o hand o v e r a l l

t h e e l e p h a n t s p o s s e s s e d by him, r e m i t t h e a r r e a r s of p e s h

kash due to t h e Cour t and p r e s e n t h i m s e l f b e f o r e Aurangzeb

in company wi th Mi rza Khan.

1.34 Peshkash of t he Zamindar of J a t b a (1655, p p . 2 3 4 - 6 ) :

3ui;fnits t h a t t h e Zamindar of J a t b a came w i t h Mirza I<hln t o

s ee Aurangzeb . He has b r o u g h t 20 e l e p h a n t s , male and

f e m a l e , which he p o s s e s s e d and i n s i s t s t h a t he had no o t h e r

e l e p h a n t s e x c e p t t h e s e . The Zamindar of Ch'anda and Annaik,

h i s wak i l who had gone t o t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t s a i d t h a t t h e y

had no i n f o r m a t i o n abou t J a y a Shankar and o t h e r e l e p h a n t s

or •• a tba -md t h e y had been m i s r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e C o u r t . The

t r u e f a c t s of t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e a r r e a r s and c u r r e n t

amount of pe shkash from t h e Zamindar of J a t b a i s t h i s t h a t

t he zaminda r would d e p o s i t f i v e l akh rupees in cash and k i n d

in t he r oy a l t r e ^ i s u r y . He a l s o p r o m i s e s t h a t he would r e m i t

the a r r e a r s of t h e p e r i o d ( ' ajnal) of t h e former s u b a d a r s

a long vjith t h e annual s t i p u l a t e d pe s hka s h i n f u t u r e . A f t e r

wards he would r e m i t rhe amount of pe s hka s h y e a r to y e a r

. . . 6 0

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v ; i t hou t f a i l . He has d e t a c h e d some p a r q a n a s i n h i s t e r r i

t o r i e s and handed them o v e r to K a r t a l a b Khan, t h a n e d a r of 2

K h e r l a , so t h a t i f t h e c o l l e c t i o n of r e v e n u e s i n l i e u of

t he aaiount of t r i b u t e i s n o t made, he ( K a r t a l a b Khan) s h o u l d

be a n s w e r a b l e f o r i t . 'rhe Zamindar who commands a s t r o n g

c o n t i n g e n t v/ants to accompany Aurangzeb i n t h i s e jqpedi t ion

( a g a i n s t Golconda) . Submits t h a t Aurangzeb would t a k e him

a long wi th h i s c o n t i n g e n t and g i v e r e a s o n a b l e c o n c e s s i o n t o

him in m a t t e r of f i v e l akh rupees which he h a s t o pay t h i s

y e a r .

Rao Karan who had l e d an e x p e d i t i o n to Jawar , d i s p l a y e d much

a c t i v i t y and e x e r t i o n . The Zamindar (of Jawar) has seen him

and he (Rao Karan) wants to j o i n Aurangzeb w i t h i n a fev; days

a f t e r s e t t l i n g t h a t t e r r i t o r y ( w i l a y a t ) .

1.35 Impac t of Brand ing R e g u l a t i o n s on S c h e d u l e s of Pay (1655, p p . 178-9) :

I m p e r i a l o r d e r s have been r e c e i v e d i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e

w r i t e r ' s p e t i t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e b r a n d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s to t h i s

e f f e c t t h a t s i n c e the h a s i l of t h e j a q l r s of t he m a j o r i t y of

K a r t a l a b i ^ a n Deccani ( I n d i a n M.) (300/2000 (1000x2-3h) ) was t h e t h a n e d a r of K h e r l a i n 1656, Waris 260(b) as c i t e d in a p p a r a t u s 3 . , 67 2 1 .

K h e r l a v;a3 i n sub a Be ra r , A t l a s , 36.

. . . 6 1

(61)

t h e o f f i c i a l s p o s t e d in t h e Deccan i s 4 -mon th ly o r , m o s t l y ,

l e s s than t h a t . T h e r e f o r e , whereas p r e v i o u s l y f o r 3-monthly

(1 a q i r s ) the r a t e of Rs. 17 5 p e r month was f i x e d p e r h o r s e ,

for 2-monthly R s . l 5 / - , now, wi th e f f e c t from 1 s t Mihr, the

b e g i n n i n g of K h a r i f Yunt I I , t h e r a t e of Rs 20A ^^^ been f i x e d

in t h e s e two c a s e s (3 -mon th ly and 2-monthly) as w e l l , a t p a r

v/ith 4-rr ionthly. G r a t i f i e d a t t h i s c o n c e s s i o n , s i n c e a h o r s e

man (sawar) whose s a l a r y ( ' u l u f a) i s l e s s than Rs. 2 0 / - would

n o t be of any u s e . ,Since due t o t h i s r e g u l a t i o n , some may

b e n e f i t w h i l e o t h e r s may s u f f e r l o s s , and t h e r e i s need f o r

r e c o v e r y of I m p e r i a l c l a i m s from m a n s a b d a r s , t h e Emperor has

a l s o o r d e r e d t h a t has he any o t h e r measure in mind, l e t him

submi t i t f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , so t h a t i f t h i s conforms t o

f i n a n c i a l c o n s t r a i n t s and i s approved , i t may be p u t i n t o

e f f e c t . T h e r e f o r e , w h a t e v e r has come to t h e w r i t e r ' s mind

i n t h i s r e g a r d has been s u b m i t t e d t h rough a s e p a r a t e s t a t e

ment ; s h o u l d i t p rove to be f e a s i b l e , i t may g r a c i o u s l y be

approved .

Recommends av/ard of t i t l e f o r Muhammad Shah, g i l a d a r of

Qandahar who i s an o l d o f f i c i a l .

1.36 p rob lems of Enforcement of Brand ing R e g u l a t i o n s (1655, p p . 1 4 8 - 5 0 ) :

The d i f f i c u l t i e s in t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e f r e s h b r a n d i n g

r e g u l a t i o n s ( z a b i t a - i daqh) , t h e d e t a i l e d s c h e d u l e s ( d a s t u r -

. . . 62

(62)

u l ' amal) whereof had been s e n t t o t h e Deccan by S a ' a d u l l a h

Khan, had been r e c o r d e d i n t he Waqai ' and must have been

b r o u g h t to t h e n o t i c e of His M a j e s t y . But no o r d e r s have

been r e c e i v e d from t h e C o u r t r e g a r d i n g t h e m a t t e r . N o t w i t h

s t a n d i n g the w r i t e r ' s i n j u n c t i o n s f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of

t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s ( z a b i t a - i 1 a d l d ) , e x c e p t t h e o f f i c i a l s

who have p u t i n t o e f f e c t t h e p a p e r s from K h a r l f (crop) of

i l a n - l l , none has a c t u a l l y implemented i t ( in p r a c t i c e ) .

Th is would c r e a t e f u r t h e r d i s t u r b a n c e among t r o o p s and e x

c e s s i v e i n c r e a s e of u n r e a l i z a b l e c l a i m s on t h e mansabdars •

The r e a l s i t u a t i o n of t h e army s t a t i o n e d i n t h e s e p r o v i n c e s

and t h e n u m e r i c a l s t r e n g t h of t h e a rmies of t h e Deccan

r u l e r s i s known to His M a j e s t y .

Under t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s t h e number of t h e army i s p u t a t

a h i g h e r f i g u r e , t u t i n r e a l i t y what i s r e q u i r e d w i l l n o t

be t h e r e . For a c c o r d i n g to t h e s e R e g u l a t i o n s t h e s a l a r y

( ' u l u f a) of t he horsemen ( t a b i n a n ) has been f i x e d from

Rs. 2 0 / - to Rs. 1 7 / - and 1 5 / - , and the number of horsemen

(sawars ) r e q u i r e d r a i s e d by 9000 whereas t h e l a q i r s of t h e

m a j o r i t y of mansabdars a re l e s s than t h r e e mon th ly , and i t

i s c l e a r t h a t wi th t h i s low income, what k i n d of h o r s e s

t h e y would m a i n t a i n and what work would be done by them.

This d e s p i t e t he f a c t t h a t when e a r l i e r , t h e z a t s a l a r y was

a t t h r e e - m o n t h l y e x c l u d i n g o n e - t e n t h a l lowed fo r expense of

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( k h a r c h - i p a r q a n a t ) and t h e sawars r e c e i v e d

. . . 6 3

(63)

^•.•. 3 2 / - in s a l a r y most of them have f a i l e d t o b r i n g t h e i r

t r o o p s and t h e d e f a u l t of each r e c o r d e d ( t a s h i h a ) i n t h e

o f f i c e s . I f tJney now r e c e i v e o n l y two-mon th ly o r o n e -

month ly f o r the z a t what income would t h e y have t o keep?

c^ spec i a l l y t h e s e d a y s , when u n d e r ( t h e newly i n t r o d u c e d )

c r o p - s h a r i n g t h e e x p e n s e s have doub led on a c c o u n t of t h e

needs of g u a r d i n g t h e g r a i n ( m u h a f i z a t - 1 q h a l l a ) .

I m p e r i a l o r d e r s have been i s s u e d r e g a r d i n g t h e r e a l i z a t i o n

of s t a t e demands " o n e - f o u r t h s h o u l d be resumed from t h e i n

come ( h a s i l ) of some l a q i r s and o n e - f i f t h to o n e - s i x t h from

t h e r e s t of t h e j aq i r s . " '.Vhat would be l e f t a f t e r deduc

t i o n of m u t ^ l i b a on t h i s s c a l e and how anyone would be

a b l e to m a i n t a i n t h e c o n t i n g e n t s . Though t h e army (jajni ' a t )

i s n o t always needed, y e t , i t may be r e q u i r e d . Submits t h a t

i i i s Ma je s ty may g r a c i o u s l y h i m s e l f c o n s i d e r t h e m a t t e r , v-zhat-

e v e r d e c i s i o n he taJces would be c o r r e c t one .

1.37 Brand ing R e g u l a t i o n s ( Z a b i t a - i Dagh) (1655, p . 194) :

s u b m i t s t h a t he has a l r e a d y r e p r e s e n t e d i n d e t a i l on the

m.a t te r of t h e b r a n d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s a long wi th d e t a i l e d s h e e t s

of i n f o r m a t i o n a t t a c h e d t h e r e t o . But t h i s has n o t been r e

f e r r e d to i n t h e I m p e r i a l fa rman. P r o b a b l y t h e d i g n i t a r i e s

of t h e Empire have n o t conveyed h i s o b j e c t i o n s to t he empe

r o r , o t h e r w i s e t h e E m p e r o r ' s r e p l y would s u r e l y have come and

have calmed the a n x i e t i e s of t h e o f f i c i a l s p o s t e d in t h i s

3uba .

. . . 6 4

(64)

1.38 Pe3hka3h from Qutbul Mulk (1655, p p . 1 5 8 - 9 ) :

Submi ts t h a t i n acco rdance -with t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s o u t of

t h e e l e o h a n t s s e n t by Qutbul Mulk seven e l e p h a n t s v/ith

d e f e c t s were r e t u r n e d to h i s wak i l w h i l e 22 e l e p h a n t s were

r e t a i n e d . A mans a b d a r was a p p o i n t e d as d a r o g h a of t h e e l e -

p h a n t s . Murshid Qul i Khan was a l s o d i r e c t e d to keep the

e l e p h a n t s in good h e a l t h t o be d e s p a t c h e d to t h e I m p e r i a l

C o u r t .

1.39 I m p e r i a l s a n c t i o n for a t t a c k on Golconda (1656, p . 248) :

In c a s e owing to t he g r e a t i n g r a t i t u d e and g r o s s l a p s e s of

ûcbu l Mulk, in o r d e r to p r e v e n t h i s example b e i n g f o l l o w

ed by o t h . j r 3 , the L'inperor o r d e r s an i n v a s i o n of h i s

c o u n t r y , p r o m i s e s th.at t h e d iamonds , e l e p h a n t s , t h e t r e a

s u r e and goods t h a t he has s e i z e d f o l l o w i n g t h e i m p r i s o n

ment of t h e son of H i r Jumla , which a l l be long t o His

M a j e s t y and 22 l akh r u p e e s b e i n g t h e a r r e a r s of t h e f i x e d

annual t r i b u t e a long wi th a d d i t i o n a l a d e q u a t e p e s h k a s h ,

would be d u l y t aken from him.

I'.ir MuhaTirnad i a ' i d Mua'azam Khan_I'-Ur Jumla ( I r a n i ) ; ''iOO/SOOO) was a^jpointed t h e Diwan- i Kul i n 1656,

^ . " r i s 216(b) as c i t e d in Appa ra tu s 3 . , 6 3 29, K,U. '-'11, 53_.). :Je was p romoted t o 6000 /6000 , Waris 240 (b) as c- z\i 1 in Appa ra tu s 3 . , 6449 .

65

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1.40 Measures for R e a l i s i n g T r i b u t e from Qutbul Mulk (1656, pp . 230- 3 2) :

Submits t h a t Aurangzeb has p o s t p o n e d h i s march t o Hydera

bad as t h e Zat i indar of J a t b a h a s n o t a r r i v e d owing to d e

l a y o c c a s i o n e d by h i s h a v i n g t o b r i n g t h e e l e p h a n t s as

p e s h k a s h . Aurangzeb h a s d e p u t e d h i s son ( S u l t a n Muhammad)

to t he f r o n t i e r s 3o t h a t i f Qutbul Mulk does n o t r e l e a s e

the son and r e l a t i v e s of Mir Jumla , he migh t g e t them r e

l e a s e d by s p e e d i l y march ing to Hyderabad . He (Aurangzeb)

h i m s e l f \vould march c l o s e l y beh ind h im. Now t h a t t he

Zamindar i s e x p e c t e d t o see t h e w r i t e r on 23rd of t h e

month wi th H i r z a lOnan, and t h e I m p e r i a l farm an f o r which

Aurangzeb had keen y e a r n i n g has a r r i v e d ; he i s s a t i s f i e d

t h a t t he r u l e r s of t he Deccan c a n n o t f r u s t r a t e h i s e f f o r t s

to r e a l i s e t h e enormous p e s h k a s h .

The c^mperor d o u b t l e s s knows of t h e l a r g e a r e a and the

p r o s p e r i t y of t he Kingdom of Qutbu l Mulk c o n t a i n i n g mines

of d iamonds , c r y s t a l e t c . S i n c e he has n o t shown

l o y a l t y and d i s r e g a r d i n g p a s t I m p e r i a l f a v o u r s has adopted

a r e f r a c t o r y a t t i t u d e , w h i l e Mir Jumla was coming up

a g a i n s t him v i th a l a r g e army, s u i t a b l e a r t i l l e r y and many

e l e p h a n t s such a go lden o p p o r t u n i t y s h o u l d n o t be m i s s e d .

Submits t h a t i f trie e f f o r t s of t h e R u l e r s of t he Deccan

who a r e making r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s and o f f e r i n g l a r g e pe s hkash

e r e f o i l e d , and no one e l s e from any q u a r t e r i n t e r f e r e s ,

tn.en Aurangzeb 'Aould annex t h a t kingdom wi th t h e p r i n c i p a -

. . .66

v/

(66)

l i t y of K a m a t a k , i n Mir J u m l a ' s h a n d s , which i s n o t i n

f e r i o r to Golconda, c o n t a i n i n g as i t does many ( s o u r c e s of)

r a r i t i e s such as gems, u n c o u n t a b l e t r e a s u r e s and numerous

p o r t s . On h e a r i n g from the communica t ion of t h e h a j i b a t

B i j a p u r t h a t n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s 'Ad i l Kh'Sn

was c o n t e m p l a t i n g t o h e l p Qutbul Mulk w i t h h i s army, he has

a l s o s e n t a n i s h a n to him w a r n i n g him of t h e e v i l c o n s e

quences of i n f i d e l i t y . I f he d i d n o t fo l lov/ t h i s c o u n s e l ,

then i f l i i s M a j e s t y ' s f a v o u r s c o n t i n u e , he would be awarded

s u i t a b l e pun i shmen t w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n of t h e i l l u s t r i o u s

Khan (xMir J u m l a ) .

. 41 Recommendations for t h e J a q l r of M u l t a f a t Khan (1656, p . 229) :

Submit t h a t he (Aurangzeb) i n compl i ance w i th t h e I m p e r i a l

o r d e r s has a s s i g n e d 23 l akh dams as pay a g a i n s t 500 z a t of

r - iu l t a fa t Khan a c c o r d i n g to 8 - m o n t h l y . But s i n c e 9 4 - l a k h

dams of h i s p r e v i o u s j a q i r i n t h i s sub a a r e low r evenue pay

i n g he was depend ing on h i s income from h i s l a q i r s in Hind

u s t a n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s p e r i o d . Now t h e income from h i s en

t i r e ja^gi^ does n o t exceed 6 -month ly , y e t a c c o r d i n g to t h e

r u l e ( ^ a b i t a ) of t h i s p r o v i n c e he has to g e t b randed 90

1. Kamatal-: o r K a m a t a k of Hyderabad was conque red by Mir Jumla which was annexed to t h e Mughal empire when the l a t t e r j o i n e d the Mughals in 16 5 5 .

. . . 6 7

(67)

s a v / a r s more t h a n p r e v i o u s l y . E a r l i e r some o f t h e o f f i c i a l s

who h a v e b e e n a s s i g n e d (1 a q i r ) i n t h i i s s u b a i n l i e u of t h e i r

h i g h r e v e n u e p a y i n g 1 a q i r s i n t h e N o r t h h a v e r e c e i v e d 7 -

m o n t h l y 1 a q i r g - S o l i c i t s f a v o u r a b l e o r d e r s f o r t h e g r a n t

of s u c h a s s i g n m e n t s t o h im as t o make h i s e n t i r e 1 a q i r s i n

t h i s s u b a 7 - m o n t h l y . S i n c e p a r q a n a P a t o d e vâs a s s i g n e d t o

h im w i t h e f f e c t from k h a r i f c r o p t h e r e v e n u e of w h i c h i s

- . m i t e lov/ as c o m p a r e d t o t h e r a b l ' c r o p , w h i c h h a s now b e e n

t r r i n . j H e r r e d v / l t h e f f e c t from b e g i n n i n g o f r a b i ' , he h a s t o

i n c u r much l o s s . He ( M u l t a f a t Wân) i s h o p e f u l t h a t t h e

s a i d p a r q a n a be t r a n s f e r r e d t o K h a l i s a from t h e b e g i n n i n g

of k h a r i f c r o p so t h a t h e may be a s s i g n e d i n l i e u of t h e

k h a r i f h a r v e s t e q u i v a l e n t a s s i g n m e n t s i n t h i s s u b a .

1.4 2 B r a n d i n g R e g u l a t i o n s and R e a l i z a t i o n of M u t a l i b a from Rao K a r a n ( l 6 5 6 , p . 2 1 9 ) :

I n c o m p l i e J i c e w i t h tl:ie I m p e r i a l o r d e r s A u r a n g z e b wou ld s u b

m i t h i s p r o p o s a l s r e g a r d i n g t h e new b r a n d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s ;

and t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e a r r e a r s ( m u t a l i b a t ) wou ld be

made a c c o r d i n g t o H i s M a j e s t y ' s o r d e r s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e e n

t i r e r e v e n u e s of p a r q a n a P o s a d a s s i g n e d i n j a q i r (m"ahal - i

t u y u l ) o f Rao K a r a n vrauld be i n c l u d e d i n K h a l i s a 3 h a r i f a

from t l i e b e g i n n i n g o f K h a r i f Y u n t I j t o e f f e c t t h e r e a l i z a

t i o n of m u t a l i b a o u t s t a n d i n g a g a i n s t h i m .

1 i - a r c a n a i ' a t o d e s a r k a r , S a n g a m n e r s u b a A u r a n g a b a d , A t l a s 14 A

. . . 58

(68 )

VJith r e g a r d t o r e a l i z a t i o n of a r r e a r s of p e s h k a s h from

Qutbul Mulk on a c c o u n t of t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r a t e of

inm. I m p e r i a l o r d e r s have been s e n t to Murshid Qu l i Kh"an.

ALjrangzeb has a l s o s e n t a n i s h a n to h im. Now h i s r e p l y t o

t h e n i s h a n has been r e c e i v e d , and i s b e i n g s e n t t o t he

Cour t f o r t h e E m p e r o r ' s o r d e r s t h e r e o n .

1.43 kec:: . ; ir:5-:_tions f o r 3hah Beg Khan and Mursh id Quli Khan, 1656, p p . 236-8) :

Submi t s t h a t Shah Beg Khan i s t h e h o l d e r of a h i g h mansab

w i t h a l a r g e c o n t i n g e n t , b u t was l e f t i d l e in t he f o r t of

.-hrnadnagar. S i n c e nov;-a-days t r o o p s a re needed , Aurangzeb

has surrjr.oned h im. He i s c o u n t e d among the t r u s t e d I m p e r i a l

o f f i c i a l s v;ho c o u l d be e n t r u s t e d i m p o r t a n t c h a r g e s . Aurang

zeb has no otbier h igh o f f i c i a l e x c e p t f o r M u l t a f a t Wian and

:3o wanted t o r e t a i n him (Shah Beg Khan) w i t h him. He has

p e r s u a d e d him to ag ree to j o i n Aurangzeb i n t h e e x p e d i t i o n

cmd has a s s i g n e d him t h e c h a r g e of Ahmadnagar. An i n c r e a s e

of 500 (200 X 2-3 h) has been recommended so t h a t he would

}-iold the rank of 1500/500 (200 x 2-3 h) and d i s c h a r g e h i s

a s s i g n e d r l u t i c s .

S i n c e ••iurohi". _;uli Khan has d i l i g e n t l y pe r fo rme d t h e d u t i e s

of rl e Diwan of B a l a g h a t and he can i n a d d i t i o n d i s c h a r g e

1. I '-urshid Qu l i Khan was a p p o i n t e d Diwan of P a i n g h a t i n a d d i t i o n to B a l a g h a t i n 1655, Waris 224(a) as c i t e d in Apparat u s S . , 6379,

. . .69

(69)

t h e d u t i e s of ttiC: Dl-.;an o£ t 'ayan Ghat , he has been a s s i g n e d

t h e l a t t e r d u t i e s as w e l l upon t r a n s f e r of M u l t a f a t Khan,

Reco:r,men:l3 an i n c r e a s e of 500/200 e n h a n c i n g h i s rank to

2000/1000 so t h a t he may pe r fo rm h i s d u t i e s p r o p e r l y . S o l i

c i t - a p p r o v a l of h i s r ecommenda t ions .

1.4<1 A u r a n g ^ e b ' s J a q i r s and Recommendation f o r t h e R e l e a s e of Inderman ZamTndar (1656, p p . 1 8 6 - 7 ) :

ThankG His Majes ty fo r aba t emen t of 12 l a k h dams in t h e

pare;anas of s a r k a r B i j a g a r h , t h e P r i n c e ' s own a s s i g n m e n t s .

1 - 2

Indarman, "" Zam.indar of Dhandhera , who has been i n t e r n e d

in t he A s i r f o r t s i n c e l o n g i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e I m p e r i a l

o r d e r s has s e n t a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e to t h e w r i t e r . I f he was

r e l e a s e d he would d e p o s i t Rs. 50,000 as p e s h k a s h in the

Imper i a l t r e a s u r y and a l s o s e r v e f o r one y e a r , w i t h o u t man-

s a b and 1 aqi r , v/ith 50 sav/ars and 100 p i y ad as i n t h e sub a

of the Deccan . S u b s e q u e n t l y , he would m a i n t a i n h i s c o n t i n

g e n t a c c o r d i n g to the mansab g r a n t e d to him by His Ma je s ty .

I n i e a n a n was tiie -râmindar of Dhandhera who had remained i n t e r n e d fo r 20 yea r s u n d e r o h a h j a h a n . He was i m p r i s o n ed in 1637 and r e l e a s e d by Aurangzeb, M.U., I I , p p . 265-6, J J j R , 4 8 .

Dhc-indhera ( p r o b a b l y D h i n d o r i ) i s in s a r k a r Sangamner, 3uba /-Airangabad; A t l a s , 5 5 ,

. . . 7 0

(70)

U'3 would alv;ay3 remain t h e r e w i t h o u t h a v i n g any d e s i g n s of

r e - u r r . i n g to h i s n a t i v e p l a c e ( w a t a n - i k h a i s h ) « Nar s ingh

Das, g i l a d a r on .-^sir ( f o r t ) has t e n d e r e d s u r e t y f o r

pa'j/inent of t h e amount of p e s h k a s h . Pecornmends a c c e p t a n c e

of o f f e r .

3 _ _ 4

jubri i i ts t h a t Muhammad ' I n a y a t Khan son of I s l a m Khan,

head S-mcnth ly j a q i r in H i n d u s t a n whereas t h e h a s i l of h i s

ja^gi_r in t h e Deccan does n o t exceed 5 -mon th ly . He i s a

dese r^ / ing h e r e d i t a r y s e r v a n t and i t has been known from the

wagai ' of s a r k a r Mehkar t h a t a f aujdar i s needed t h e r e , h e Vsas

been a p p o i n t e d thie f auydar of t h e s a r k a r and a c o n d i t i o n a l

enhancement of 100/100 recommended, making h i s rank 600/200.

lie v/as a l s o a s s i g n e d th(5 pay f o r t h e a d d i t i o n a l rank

( t a l a b - i i z a f a ) , on a 3-monthly b a s i s i n p a r q a n a Mehkar.

s o l i c i t s f a v o u r a b l e o r d e r s .

Iârsingh Das s / o Haj a Dv/arka Das (Rajput ) was the Q i l a d a r of J u n n a r in 1652 . Waris^ 168(a) ) as c i t e d i n A p p a r a t u s . <;574S" . - ^ i r ( A s i r g a r h ) , t he c e l e b e r a t e d f o r t r e s s was i n s a r k a r ; \ 3 i r , s ab a Khandesh, A t l a s 9 A, 14A.

.i-:h.i'^:.: .1 ' I n a y a t Khan s /o I s l a m Khan was EakhshI and .;aq~i ' :iavd.3 of Burhanpur i n 1654, Waris 212(a) as c i t e d i n / ^ p a r a t u s 3 . , 6202.

Alxius Jalam Mashhadi , I k h t i s S s Mb an , I s l a m lOian (6000 / 600C (5000x2-3h) was appo in ted ' SQbedar of t h e Deccan i n 1645 vv^hich he en joyed t i l l l647 wi th t h e rank of (7000/7000 (5000x2-3h) ) , L^hor i I I , 430, 6 7 9 - 8 0 .

i a r k a r Mehkar (Mahkar) in sub a Bera r , A t l a s 9A, 14A, ISA.

. 7 1

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1.4 5 Recommendations for the Appointment of O f f i c i a l s (1657, p . 18C) :

Refers to the assignment of the charge as well as recommen

da t ions for enhancement of the sons of Mir Mxisa Khan who are

competent Imper ia l o f f i c i a l s . Since a faujdar was requi red 2

in sa rkar Kalam the w r i t e r has recommended 200/100 in

add i t ion to the o r i g i n a l mansab of Hoshdar Khan son of

Mul tafa t Khan who i s a competent khanazad c o n d i t i o n a l on

the fau jda r i thereof h i s rank now to be 900/400.

3 2. L e t t e r s to P r incess Jaiîan Ara.

?..l Aurangîeb's J a q l r s (16 5 2, pp . 807-8) :

Refers to the hasbul hukm t h a t Aurangzeb w i l l be deputed

tc the Deccan a f t e r v/ait ing upon His Majesty . . . . How

ever , when, in accordance with the hasbul hukm, the d a u l - i

j a c i r of the Deccan which was sen t by the Court to the

Das turu l /."uzara ( - ia 'dul lah Iîan), was s c r u t i n i s e d , i t was

found v/ith miuch s u r p r i s e t h a t t he re was a g r e a t d i f f e r

ence between the r e a l i z a t i o n and the assessment (? ) , and

i t was not apparent v;hat the reason for a l l t h i s s h o r t f a l l

1. Mir Musa Kjaan not i d e n t i f i e d .

2. j a r k a r , Kalam in suba Berar, At las , 9A, 14A, 15A.

3. Aurangzeb has xised Sahibatuz Zamani, Sahib- i Man, th roughout h i s correspondence with Princess Jahan Ara Begum. For biographical d e t a i l s , see G. Yazdani, J ah an a ra , Hyderabad, 1937.

. . . 7 2

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i s . I f His Majes ty wants t h a t Aurangzeb s h o u l d remain in

a c o r n e r then Baglana a lone which was p r e v i o u s l y a s s i g n e d

as a l t amqha i s s u f f i c i e n t . I f , however . His Majes ty

a p p o i n t s him to such an i m p o r t a n t sub a then he s hou ld be

t r e a t e d i n such a manner t h a t he does n o t f e e l h i m s e l f

h u m i l i a t e d b e f o r e t h e age and t h e r u l e r s of t h e Deccan and

t h a t he s h o u l d a l s o n o t be h e l d t o c e n s u r e by His Majes ty

( f o r f a i l i n g in f u l f i l l i n g h i s d u t i e s owing t o l i m i t e d r e -

sou rceo ) .

2 .2 Gran t of Bag lana t o Aurangzeb (1652, p . 8 0 9 ) :

Acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of h e r l e t t e r ( in r e s p o n s e to t h e

' a r z d a s h t ) , which was r e c e i v e d on Wednesday, 2nd of Rama-

zan, i n f o r m i n g Aurangzeb t h a t Bag lana had been a s s i g n e d t o

him as i n ' am i n a d d i t i o n to t h i s d a u l . I t was communicated

t h a t 2 /3 rd of t h e pay g r a n t e d as j a g i £ and l / 3 r d as naqd

(cash) and t l i a t some of t h e l a q i r s a s s i g n e d are b e i n g

c h a n g e d . Hopes t h a t t h i s m a t t e r w i l l be r e p r e s e n t e d t o His

Ma je s ty a f t e r Aurangzeb a r r i v e s a t t h e C o u r t .

2 . 3 RecomiTiendations fo r 3hahnav;az Khan t o J a h a n Ara Beqviin (1652, p . 811) — ^

Altliough Shahnawaz Khan i s s i n c e r e l y l o y a l to Her Highness

( Jahan A r a ) , y e t b e c a u s e of b h a i ( b r o t h e r ) Murad Bakhsh ' s

i l l - t r e a t m e n t , he i s n o t w i l l i n g t o go t o t h e Deccan.

3 ince t h e p r e s e n c e of such an o f f i c i a l i s n e c e s s a r y in t h a t

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b o n i e r j.-Bqion, and s i n c e i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t Her

H ighness ' i n t e r v e n t i o n , and he has i n c u r r e d g r e a t ej<pen-

se s in t h e Qandahar e x p e d i t i o n , Aurangzeb hopes t h a t h i s

a f f a i r s be s e t r i g h t by Her Highness ' a t t e n t i o n b e t t e r

t han t h e y were b e f o r e .

2 .4 D i f f i c u l t i e s of Aurangzeb i n A d m i n i s t e r i n g Deccan (1657, p p . 8 28-31) :

Refe r s to h i s a p p o i n t m e n t t o d i f f e r e n t p o s t s and p r o p e r

d i s c h a r g e of v a r i o u s a s s i g n m e n t s w i t h o u t any d e r i l e c t i o n

of d u t y . ::^xpresse3 h i s a n x i e t y ove r His M a j e s t y ' s p r e s e n t

l a c k of c o n f i d e n c e in Aurangzeb . The A s i r g a r h f o r t was

p r e v i o u s l y h e l d by him, t hen a s s i g n e d t o Kurad Bakhsh and

s u b s e q u e n t l y to Aurangzeb . But now i n s u p e r s e s s i o n of t h e

p r e v i o u s o r d e r s A u r a n g z e b ' s q i l a ' d a r has been f o r b i d d e n

from go ing t h e r e . The r e a s o n i s n o t known. I f t h i s i s be

c a u s e of h i s e n t e r i n g i n t o a m a r r i a g e engagement ( n i s b a t )

( f o r h i s son) what can one s a y s i n c e when t h a t m a t t e r was

b r o u g h t up a t t h e C o u r t His Majes ty had s a i d Aurangzeb

was f r e e t o do as he liked.-^ I s a s t o n i s h e d t h a t d e s p i t e

Aurs ingzeb 's tv/enty y e a r s of s e r v i c e he does n o t en joy Impe-

/ lu rangzeb and 6huj a' had a r r a n g e d two m a t r i m o n i a l a l l i a n c e s of t h e i r c h i l d r e n . Muhammad S u l t a n was t o be m a r r i e d to - i h u j a ' s d a u g h t e r , w h i l e h i s son S u l t a n Za inudd in was eng aged to a d a u g h t e r of Aurangzeb which was n o t t o oh'Sh-ja l - ian 's l i k i n g ^ ho asked Aurangzeb to mar ry Muhammad S u l t a n e l s e w h e r e , Aurangzeb, however , t o l d Shahj a h a n ' t h a t he would v / i l l i n g l y c a r r y o u t t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s i n r e g a r d t o t h e engagement of h i s o t h e r s o n s . N a j i b Ashraf, Muqad-dama- i i ^ g a ' t - i ' A l a m q i r , 2 1 8 - 2 1 .

. . . 7 4

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r i a l c o n f i d e n c e l i k e h i s b r o t h e r ' s son ( p r o b a b l y oula iman

3hikoh) and i f t h e r e i s any o t h e r c a u s e t h e n Aurangzeb

s h o u l d be in formed a c c o r d i n g l y to avoid i t i n f u t u r e .

S i m i l a r l y d e s p a t c h of M u l l a Sha uq i , an o f f i c i a l of E h a i j i

( i^r ince Dara ohikoh) by him to t h e r u l e r of B i j a p u r fo r

communica t ing some good news and a c c e p t a n c e of h i s r e p r e

s e n t a t i o n s has f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d h i s s p i r i t of d e f i a n c e .

Al though Aurangzeb does n o t c o u n t h i m s e l f among t h e c l o s e

d i s c i p l e s (of t h e Errperor) y e t he has en joyed a r e s p e c t

a b l e c a r e e r due to His M a j e s t y and has s p e n t a c o n s i d e r a

b l e p e r i o d i n t he Deccan ( d u r i n g h i s f i r s t V i c e r o y a l t y )

and i s s t i l l i t s V i c e r o y f o r t h e second t ime by His Majes

t y ' s g r a c i o u s n e s s . Obse rves t h a t such i n c i d e n t s cause him

hu-T i i l i a t ion , f o r which he f a i l s to comprehend the r e a l

r e a s o n . I f t l ie Emperor wants t h a t he s h o u l d , u n l i k e o t J ie r

s e r v a n t s , spend h i s l i f e i n d i s g r a c e , t h e r e i s no e scape

t h e r e . B e t t e r t h a t His M a j e s t y r e l i e v e s him of such a

p o s i t i o n . He (Aurangzeb) had r e a l i z e d t h i s f a c t a decade

e a r l i e r and t e n d e r e d h i s r e s i g n a t i o n , b u t t h e n s u b m i t t e d

to c o n t i n u e j u s t to p l e a s e His M a j e s t y . His s o l i c i t a t i o n

s h o u l d b e t t e r have been a c c e p t e d a t t h a t t i m e Let her

( Jahan Ara) infoni i His M a j e s t y and w h a t e v e r His Majes ty

d e c i d e s f o r him he v / i l l f o l l o w .

1 . -iulaim'an _ohikoh ( 20, 0 0 0 / 1 5 , 000 ( 5000x2-3h) was t he e l d e r son of Dara Shikoh , S a l i h , I I I , 279.

. . . 7 5

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1

P r o t e s t s a t t h e summoning of Mal ik Husain t o t h e r o y a l

Cour t a f t e r be ing g r a n t e d a mansab a long w i t h a n o t h e r s e t

of o f f i c i a j s d e s p i t e h i s h a v i n g been a s e r v a n t of Aurangzeb,

though a Khanazad of His M a j e s t y and t r a i n e d by Aurangzeb

for His M a j e s t y ' s s e r v i c e . I f t h e t"abin"an of Aurangzeb a r e

o f f e r e d Im_jerial s e r v i c e s w i t h h i g h e r r anks then none

( r e t a i n e r s ) would remain w i t h him, and t h e c o n t i n g e n t which

Aurangzeb has g a t h e r e d i n t w e n t y y e a r s would be s c a t t e r e d .

How c o u l d he then d i s c h a r g e h i s o b l i g a t i o n s . Af t e r f u r t h e r

p r o t e s t a t i o n s of h i s l o y a l t y and u n j u s t n e s s of t h e s e a c t i o n s

Aurangzeb r e q u e s t s J a h a n Ara t o r e p o r t h i s p r o t e s t p r i v a t e l y

t o S ha h j ahan , and in fo rm of h i s r e s p o n s e so t h a t he may then

seek f o r g i v e n e s s of h i s f a u l t s .

3 . L e t t e r to u u t b u l Mulk ' s i i s t e r .

3 .1 Seeks h e r Help f o r R e m i t t a n c e of Peshkash (1657, p p . 2 5 7 - 8 ) :

' A l i ' A d i l Khan had p r o m i s e d t h a t of t h e e n t i r e I m p e r i a l

p e s h k a s h he would d e s p a t c h one c r o r e r u p e e s i n c a s h , d i a

monds and e l e p h a n t s and send t h e r e m a i n i n g 50 l akh r u p e e s

w i t h i n two y e a r s . The I m p e r i a l o r d e r s were i s s u e d f o r t he

_ - 2 a p p o i n t m e n t of Qazi Nizama a t r u s t e d I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l .

Malik Husain b /o MuzaffaT Husa in (Turan i ) ( 9 0 0 / 4 0 0 ) , . i a l i h , • i l l , 4 7 0 .

'Ja2i_ Nizama K a r h a r d o i ( I n d i a n Muslim) was t h e Bakhshi and Waqia' Nawis of t he Deccan and Amin-i Daqh in 1656, Wa"ris 24-9 (b) as c i t e d i n Appa ra tu s 3 . , 6 6 3 1 .

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r io ld ing t h e rank of Bakhshi and Waqia' Nawls of t h e sub as

of t h e Deccan, who has t h e c o n f i d e n c e of t h a t d i g n i t a r y f o r

c o l l e c t i n g t h e cmount i n q u e s t i o n bo th in cash and k i n d .

Advises h e r to make u t m o s t e n d e a v o u r s i n d e l i v e r i n g t h e

aiTount in t h e form of c a s h , e x c e l l e n t and p r e c i o u s diamonds

and l i i g h - b r e e d e l e p h a n t s wor thy of His M a j e s t y . S ince the

e l e p h a n t s have n o t been s e n t from B i j a p u r t o t h e I m p e r i a l

Cour t t h e s e s h o u l d be s e n t t h rough him (Qazi Nizama) who

s h o u l d a l s o be p e r m i t t e d to l e a v e fo r t h e Cour t i m m e d i a t e l y .

4 . L e t t e r s to Qutbu l Mulk

4 . 1 Peshkash from Qutbul Mulk, e t c . (1653, p p . 2 6 3 - 4 ) :

The limperor has e n t r u s t e d t h e a f f a i r s of t h e Deccan t o t he

w r i t e r (Aurangzeb) v/ho has r e a c h e d Burhanpur , Acknowledges

t h e r e c e i p t of h i s ' a r z d a s h t r e g a r d i n g t h e payment of p e s h -

kash t h r o u g h Mul la R u h u l l a h . In forms him of t h e a p p o i n t

ment of Mir 'Abdul L a t i f as h a j i b ( a t Golconda) and t h e d e s -

p a t c h of some c o s t l y c l o t h e s t o t h e a d d r e s s e e .

4 . 2 Peshkash from Qutbul Mulk (1653, p p . 2 6 7 - 6 9 ) :

I n fo rms him t l i a t Mi r 'Abdul L a t i f has r e p o r t e d t h a t so f a r

Outbu l Mulk has n o t p a i d t h e a r r e a r s of t h e t r i b u t e due t o

Mulla Ruhullah not identified.

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the Khalisa oharlfa for which s t r i c t Imperial injunctions

had been issued to the T'lir; he has delayed payment. I t is

strange tha t despite his expressions of loyal ty Qutbul

Mulk should have allowed matters to talce such a course.

Qutbul Mulk is aivised, nov; tha t Aurangzeb himself is in

the Deccan to make especial ef for t tha t the arrears of

pGshkash should reach the Imperial Court through Muhammad

Ibrariim, Aurangzeb's o f f i c i a l who has been deputed there

for the rea l iza t ion of the amount and the annual peshkash

should also be paid without any delay. Now Imperial

orders have come that hencefon'/ard of 8 lakh rupees which

jutbul Kulk pays per annum should be in male and female 2

elephants to the value of one-half. If the cash payment

v;as not possible in one t ransact ion, he should remit i t in

regular instalments within each year; and if he finds even

th i s d i f f i c u l t he should separate some p arq an as, yielding

the amount, from his t e r r i t o r y adjacent to the f ront iers

of thie Imperial dominions, attach i t to the Khalisa Sharif a

so that tlie Imperial ' amils could rea l i se i t year to year.

Uo further delay in the matter is to be permitted.

Muhammad Ibrahim Asad Khan s/o Asalat ICiah (Irani) ( 1000/600) was the darogha-i PeahTcaah in 1653, Waris 160(b) as c i ted in apparatus 3 . , 5966.

This order of Shahjahan had far reaching financial implications because Aurangzeb was deprived from a considerable source of income required for administering Deccan.

. . . 7 8

r/s;

Peshhaj l i from Qutbul Mulk and Supp ly of C h h a l n t (1653, ^. 27 5 ) :

Inforrr.s him t h a t nov;-a-days Muhammad N a s i r , an i m p o r t a n t

o f f i c i a l of Aurangzeb and one of t h e I m p e r i a l o f f i c e r s has 2

been d e s p a t c h e d to remain a t t h e P o r t of M a c h h l i p a t t a n

fo r p u r c h a s i n g e l e p h a n t s and p r o c u r i n g p i e c e s of p a i n t e d

c h i n t z . Of tlie e n t i r e I m p e r i a l p e s h k a s h one l akh rupees

have been a s s i g n e d to him f o r a c q u i r i n g t h e i t e m s r e q u i s i

t i o n e d by His M a j e s t y . O r d e r s him t o r e l e a s e t h e amount

i m m e d i a t e l y to him a f t e r h i s a r r i v a l a t Hyderabad as i t

would be d e b i t e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e r e c e i p t of t h e s a i d o f f i

c i a l . D i r e c t s him to i n s t r u c t t h e m u t a s a d d i s of t he s a i d

P o r t to h e l p him in t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e manner and t r e a t him

c o u r t e o u s l y . The p o s s e s s o r s of t h e e l e p h a n t s and t h e manu

f a c t u r e r s of c h i n t z , who c o u l d s u p p l y t h e i t e m s wanted,

s h o u l d c o n t a c t him and n o t show any n e g l i g e n c e i n t he mat

t e r . In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h A u r a n g z e b ' s d i r e c t i o n , Qutbul Mulk

s h o u l d l e t him l e a v e (Hyderabad) so t h a t he c o u l d p r o c e e d

t o h i s d e s t i n a t i o n (Masul ipa tam) i n o r d e r to f u l f i l t h e

a s s i g n e d d u t i e s . In r e t u r n Qutbul Mulk c o u l d win Aurang

z e b ' s f a v o u r .

1. P o r t M a c h h l i p a t a n or Machhl i Bandar , (mod. Masul ipa tam) in s a r k a r M a c h h l i p a t a n sub a Hyderabad, A t l a s , ISA, E.

2 . Muhammad N a s i r s /o B a q i r Khan ( I r a n i ) h e l d t h e rank of 500/100 i n 1656, War i s , 271(a) as c i t e d i n Appara tus 3 . , 7150 .

. . . 7 9

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4 . 4 D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e i:;xchange Ra te of hun- of Uutbul H u l k ' s Feshkash (1654, p p . 2 7 6 - 8 ) :

I t was r e p o r t e d to His Ma je s ty t h a t p r e v i o u s l y t h e r a t e of

hun i n Golconda v;as Rs 4h v ;hi le i t i s Rs5/- n o w - a - d a y s . Impe

r i a l o r d e r s were i s s u e d t o Mursh id Qul i K h ^ d i r e c t i n g him

t h a t i n p l a c e of two l a k h huns of t h e annua l s t i p u l a t e d

p e s h k a s h from Qutbul Mulk he s h o u l d r e a l i s e n i n e lakh

r u p e e s f o r t h e y e a r d u r i n g which t h e r a t e of Rs4ii and t en

l akh rupees be c o l l e c t e d now as t h e c u r r e n t r a t e i s Rs. 5 / -

and t h e r e a l i z a t i o n be made a c c o r d i n g l y .

A c c o r d i n g l y , Aaarangzeb a l s o i s s u e s o r d e r s t h a t when t h e

huns were f i x e d upon Qutbu l Mulk, His Ma jes ty had r e m i t t e d

two l akh huns o u t of f o u r l akh huns which Qutbu l Mulk used

t o r e m i t t h e Nizamshah i s (be-Nizam) e v e r y y e a r and t h e

b a l a n c e v;as imposed upon h im. D i r e c t s him t h a t o u t of

s i n c e r e l o y a l t y he s h o u l d r e m i t t h e a r r e a r s of cimount of

rupees a c c o r d i n g to t h e r a t e of hun, t o t h e I m p e r i a l t r e a

s u r y so t h a t h i s s i n c e r i t y c o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d beyond

d o u b t . Warns him t h a t he has been i n d i f f e r e n t , and y e t

Kis Ma je s ty has i g n o r e d t h i s l a p s e . But he s hou ld i n s t r u c t

h i s mutas add i s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e of p r e v i o u s y e a r s as

would be knov/n to him from t h e communicat ion of Murshid

Qu l i Khan, be d e p o s i t e d i n r u p e e s i n t h e I m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y .

I f , however , cash payment p r o v e s d i f f i c u l t , he s h o u l d r e m i t

t h e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e form of e l e p h a n t s a c c o r d i n g t o changing

p r i c e s ; from t h e c u r r e n t y e a r t h e huns of p e s h k a s h be r e -

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m i t t e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e hun r a t e c u r r e n t i n Golconda . In

a c c o r d a n c e v/ith t h e s e t t l e m e n t p r e v i o u s l y made he shou ld r e

m i t h a l f of i t i n r u p e e s and i n l i e u of t h e r e m a i n i n g h a l f

he was t o send t h e e l e p h a n t s .

In forms him t h a t M:: r ( A s k a r i , a t r u s t e d I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l 2

i s b e i n g s e n t t o the P r i n c e ( 3 h u j a ' ) in EJengal. He has

been asked t o t a k e t i l l s n i s h a n . Qutbul Mulk s h o u l d imme

d i a t e l y a l low him to p r o c e e d and i n s t r u c t h i s f a u j d a r and

the qumashtas on the way to make him hcppy wi th t h e i r consl«

d e r a t e b e h a v i o u r and g i v e him a l l h e l p .

4 , 5 Peshkash from Qutbul Kulk (16 55, p p . 30 5 - 7 ) :

The P r i n c e sai'S t h a t i n r e g a r d to t h e payment of a r r e a r s of

p e s h k a s h , i n which r e g a r d u n f u l f i l l e d p r o m i s e s have e x c e e d

ed a l l l i m i t s , i f t h e m a t t e r was in P r i n c e ' s own hands and

l a x i t y i n i t '^rauld n o t have b r o u g h t I m p e r i a l c e n s u r e on

him, he would n o t p r e s s t h e demand so h a r d on Qutbul Mulk

and would have allov/ed him f u r t h e r t i m e .

1, M i r ' A s k a r i s / o J a ' f a r 3eg Asaf Khan ( I r a n i ) (500/60) was t h e Bakhshi and Waqia ' Hawls of Bengal i n 16 54, Wari3^ 20 2(a) as c i t e d i n .Apparatus 3 . , 6157 ,

2 . i^r ince 3 h u j a ' (20 ,000 / 15,000 (2 x 3 h) ) was t h e o u b e d a r of Bengal from 1647 t o 1657, Waris 25(b) as c ' i t e d i n Ppp a r a t u s 3 . , 4 332, S a l i h I I I , 447.

(81)

Hov/ever, I m p e r i a l o r d e r s have been r e p e a t e d l y i s s u e d t h a t

t h e s a i d anount s h o u l d be d e p o s i t e d i m m e d i a t e l y i n t he

I m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y . I f Outbu l Mulk shows any i n c l i n a t i o n

tov/ardo d e l a y o r e v a s i o n , t h e whole s hou ld i m m e d i a t e l y be

r e a l i s e d by f o r c e . A c c o r d i n g l y Mir Ahmad has been app

o i n t e d to r e a l i s e t h e a r r e a r s of p e s h k a s h , so t h a t once

aga in Uutbu l H u l k ' s b r e a c h of p r o m i s e be n o t r e p o r t e d to

t h e C o u r t , b r i n g i n g on h i s head t h e I m p e r i a l w r a t h .

I f d e s p i t e h i s a b i l i t y t o pay he does n o t deem i t s u i t a b l e

t o make payment and the c a p a c i t y ( p u k h t g i ] % of h i s rnuta-

Sdddls i s n o t up to p a y i n g t h e amount and o b t a i n i n g r e c e i p t

t h e r e o f , then he s h o u l d a s s i g n t i l l t he r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e

a r r e a r s a p o r t i o n of h i s kingdom t o t h e I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l s

t o o b t a i n t h e a r r e a r s o u t of r e v e n u e s of t h i s t e r r i t o r y .

O t h e r w i s e o u t of 25 l akh rupees t h a t a r e due t o be p a i d by

him a c c o r d i n g to h i s own a c c o u n t , l e s s t he amount s e n t

t h rough l-'uhammad Ahmad Beg, 20 l akh rupees s h o u l d be d e l i

v e r e d v^ . a t eve r happens to Mir (Ahmad) w i t h i n one o r two

months euid send him to A u r a n g z e b ' s h e a d q u a r t e r s . The r e

ma in ing f i v e lakh rupees s h o u l d be p a i d a long wi th n e x t

y e a r ' s peshkcish. He s h o u l d n o t c r e a t e unnecessa ry ' d i f f i -

Mir Ahmad K]iwafi ( I r a n i ) (700/250) was t h e Q i l ^ d a r of Z a f a r Nagar i n 1656-7, / Ja r i s 2 4 8 ( a ) , 268(a) as c i t e d i n Appara tus 5 . , 6609, o . , 70 25 .

. . . 8 2

( 82 )

c u l t i e s in t f i i s m a t t e r n e c e s s i t a t i n g t he d e s p a t c h of the

I m p e r i a l arrnies v ; h e r e a f t e r t h e r e w i l l be no room f o r r e l i e f

o r p a r d o n .

4 .6 Peshkash Prom Qutbul Mulk (1656, p . 308) :

Acknowledges r e c e i p t of h i s l e t t e r . In fo rms him t h a t as t he

s t i p u l a t e d p e r i o d f o r t h e payment of t h e a r r e a r s of pe s hka s h

to His Ma je s ty v/hich had been r e p o r t e d to His Ma jes ty has

p a s s e d , end t h e r e i s no room f o r d e l a y . The recommendation

f o r e x t e n s i o n in t he p e r i o d of payment of 20 l akh rupees

p r e v i o u s l y was j u s t an a c t of f a v o u r . No f u r t h e r a t t e m p t

f o r s e c u r i n g e x t e n s i o n s h o u l d be made. D i r e c t s him to r e

m i t tlie s t i p u l a t e d p e s h k a s h w i t h i n t//o months from the r e -

cei.Pc of t J i i s l e t t e r t o Mir Ahmad Khwaf i .

4 . 7 ManshurJ- i s s u e d (by Aurangzeb) Fo l lov / ing t h e Conques t of Hyderabad (1656, p p . 2 8 1 - 3 ) :

Notes t l i i i t i n a c c o r d a n c e wi th t h e d e c r e e s of t h e I m p e r i a l

farm an, he (Uutbul Hulk) h a v i n g r e p e n t e d of h i s misdeeds

s o l i c i t e d f o r g i v e n e s s by s e n d i n g h i s m o t h e r , renewed a g r e e

ments and sworn by t h e Holy Quran i n t h e p r e s e n c e of Muham

mad T a h i r and Sha ikh Nizama, t h e r o y a l o f f i c i a l s and a f t e r

v e r i f y i n g t h e ag reement s u n d e r h i s s e a l and s i g n a t u r e s d e l i

v e r e d them to t h e w a k i l s of t h e P r i n c e .

1, For d e t a i l s s e e , S a l i h , I I I , 227-9 , Waris (Al igarh t r a n s c r i p t ) , 343 ,

• • cSS

(83 )

Accordingly h i s shortcomings have been pardoned and h is

kingdoKi has been l e f t i n t a c t . I f he remains firm in h i s

l o y a l t y he would rece ive Imper ia l help and i f any one opp-

rnsHss hj.m the royal armies would punish the g u i l t y and

make good his l o s s . The p r e s e n t s and va luab l e s sen t by him

to ttie Court v/ould be adjus ted aga ins t the peshkash annual ly

due from him.

Assures him t h a t the ' ahdnama, bear ing the royal s i g n a t u r e s

and palm imipression at h i s r eques t , i s u n a l t e r a b l e ; and he

should act according to i t .

Qutbul Mulk (1656, p . 284)*

Peshkash from^_iUtbul Mulk's mother has r ep re sen t ed to Aurang-

zeb seeking abatement in the peshkash. Thereupon out of

f ive lakh huns which she promised to pay wi th in th ree yea rs ,

one lakh huns have been remi t ted at h e r r eques t and anotiior

one lalch have been remi t t ed in response to the e n t r e a t y of

b is br ide ( daugh te r - in - l aw) . Assures him t h a t i f the p o s i

t ion of the peshkash v/as not r e f e r r e d to His Majesty, t h i s

v;ould cau.~.c no harm in these days of t h e i r r e a l i s i n g peace

and contentment . Impresses upon him the s i g n i f i c a n c e of

keeping to the agreement and i f not ac t ing in any way wi th

out the suppor t and guidance of Aurangzeb himself . (Qutb SHah

married her daughter to Prince Muhaimad Sultan for es tabl i sh-

Ing matrimonial a l l i ance in order to pro tec t h i s kingdom

which was approved by Shahjahan as wel l due to h i s d i s l i k i n g

for ' Prince Sul tan's marriage with the daughter of Prince

Shu j ajl

. . . 8 4

(84 )

4 . 9 r-ayment of Qutbu l M u l k ' s P e s h k a s h (1656, p p . 2 8 8 - 9 ) :

I n f o n n s him of t he p e r u s a l of h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n r e g a r d i n g

the aba tement of t he newly l e v i e d annual p e s h k a s h . Though

the c u r r e n t r evenues ( h a l - i h a s i l ) of t he t e r r i t o r y of Ram-

garh (Ramgir) does n o t exceed one l akh huns h i s r e q u e s t

has been acceded t o . I t i s , hov;ever, s t r a n g e t h a t b e f o r e a

r e s p o n s e to h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n c o u l d be s e n t to him, Qu tbu l

Mulk has s e n t a s i m i l a r p l e a to t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t as w e l l .

2

F o l l o w i n g h i s p e t i t i o n he has w r i t t e n to A l l ah T a r d i Beg,

h o l d i n g c h a r g e of (Raingir) on .-^jurangzeb's b e h a l f t h a t t he

p e a s a n t r y ( r l ' aya) and r evenue f a rmers ( i 1 a r a d a r a n ) of (Qut

bul M u l k ' s ) t e r r i t o r y a d j o i n i n g Ramgi r s h o u l d n o t be e n t i c e d

o v e r to Romgir, and t h a t he s h o u l d d e s i s t from e s t a b l i s h i n g

a new p e t h (mart) which may r u i n t he o l d e r p e t h , and avoid

t a k i n g any a c t i o n which .should d i s t u r b t h e a f f a i r s of t h e

fadjoining p a r g a n a s , c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t e r r i t o r y too a t p a r

v.'ith t h a t a t t a c h e d to A u r a n g z e b ' s and n o t p e r m i t any d e v i a

t i o n from tlie o l d norms . The r e p l y t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n

t h e m a t t e r of f o u r lakh huns and v i l l a g e M a r c h a l a would be

found in th.-:! c o n t e n t s of t h e o r d e r s which w i l l be i s s u e d t o

oabad a e c .

Ramgir v;as ceded i n 1656 by t h e Qutb_3hah, to be made i n t o a s a r k a r of t h e suba of Be rS r , S h a f i q , 153, T h ' ^ u r LaU, f .89

;.. rtilah T a r d i ueg n o t i< - l en t i f i ed .

§'4. Jabad Bee Uzbeg*vTurani (2500/1500) was r a i s e d to (4000/4000) i n 1657, S a l i h I I I , 456 .

. . . 8 5

(85 )

4 . 1 0 R e a l i z a t i o n of one Crore Rupees of Peshkash from Qutbul Mulk (16 56, p . 331) :

S t a t e s t h a t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n has been r e c e i v e d a t t h e

I m p e r i a l C o u r t . Th i s r e l a t e s to t h e a c c o u n t s t h a t I m p e r i a l

o f f i c i a l s have s e n t to Kiurshid Qu l i Khân, t h e Div;an of t h e

•iuba of t h e Deccan, a copy whereof has a l s o been s e n t t o

Qutbu l Mulk th rough A u r a n g z e b ' s o f f i c i a l Qabad Beg, a r o y a l

o f f i c i a l and a p e t i t i o n fo r s u s p e n d i n g t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of

f i f t e e n lakh r u p e e s a l r e a d y r e m i t t e d by His M a j e s t y .

•Since t h e I m p e r i a l i n j u n c t i o n s have been i s s u e d fo r r e a l i s

i n g one c r o r e rupees t h e r e i s no o t h e r m o t i v e beh ind the

a p p o i n t m e n t of iMir Ahmad b u t t h i s . The amount i n q u e s t i o n

i s t he b a l a n c e of t w e n t y f i v e l a k h rupees which was to be

p a i d w i t h i n t h r e e y e a r s and w i t h o u t I m p e r i a l o r d e r s t h i s can

n o t be e x c l u d e d from t h e demand of one c r o r e of r u p e e s .

4 . 1 1 jiQ11 b a t ' J o l c o n d a ( 1 6 5 6 , p . 2 9 0 ) : «

In fo rms himi t h a t whereas Qabad Beg d i d n o t p e r f o r m t h e

d u t i e s of h i j a b a t p r o p e r l y and f a i l e d t o c a r r y o u t t h e

o r d e r s i s s u e d to him p u n c t i l e o u s l y , owing to which t h e imp

l e m e n t a t i o n of many o r d e r s was d e l a y e d , so t h a t many m a t t e r s

d i d n o t p r o c e e d as s m o o t h l y as t h e y o u g h t , a c c o r d i n g l y he

has been d i s m i s s e d and r e c a l l e d and he has a p p o i n t e d Ahmad

Beg Najm J a n i , an o l d o f f i c i a l of h i s so t h a t he vvould

;vnmad Deg Najm 3an i s / 1 B a q i r Khan Najm 3an i ( I r a n i ) ( 8 0 0 / 350) was promote-^ to 800/400 in 1657, Sal i 'h I I I , 4 7 3 .

, , .86

(86)

a c t e ^ c o r d i n g t o what i s o r d e r e d and keep Qutbu l Mulk p l e a s

ed wi th h i s c o n d u c t and r e p o r t t o Aurangzeb a l l c i r c u m s t a n c

es r 2 l a t i n g t o Qutbul Mulk and t o f i n a n c i a l m a t t e r s . Sends

a weapon as g i f t t o Qutbu l Mulk t h r o u g h t h e new a p p o i n t e e .

4 . 1 2 Atjpointrr.ent of a new I m p e r i a l Ha j i b a t Golconda (1656, p p . 3 1 7 - 8 ) :

S i n c e t h e former ha l i b s u s e d to e x e r t u n p l e a s a n t p r e s s u r e

fo r r e a l i z i n g the I m p e r i a l f i n a n c i a l demands, such was c o n t

r a r y to t h e r o y a l w i s h . A c c o r d i n g l y 'Abdul M'abud Khan

who d u r i n g h i s p r e v i o u s term as h i l i b was on good terms wi th

him (Qutbul Mulk) has been a p p o i n t e d to t h e p o s t . The man

n e r i n which a c r o r e of r u p e e s have been r e m i t t e d o u t of t h e

p e s h k a s h w i l l be e x p l a i n e d by t h e new h a j i b . The r e m a i n d e r

v/ifch tl'ie a r r e a r s of t he r e g u l a r p e s h k a s h s h o u l d be p a i d ,

a c c o r d i n g to t h e o l d r u l e s , t o t h e I m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y a t

D a u l a t a b a d , and a l l e f f o r t s s h o u l d be made to meet a l l r e

q u i r e m e n t s of t h e I m p e r i a l Government .

4 . 1 3 Peshkash from Qutbul Mulk (1656, p . 334) :

Aurangzeb has made t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t had t h e m a t t e r of

t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of p e s h k a s h hêen i n Aurangzeb ' a own h a n d s ,

he vADuld n o t have d e l a y e d r e m i s s i o n s i n i t upon h i s (Qutbu l

: ' i r . . . ^ u l ••'•-iljud g r / s of Mir Kamaluddin . He a l s o s e r v e d as Bakhshl and 'Waai a - N i q a r . He h e l d t h e rank of 1000 z a t , J . I J . S a r k a r , L i f e _ o f ^4ir Jumla , 154; " Z a k h i r a . I l l , 7 9 ; Y.H. Khan, S e l e c t e d VJaqai' of t h e Deccan, 6 8 .

. . . 8 7

( 87 )

M u l k ' s ) p l e a s . Thus Aurangzeb had r e m i t t e d o u t of 25 l akh

r u p e e s to Qutbu l M u l k ' s m o t h e r and s i m i l a r l y r e m i t t e d f o u r

and two lakh rupees wor th of h o u s e h o l d goods , wor th t e n

l akh r u p e e s , though t h i s was n o t p r o p e r l y w i t h i n t h e scope

of h i s a u t h o r i t y . His Ma je s ty has r e m i t t e d 15 l akh r u p e e s

to him, l e a v i n g a b a l a n c e of 25 l akh r u p e e s , which i s t o

be p a i d w i t h i n a p e r i o d of t h r e e y e a r s . His M a j e s t y has

n o t r e m i t t e d 3 lakh rupees on a c c o u n t of t h e v a l u e of

o f f e r i n g s s e n t t h r o u g h Mul la ' Abdus Samad and accoun ted

i t as i n l i e u of dowry ( f o r Qutbu l M u l k ' s d a u g h t e r ) . Th is

has been r e c o r d e d i n t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r (manshur) ; what

can be done i n t h e m a t t e r ? The o n l y way i t can be remedied

i s i f j u t b u l Mulk w r i t e s v/hat he has w r i t t e n to Aurangzeb

i n a p e t i t i o n s u b m i t t e d i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e farm an a l s o

w r i t e s to Jalian Ara Begum and t h e e l d e r P r i n c e (Dara 2

Shikoh) so t h a t h i s p e t i t i o n c o u l d be s u b m i t t e d ( th rough)

them to His M a j e s t y .

5. L e t t e r to ' A l i ' A d i l Kljan.

1. Mulla 'Abdul Samad, D a b i r u ' l Mulk, envoy o f Qut b Shah at t h e Mugljal Court/ H.K. Sherwanl^ H i s t o r y of the Qutbshahi Dynasty , 4 5 3 .

2. P r i n c e Muhammad Dara 3h ikoh (60, 0 0 0 / 4 0 , 000) (3-2h) v/as thie Subedar of Lahore and Mul tan t i l l 1658, 3 a l i h I I I , 270, 446 .

'A] I "T-di] ohah I I was t h e r u l e r of B i j a p u r ( 1 6 5 7 - 7 2 ) .

. . . 8 8

\ o o /

5 . 1 Terms of t h e T r e a t y wi th Bi j %)ur (1657, p p . 7 6 5 - 6 ) :

I t has been d e c i d e d by Aurangzeb t h a t t h e f o r t of P a r e n d a 2

a long wi th t h e t e r r i t o r y of Ka rna t ak which had been p r e

v i o u s l y g r a n t e d t o ' A d i l Khan, e x c l u d i n g t h e f o r t s and

m a h a l s , which wi th Mi r J u m l a ' s t r a n s f e r of a l l e g i a n c e came

i n t o A u r a n g z e b ' 3 K h a l i s a , s h o u l d be l e f t t o i n c o n t r o l of

' A l i ' A d i l Khan ' s qumash ta s , and of t h e t o t a l one c r o r e

r u p e e s , s e v e n t y la]<h3 cash and k i n d i s a c c e p t e d w h i l e t h e

r e m a i n i n g t h i r t y a re r e m i t t e d to him ( ' A l l ' A d i l Khan) . . .

He s h o u l d now a d m i n i s t e r t h a t t e r r i t o r y and improve t h e

a f f a i r s of t h e a r e a and f o r c i b l y push o u t t h e a c c u r s e d 3 4

S h i v a who has c a p t u r e d some of the f o r t s of Konkan. I f ,

however , he wants to t a k e t h a t a c c u r s e d p e r s o n i n h i s s e r

v i c e , he s h o u l d a s s i g n h i s j a g l r i n K a r n a t a k so t h a t he

s h o u l d remain away from t h e I m p e r i a l dominions and n o t

r a i s e any d i s t u r b a n c e t h e r e . He s h o u l d a l s o send t h e r e -

târqana and 3 a r k a r P a r e n d a Sub a Aurangabad . P a r e n d a had o r i g i n a l l y be longed t o t h e Nizamsh"§hi Kingdom, b u t was s e i z e d by t h e ' A d i l Shah, who was a l l o w e d t o keep i t t o g e t h e r wi th the p a r g a n a s a t t a c h e d to i t , by te rms of t h e 1636 s e t t l e m e n t ~ T L a h o r i , I , 11, 33, 1 6 9 ) . Although t h e 'Adil Shah was c o m p e l l e d t o cede P a r e n d a t o t h e Mughals i n 1657 ( S a l i h , I I I , 26 2) , y e t i t was a c t u a l l y o c c u p i e d by t h e Mughals i n 1660, 'Alamqlmama, 5 9 6 - 8 .

Ka rna t ak of B i j a p u r was known as S a r k a r S i r a . For d e t a i l s see A t l a s , 6 4 .

i h i v a o r S h i v a j i was t he wel l -known Mara tha l e a d e r . See J . N . S a r k a r , S h i v a j i and His Times, C a l c u t t a 19 5 2; House of 3 h i v a 1 i , C a l c u t t a , 1955.

The S a r k a r of Talkokan forming t h e s o - c a l l e d T a l k o k a n - i Wizamul Mulki was l e f t i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n of t h e ' A d i l ihSh of Bi j ' apur by t h e t r e a t y of 1635, L a h o r i , I I I , 169*

(89)

duced amount of p e s h k a s h i n c a s h and k i n d . He s h o u l d p r o

t e c t t h e t e r r i t o r y of K a m a t a k b e l o n g i n g t o Aurangzeb from

d e p r a d a t i o n s by the zamindars of t h a t r e g i o n . T e l l s him

- _ 1 2

t h a t i f t h e p l e a s of oahu Bhons la and t h e sons of Bahlo l

and o t h e r s e r v a n t s and o f f i c i a l s of ' A d i l lOisLn f o r e n t e r i n g

A u r a n g z e b ' 3 s e r v i c e a r e n o t a c c e p t e d (on such c o n d i t i o n s as

p u t fo rward by them) , ' A d i l Khan s h o u l d a l s o n o t g r a n t them t h e f a v o u r of a i d and a s s i s t a n c e .

6 . L e t t e r s t o 3 a ' d U l l a h Khan.

6 . 1 Recommendations fo r t h e J a q l r of N a r s i n g Das, Q l l a ' d a r of A s i r (1653, p . 459) :

In forms him t h a t Na r s i ngh Das , c a s t e l l a n ( q i l a ' d a r ) of A s i r

i s an e f f i c i e n t I m p e r i a l s e r v a n t who m a i n t a i n s t h e r e q \ i i r e d

c o n t i n g e n t w h i l e f u l f i l l i n g I m p e r i a l d u t i e s ( k h i d m a t - i bad -

s h a h i ) . S i n c e t h e 1aqi r s he had been h o l d i n g in h i s home

t e r r i t o r y (watan) have been t r a n s f e r r e d and t h e s t a t e of i n

come from the j a q i r s of t h e Deccan i s n o t unknown, h i s

(Na r s ingh D a s ' ) wak l l a t t h e C o u r t i s making endeavou r s 3

t h a t p a r g a n a of Rawat which i s h i s h e r e d i t a r y watan be

1. Jahii Bhons la o r S h a h u j i Bhons la was t h e f a t h e r of S h i v a j i .

2 . Bah lo l was an o f f i c i a l of t h e ' A d i l Shah ,

3 . P a r g a n a Rav;at o r Rohat , S a r k a r J o d h p u r , 3uba Ajmer, c f . A t l a s , 6A.

. . . 9 0

(90)

a s s i g n e d to him in e n t i r e t y i n l i e u of t h e mahal t r a n s f e r r e d

from H i n d u s t a n and t h e mahal a s s i g n e d i n t h e Deccan i n h i s

1 a q i r i n o r d e r to r e l i e v e him from d i s t r e s s . I s s u r e t h a t

t h e a d d r e s s e e s h a l l h e l p in t h e m a t t e r , t o t h e e x t e n t p o s s i

b l e .

6 . 2 Recommendations f o r Mughal Kh^n (1653, p , 46 2 ) :

In forms him t h a t now i t has been l e a r n t from t h e ' a r z d a s h t of

Mughal Wân t h a t h i s j a q i r was t r a n s f e r r e d due t o h i s f a i -

l u r e i n j o i n i n g t h e Qandahar e j ^ e d i t i o n . He i s i n g r e a t l y

d i s t r e s s e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s . Keep ing i n v iew h i s s i n c e r i t y and

l o y a l t y , Aurangzeb has asked h i s w a k i l a t t h e C o u r t t h a t ,

s h o u l d he (Mughal Khan) be w i l l i n g t h e I m p e r i a l Cour t be

app roached t o have him p o s t e d i n t h e Deccan, so t h a t he may

be r e l i e v e d of t h e shame (of h i s p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n ) . Recom

mends t h a t S a ' d u l l a h Khan may g i v e Mughal Khan t h e n e c e s s a r y

h e l p i n t h e m a t t e r .

6 . 3 Supply of Th read t o t h e I m p e r i a l Karkhana (1653 , p p . 4 6 3 - 6 4 ) :

Acknowledges S a ' d u l l a h K h a n ' s l e t t e r s e n t i n compl i ance w i th

t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s s t a t i n g t h a t Mir N a s i r , d a r o q h a of Kar -

1 . MuG'hal Kh^^ s / o Zain Khan h e l d t h e rank of 3000/2000 in 1653.

2 . i a r k a r Qandahar i n Sub a Kabu l . See A t l a s , 2A-B.

. . . 9 1

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khan a of Burhanpur had r e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e C o u r t t h a t Aarang-

z e b ' s o f f i c i a l s had o b s t r u c t e d t h e s u p p l y (saraniSm) of y a m ,

e t c . , t o t h e s a i d k a r k h a n a . The Emperor had o b s e r v e d t h a t

s h o u l d t h i s s t a t e m e n t be t r u e , i t was mos t i m p r o p e r , and

s h o u l d be i m m e d i a t e l y r e c t i f i e d i n such a manner t h a t t h e r e

was no r e p e t i t i o n .

The a d d r e s s e e i s aware t h a t t h e d a r o q h a ' s c o m p l a i n t c o u l d

n o t be t r u e . I f i t had been d e c i d e d a t t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t

t h a t whosoever w r i t e s o r s a y s a n y t h i n g abou t A u r a n g z e b ' s

o f f i c i a l s s h o u l d be g iven c r e d i t and an e>5) lana t ion be r e

q u i r e d of Aurangzeb, t h e n t h e r e i s no p o i n t i n A u r a n g z e b ' s

s a y i n g o r w r i t i n g a n y t h i n g . Anyhow s i n c e t h e f i r s t c l a s s of

y a m ( s u t ) i s found in t h e q a s b a of Dharangaon, so long as

t h a t q a s b a remains in A u r a n g z e b ' s 1 a q l r such c o m p l a i n t s a r e

n o t go ing to end . The d a r o q h a of t h e k a r k h o n a who has found

t h a t h i s a l l e g a t i o n s have been e n t e r t a i n e d a t t h e I m p e r i a l

C o u r t w i l l n o t d e s i s t from t h i s c o u r s e and w i l l a lways go

on r a i s i n g t h e m a t t e r of y a m t o t u r n His M a j e s t y ' s mind

a g a i n s t Aurangzeb . Asks o a ' d u l l a h Khan t o r e p r e s e n t t o His

M a j e s t y t h a t t h e s a i d q a s b a be t a k e n i n t h e K h a l i s a . i h a r i f a ,

so tTiot Aurangzeb may s u r r e n d e r i t t o t h e Pfwan of Payan

Ghat and o b t a i n •}aql r e l s e w h e r e i n l i e u of t h e same so t h a t

t h e s u p p l i e s fo r t h e k a r k h a n a c o u l d be o b t a i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o

P a r q a n a Dhara^^jaon, 3 a r k a r A s i r , Suba Khandesh, A t l a s , 9A, 14A.

. . . 9 2

(9 2)

t h e d a r o q h a ' s wishes and h i s l i e s and a l l e g a t i o n s c e a s e . I f

His Majes ty so wishes Aurangzeb i s even w i l l i n g t h a t h i s

own k a r k h a n a which has been e s t a b l i s h e d o n l y f o r p u r p o s e of

s u p p l y i n g p e r chance an a r t i c l e t h a t His M a j e s t y may app

rove w i l l be c l o s e d .

6 .4 Recommendations f o r Murshid Q u l i Whan (1653, p p . 4 6 6 - 7 ) :

Re fe r s t o t h e e x c e l l e n t s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d by Murshid Qu l i

Khan. VThen he was p o s t e d a t t h e Cour t he h e l d t h e mansab

of 1000/400 and h i s j a q i r i n H i n d u s t a n was n o t l e s s t h a n

10 -mon th ly . Now t h a t he h o l d s t h e Diwani of B a l a g h a t and

h i s rank i s 1500/500 h i s j i g i r i n t h e Deccan a f t e r d e d u c t

i n g e x p e n s e s on a c c o u n t o f s i h band i does n o t exceed 5 -

m o n t h l y . Every y e a r he t h u s r e q t i i r e s more than he can r e a

l i s e , so as to b a l a n c e income and e j ^ e n d i t u r e . And y e t

a c c o r d i n g t o new s c h e d u l e he has t o m a i n t a i n c o n t i n g e n t

l a r g e r by 70% than p r e v i o u s l y . Moreover some amount i s

s p e n t on d i s c h a r g i n g d u t i e s of such a h igh p o s t (as t h a t o f

Diwan of B a l a g h a t ) . Recommends t h a t h i s c a s e be r e p r e s e n t

ed t o His Ma je s ty by S a ' d u l l a h Khan, f o r he d e s e r v e s c o n s i

d e r a t i o n and f a v o u r .

6 .5 D i s t u r b a n c e of P r a t a p G i r a s s i y a (1653, p p . 4 7 3 - 4 ) :

Acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of h i s ' a r z d a s h t on 18 Z i i q ' ada i n

r e s p o n s e to A u r a n g z e b ' s n i s h a n . Repor t s of t h e d e p r a d a t i o n s

. . . 9 3

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of ir-ratap G i r a s s i y a of t ^ p a i i n d k h e r a have been conveyed

t o His Ma je s ty from t h e w a g a ' l of t h i s s u b a . The a d d r e s s e e

i s in fo rmed t h a t t h i s happened d u r i n g t h e te rm of a s s i g n m e n t

of Sazawar Kl-iin, t h e j a q i r d a r of S u l t a n p u r and N a n d u r b a r .

E jq j i ana t ion was asked of Sazawar Khan. He r e p o r t e d t h a t one

_ 2

n i g h t two o r t h r e e c a r t s r e a c h e d v i l l a g e Dadal S a i d a n a ,

s e v e r a l of t h e r o b b e r s came to p l u n d e r them. The watchmen

( c h a u k l d a r s ) were a l e r t e d , and g r a p p l e d w i t h them, i n j u r i n g

some of them. Two of them a l s o r e c e i v e d wounds; however ,

t h e y d i d n o t a l l ow them t o p l u n d e r a n y t h i n g . S i n c e t h e

n i g h t was d a r k , t h e r o b b e r s were a b l e t o run away i n t o t h e

j u n g l e . He (Sazawar Khan) was t r a n s f e r r e d . As a f u r t h e r 3

p r e c a u t i o n Raushan Beg Khwafi , an o f f i c i e i l of Aurangzeb,

who was t h e f a u j d a r of t h o s e p a r q a n a s was o r d e r e d t o p u n i s h

i^ratap and c a p t u r e t h e c u l p r i t s who had commi t t ed t h i s a c t .

Af te r much s e a r c h he k i l l e d Sur j an, b r o t h e r of P r a t a p ' s wi fe

and f i v e o t h e r R a j p u t s and c a p t u r e d h i s m o t h e r , w i t h h e r

s l a v e s — she b e i n g h i s main a d v i s e r . S i n c e P r a t ^ had run

av/ay i n t o d i s t a n t h i l l s and f o r e s t s h i s c h a s t i s e m e n t was d e

f e r r e d to some o t h e r t i m e .

1. Tappa o i n d k h e d a in S a r k a r A s i r Suba Be ra r , c f . A t l a s , 14A. "

2. V i l l a g e Dadal S a i d a n a i n S a r k a r A s I r , At l a s , 9A, 14A.

3 . Raushan Beg Khwafi n o t i d e n t i f i e d

. . . 9 4

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Now i t has been r e p o r t e d by iMuhammad T a h i r t h a t he ( P r a t a p )

i s r e p e n t e n t of h i s mi sdeeds and wants t o s u r r e n d e r . I f he

comes h i s l i f e w i l l be s p a r e d , o t h e r w i s e he w i l l be d e s t r o y

e d . Hopes t h a t he w i l l r e p o r t t h e m a t t e r i n d e t a i l t o His

I l a j e s t y .

6 . 6 Recommendations f o r N a s i r i Khan (1653, p p . 4 7 4 - 5 ) :

Re fe r s to t h e e f f i c i e n c y of -^âiyid N a s i r i Khan and h i s s i n c e

r i t y tov/ards 3 a ' d u l l ah Khan. Due t o h i s c o n t i n u o u s employ

ment i n campaigns i n Qandahar , h i s c i r c u m s t a n c e a r e a d v e r s e l y

a f f e c t e d , and, f u r t h e r m o r e , he h a s no c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e

Commander of t h e Army (Dara Shikoh) . He t h e r e f o r e wants a

t r a n s f e r t o t h i s suba a g a i n s t any p o s t . T h i s w i l l a l s o be

c r y s t a l c l e a r from N a s i r i Khan ' s own l e t t e r t o t h e a d d r e s

s e e . S u g g e s t s h i s p o s t i n g as commandant of a f o r t . Hopes

t h a t 3 a ' d u l l ah Wian would p u r s u e t h e m a t t e r i n f avour of

N a s i r i Khan i n such a way t h a t i t does n o t d i s p l e a s e His

Ma jes ty o r i s t r e a t e d by him as i n d i c a t i v e of i n t r i g u e .

6 . 7 A u r a n g z e b ' s J a q i r s ( l 6 5 4 , p . 4 6 l ) :

R e f e r s t o h i s ( A u r a n g z e b ' s ) r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e Cour t i n

r e s p o n s e to t h e manshur g r a n t i n g t en c r o r e dams a g a i n s t h i s

e n t i r e cash s a l a r y from the t r e a s u r y of 3uba Malwa.

1. 3 a i y i d N a s i r i }ân ( I n d i a n M.) (3000/2000, 3 a l i h , I I I , 454, Mffrnuri, 98 a.

. . .95

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6 . 8 Problems of A u r a n g z e b ' s J a q l r s ( l6 54, p . 4 7 1 ) :

Inform.s 3 a ' d u l l a h ^Bn t h a t s i n c e t h e c l e r k s of t h e I m p e r i a l

o f f i c e s have shown a l a r g e amount as m u t a l i b a (Government

c l a i m s ) o u t s t a n d i n g a g a i n s t Aurangzeb, t h e y keep s p e a k i n g of

i t a l l t h e t ime and have s u s p e n d e d t h e payment of h i s s a l a r y

c l a i m ( t a l a b ) . In o r d e r t o r e s o l v e t h i s m a t t e r Aurangzeb

has d e p u t e d Madsudan an I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l so t h a t he shou ld

c a l l on t h e a d d r e s s e e and a l o n g w i t h t h e I m p e r i a l c l e r k s ,

examine and f i x amount of I m p e r i a l c l a i m s a g a i n s t Aurangzeb

and h i s p a y - c l a i m s . I s s u r e t h a t t h e a d d r e s s e e w i l l a t t e n d

t o t h i s and i n s t r u c t t h e c l e r k s t o i m m e d i a t e l y examine and

s e t t l e t h e m a t t e r and a f t e r d e d u c t i n g t h e I m p e r i a l c l a i m s

from t h e amount of A u r a n g z e b ' s p a y - c l a i m , send t h e d r a f t of

i- ay of t h e b a l a n c e to tl'ie d iwans of t h e suba of t h e Deccan

so t h a t t h e amount cou ld be r e a l i z e d a c c o r d i n g l y , Hopes

t h a t e f f o r t w i l l be made i n t h e m a t t e r .

5 .9 Recommendations f o r I l h a m u l l a h Khan ( l 5 5 6 , p p . 4 6 9 - 7 0 ) :

In forms him t h a t s i n c e A s a d u l l a h son of Rash id iOân has

2 d i e d and h i s b r o t h e r I l h a m u l l a h h o l d i n g t h e command of

1. Madsudan Das was tho j - - r o r i of t h e q a s b a of P h u l l a n a , Wari and Kehnta in 154 4, _±^_^, 121 .

/-. He d i e d d u r i n g the j e i g e of Golconda i n 1656, N a j i b Ashraf , Kuqaddama, 299 . H i s t o r y of Aurangzeb, V o l , I , 132.

. . . 9 6

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f o r t s of Chandur , e t c . , and t h e s t o r e s and work of r e p a i r s

of t h o s e f o r t s a l s o e n t r u s t e d t o h im. He i s an e f f i c i e n t

I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l . He has been r e a s s u r i n g t h e c o n t i n g e n t

of A s a d u l l a h who had been t h e o l d r e t a i n e r s of h i s f a t h e r

and i s anx ious t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t g e t d i s p e r s e d . Accord

i n g l y , i f h i s c a s e i s p r o p e r l y p l a c e d b e f o r e His Majes ty so

t h a t he r e c e i v e s an a d d i t i o n a l (mansab) , he c o u l d keep h i s

b r o t h e r ' s c o n t i n g e n t s and save i t from b e i n g d i s b a n d e d .

J i n c e p a r q a n a Mihrabad was i n t h e a s s i g n m e n t of t h e l a t e

Rashid Khan f o r a long p e r i o d , and a f t e r h i s d e a t h remained

i n the c h a r g e of A s a d u l l a h and I l h a m u l l a h now i t i s p o s s i b l e

t h a t t he s h a r e of A s a d u l l a h i n t h a t p a rq an a may be a s s i g n e d

t o some one e l s e . But t h e p a r q a n a , which i s u n d e r c r o p -

s h a r i n g ( I ' i n s i ) , i s n o t s u i t a b l e f o r b e i n g h e l d i n p a r t n e r

s h i p . I f he c o n s i d e r s i t p r o p e r , 5 ' a d u l l a h Khan may e n d e a

v o u r to keep t h e p a r q a n a i n e n t i r e t y i n ti:ie j a q i r of I l h a

mu l l ah and t h e sons of A s a d u l l a h . Hopes t h a t t h e m a t t e r s

would be s e t t l e d f a v o u r a b l y due to a d d r e s s e e ' s e f f o r t s .

5 .10 Recommendations fo r t h e r e l e a s e of t h e Zamindar of Dh-ni ;v j ro (1^56. p p . 4 6 7 - 8 ) :

Acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of S a ' d u l l a h Khan ' s l e t t e r (hasbu l

hukm) r e g a r d i n g Inderman, Zamindar of Dhandhe ra . Acknow

l e d g e s t h e t r u t h of His M a j e s t y ' s o b s e r v a t i o n s . However

' a rq an a Mihrabad n o t i d e n t i f i e d .

. . . 9 7

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owing t o 20 y e a r l ong i n t e r n m e n t he has become e x t r e m e l y

p o o r . He has ag reed t o o f f e r Rs.50,000 as pe s hka s h t r u s t i n g

t o Brahmans and t h e mahaj a n s . I f he embraces I s l a m , he

would have t o renounce h.i 3 r e l i g i o n , and t h e n how would he

a r r a n g e t o pay t h e amount of p e s h k a s h . On t h e o t h e r hand

once he a t t e s t s , on t h e s e c u r i t y of one of t h e t r u s t e d t h a t

s i n c e h i s n a t i v e c o u n t r y h a s been l o s t by him f o r a l o n g

t i m e , and p a s s i n g i n t o t h e hands of t h e I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l s

ha3 been a s s i g n e d to them i n watan he w i l l n e v e r go back

t h e r e and, i f p o s t e d t o t h e Deccan as an o f f i c e r , he would

always be p r e s e n t h e r e . How t h e n would he r e t u r n t o h i s

c o u n t r y ? I f h i s r e l e a s e i s n o t made c o n t i n g e n t on h i s emb

r a c i n g I s l am then he w i l l e a s i l y a r r a n g e f o r t h e zamin and

t h e payment of t h e anoun t of pe s hka s h o t h e r w i s e he w i l l r e

main i n p r i s o n t h r o u g h o u t h i s l i f e . Asks him t o r e p r e s e n t

h i J c a s e a p p r o p r i a t e l y t o t h e Emperor , Whatever i s o r d e r e d

w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t .

6 . 1 1 Peshkash from Qutbul Mulk, e t c . , (1656, p p . 4 7 7 - 8 ) :

In fo rms him of t he a r r i v a l a t Hyderabad of Khwaj g i Muhammad - X - 2

3 a ' i d and Sha ikh Mahmud, w i th two farm ans one a d d r e s s e d

Khwaj g i Kuhanunad 3 a ' i d n o t i d e n t i f i e d ,

oha ikh Mahmud n o t i d e n t i f i e d .

..9i

1

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to Mir Huhaminad 3 a ' i d Mir Jumla and t h e o t h e r t o Qazi ' A r i f .

Inform him t h a t a f t e r t h e a r r i v a l of Mir Jumla , who i s on h i s

way, Aurangzeb would a c t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s and

by s p a r i n g t h e l i f e of Qutbu l Mulk and r e s t o r i n g t h e c o n q u e r

ed t e r r i t o r y of Golconda t o him a f r e s h , Aurangzeb would e x

t r a c t enormous p e s h k a s h i n t r e a s u r e , diamonds and e l e p h a n t s .

The a f f a i r s of t h e Kingdom of K a m a t a k a c o n t a i n i n g s e v e r a l

diamond mines and p o r t s which i s s t i l l c o n t r o l l e d by t h e

a g e n t s of Mir Jumla which h a s been annexed t o t h e I m p e r i a l

dominions would be s e t t l e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e , p o s s i b i l i t i e s of

t he a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n .

2

L e t t e r to Ja ' fe ir Khan

Appoin tments of two O f f i c i a l s (1655, p . 572 ) :

Acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of two l e t t e r s from him, t h e f i r s t - - - 3

abou t t h e t ankhwah- j a g i r of Mal ik Husa in , a s s i g n e d from Khar i f I c h i I I , i n the 3uba of t h e Deccan and t h e second com-

1. J a z i 'Arlf Kashmir i ( I n d . M.) h e l d t h e rank of (.4000/2000) i n ' 1 6 5 6 , Waris 217(a) as c i t e d i n Appara tus 3 . , 6 3 3 1 .

: . J a ' f a r Khan_(Iranl) (5000/5000 (2000x2-3h) was t h e Subedar o f B ihar , Waris, 239(a) as c i t e d i n Apparatus, 3 , , 6433«

Malik Husain (700/100) was a p p o i n t e d t h e f a u j d a r of Hosh ingabad in 1655, War i s , 1 7 8 ( b ) , 247(a) as c i t e d in Appa ra tu s 3 . , 59 55, 3 . , 649 5 .

QQ • 9 y -^

(99)

mending Mir J a ' f a r , a p p o i n t e d by His M a j e s t y as t h e

BakhshI and VJaqi ' a Kawis of t h i s s u b a . The 1 a q i r of Malik

Husa in w i l l be a s s i g n e d from t h e d a t e p r e s c r i b e d by Impe

r i a l o r d e r s w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h i s c o u n t r y ( w i l a y a t ) .

; . i r J a ' f a r b e i n g a kinsman of J a ' f a r KhSn's kinsman, w i l l

r e c e i v e due f a v o u r .

8 . L e t t e r s t o o h a i s t a Khan

8 . 1 R e a l i z a t i o n of M u t a l a b a and T a q a v i , ( J u l y - A u g u s t , 1652, o p . 480-81) :

Acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of S h a i s t a lOis^ '^ ' a r z d a s h t ( in

r e p l y t o A u r a n g z e b ' s n i s h a n ) r e c e i v e d by Aurangseb d u r i n g

t h e t ime Aurangzeb was engaged i n b e s i e g i n g Qandahar ,

( S h a i s t a Khan was tlien V i c e r o y of t h e Deccan, t o which

Aurangzeb had now been a p p o i n t e d ) . As r e q u e s t e d , a n i s h a n

was s e n t t o A u r a n g z e b ' s w a k i l a t t h e I m p e r i a l Cour t r e q u i r

i n g him t o p r o c u r e a farm an f o r o f f i c i a l s of t h a t s u b a

(Deccan) , r e g a r d i n g Rs.30,000 m u t a l d b a o u t s t a n d i n g a g a i n s t

t h e Zamindar of Chanda. I s s u r e t h a t a f t e r t h e r e c e i p t of

t h e I m p e r i a l farm an, he w i l l r e m i t t h e amount i n q u e s t i o n

w i t h o u t any e x c u s e .

i \ i r J a ' f a r A s t r a b a d i (I r a n i ) (1000/200) was a p p o i n t e d Bakhshi and Waqi a' Nawis of t he Deccan i n 1555, Wards, 229(b) as c i t e d in Appara tus 3 . , 6406 .

100

(100)

The s t a t e m e n t of I m p e r i a l c l a i m s ( m u t a l a b a t ) a g a i n s t t h e

n o b l e s p o s t e d i n t h e Deccan was r e c e i v e d a t t h e camp, and

he ( t h e Zarnindar of Chanda) r e p o r t s t h a t t h e m u t a s a d d i s

of t h a t p l a c e (Deccan) , have s e t t l e d t h e c l a i m s a g a i n s t

him i n lumpsum. I t i s b e t t e r S h a i s t a Kh"an s h o u l d summon

t h e p a p e r p r e p a r e d by t h e s a i d m u t a s a d d i , v e r i f y i t s c o r

r e c t n e s s and d e c i d e a c c o r d i n g l y . I f he ( t h e Zamindar of

Chanda) does n o t p r o d u c e a r e l i a b l e s a n a d , t h e r e q u i s i t e

amount s h o u l d be r e c o v e r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a p e r s of

m u t a l a b a r e c e i v e d u n d e r t h e s e a l of t h e d i w a n s .

In r e g a r d t o t he tacravi o u t s t a n d i n g a g a i n s t t h e p e a s a n t r y

i t i s h e r e b y o r d e r e d t h a t s i n c e t h e deshmukhs and p a t e l s

who a f t e r o b t a i n i n g t h e t a q a v i on t h e i r own s u r e t y from

t h e Government have d i s t r i b u t e d i t among t h e s m a l l e r p e a

s a n t r y ( r e z a r i ' ay a) and e x e c u t e d bond ( t a ' ahud) f o r i t s

r epayment ; t h e amount due from t h e p e a s a n t s who have

e i t h e r d i e d o r run away s h o u l d be r e a l i z e d from them. As

f o r t h o s e ( p e a s a n t s ) who a r e a l i v e and i n o c c u p a t i o n (of

l a n d ) , b u t a r e u n a b l e to p a y a t o n c e , i t s h o u l d be r e a

l i z e d i n i n s t a l m e n t s from them. I f some who a r e u n a b l e

t o make t h e payment due t o ex t r eme i n d i g e n c e and t r o u b l e d

c i r c u m s t a n c e s , in for -mat ion of t h e i r a c t u a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

s h o u l d be o b t a i n e d . They s h o u l d n o t be t r o u b l e d f o r r e

payment , f o r we have r e m i t t e d t h e p o r t i o n (of t a g a v i ) due

from them.

. . . 101

(101)

8 . 2 A u r a n g z e b ' s J a q i r s (October-November 1652, p . 4 8 2 ) :

Acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of h i s ' a r z d a s h t p e r u s e d h e r e on

29 3hawwal. This conveyed a c c o u n t of h i s e f f o r t s i n r e a

l i z i n g the I m p e r i a l c l a i m s (mutalab"at) . S h a i s t a Khan had

s t a t e d t h a t now t h a t t he j u b a s of t he Deccan have been

g iven o v e r t o A u r a n g z e b ' s c h a r g e , t h e e n t i r e c l a i m s w i l l

be more e a s i l y r e a l i s e d . In fo rms him t h a t Aurangzeb c o n

s i d e r e d 3h"a is ta Khan ' s b e i n g t h e r e t h e same as h i s own

c h a r g e . However, s i n c e His M a j e s t y , a f t e r A u r a n g z e b ' s

r e t u r n from Qandahar and a r r i v a l a t t h e C o u r t a s s i g n e d

t h o s e subas t o him o u t of s i m p l e k i n d n e s s and w i t h o u t any

i n d i c a t i o n of d e s i r e o r r e q u e s t from Aurangzeb, he had

c o n s i d e r e d i t o b l i g a t o r y t o a c c e p t t h e a s s i g n m e n t . Muham

mad T a h i r , ( A u r a n g z e b ' s o f f i c i a l ) who l e f t t h e Cour t on

19 Ramazan would r e a c h Burhanpur t owards t h e midd le of

Zi 1 q ' ad a. I s c o n f i d e n t t h a t t i l l t h a t p e r i o d S h a i s t a

Khan v/ould look a f t e r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w i t h e v e r g r e a t

e r a t t e n t i o n .

8 . 3 R e a l i z a t i o n of M u t a l a b a of Aurangzeb (1653, p . 4 8 5 ) :

Informs him t h a t o u t of over Rs. 37, 000 the mut"al aba

( c l a i m s ) of Aurangzelj upon 'Umar T a r i n , o v e r Rs. 25,000

a r e s t i l l d u e . He pj.'omises t o r e m i t t h e same w i t h i n two

y e a r s and has d e l i v e r e d an acknowledgement i n t o t he

o f f i c e (of trie diwan) a copy of which i s e n c l o s e d v;ith

. . . 10 2

(10 2)

t h i s ni::;han. A c c o r d i n g l y an o f f i c i a l (of Aurar)gzob) has

been s e n t to r e a l i s e t h e tfiriount of t h e m u t a l a b a from hj..Ti.

no..".;5 t i i a t J h e a s t a Kh<ari w i l l t r y t o h i s b e s t t h a t t h e r e

rA.ould be no d e l a y i n r e a l i s a t i o n and A u r a n g z e b ' s o f f i c i a l

ohould iL>e a b l e to r e t u r n a f t e r e x p e d i t i o u s l y a c c o m p l i s h i n g

t h e t a s k ,

B.4 A u r a n g z e b ' s Reques t f o r Cash S a l a r y (1654, p . 4 9 4 ) :

The f r e q u e n t o f f e r i r i g s of p r e s e n t s (peshkash) , which a re

i-.eie c e r e m o n i a l a c t s , a re n o t n e c e s s a r y . Asks him t o be

a c t i v e i n a r r a n g i n g r e m i t t a n c e of A u r a n g z e b ' s cash s a l a r y

(naqd i ) , as ^^ rev ious ly w r i t t e n t o h im.

8 .5 A u r a n g z e b ' s Refusa l t o Accept t h e Charge of F o r t s (1655, p . 505) :

In t h e I m p e r i a l manshur w r i t t e n by His Ma jes ty h i m s e l f

rind s e n t t h rough I l i r J ' a f a r o r d e r i n g him t h e i n c r e a s e of

5000 (2x3h) , i t has a l s o been s t a t e d of t h e f o r t s of t h e

Deccan, ten f o r t s such as Ahmadnagar, e t c . , be a s s i g n e d t o

A u r a n g z e b ' s c h a r g e , and h i s o f f i c i a l s s h o u l d t a k e them

o v e r , o h a i s t a Khan c a n n o t be unaware of t h e f a r - r e a c h i n g

Aiirangzeb r e c e i v e d t h i s p romot ion i n rank i n 1655, Wario, 2 39(a) as c i t e d i n Appara tus 3., 64 30.

. . . 1 0 3

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i m i - l i c a t i o n G of ti-iis p r o p o s a l , for i n c a s e of a c c e p t a n c e

t h e b e n e f i t s of i n c r e a s e of rank w i l l no t o n l y be n u l l i

f i e d bu t beyond t h o s e f u r t h e r l a r g e amounts would have to

be s p e n t . He, t h e r e f o r e , c o u l d n o t a g r e e t o t a k e up t h e

n h i r g e of t h e s e f o r t s -and p e t i t i o n e d to His Ma jes ty t o be

e x c u s e d .

6 . 6 Qutbul H u l k ' s Offerig of Peshkash and M a t r i m o n i a l A l l i a n c e e t c . , (1656, p . 4 9 9 ) :

From t h e r e p o r t of Muhammad T a h i r i t i s l e a r n t t h a t P r i n c e

Muhammad S u l t a n had marched from Talab Husa in Sagar and

e n t e r e d t h e c i t y and took p r e c a u t i o n a r y measu re s t o s a v e

t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e c i t y from t h e r a v a g e s of t h e Impe

r i a l a r m i e s . He has v;el l brought under c o n t r o l such a

l a r g e and p r o s p e r o u s c i t y . Qutbul Mulk s e n t h i s peshwa

( c h i e f m i n i s t e r ) w i t h a p e s h k a s h t o t h e P r i n c e . I t has

been r e p o r t e d t h a t Qu tbu l Mulk p r o m i s e s t o p a y a peshkash

of 40 l a k h r u p e e s , marry h i s daughter to the Pr ince and

pay a n n u a l l y t h e s t i p u l a t e d Imperia l t r i b u t e (peshkash)

t o t h e r o y a l o f f i c i a l s . He a l s o p r o m i s e s t o r e t u r n t h e

e n t i r e p r o p e r t y of Mir Jumla which he had c o n f i s c a t e d .

a f t e r t h e impr i sonmen t of h i s son, and to summon Mir

and hand him ove r t o t h e P r i n c e , Having seen t h e d e c l i n e

of h i s kingdom by h i s ov;n e y e s , Qu tbu l Mulk i s g r e a t l y

d i s t r e s s e d and d i s t r a u g h t .

. . . 1 0 4

(104)

.7 Ass ignments of t h e F o r t s of A s i r and J u n n a r t o Aurangzeb (16 56, pp. 5 0 4 - 5 ) :

Since Aurangzeb i s g r e a t l y c o n c e r n e d abou t an i n v e s t i g a

t i o n i n t o t h e j e w e l s o b t a i n e d by Aurangzeb from Qutbul

Mvilk ^lna e x p r e s s e s h i s a n g e r on a c c o u n t of t h i s , Aurangzeb

dee.T.ing any d e l a y to be i m p r o p e r , h a s s e n t a l l t h o s e

j e w e l s t o t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t , w h e t h e r b e l o n g i n g t o him o r

h i s s o n . The f o r t of A s i r was a s s i g n e d t o Aurangzeb .

S i n c e i t i n v o l v e d no e>53en3es he t h o u g h t i t i m p r u d e n t n o t

t o r e f u s e i t . As f o r t h e f o r t of J u n a i r , an I m p e r i a l

farm an was i s s u e d t o Har i Deo S ingh, q i l a ' d a r t h e r e o f i n

r e g a r d t o t h e a s s i g n m e n t of the f o r t t o Aurangzeb .

8 . 8 A u r a n g z e b ' s J a q i r s i n Malwa, e t c . (1656, p p . 5 0 6 - 7 ) :

/acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of h i s l a t t e r ( ' a r i z a ) v/ith t h e

l e t t e r of t h e Div;an r e g a r d i n g A u r a n g z e b ' s cash s a l a r y

t o g e t h e r wi th t h e a c c o u n t p a p e r s . Al l t h e i t e m s of Qut -

;jul M u l k ' s pe shkash t o Aurangzeb and h i s son have been

de .spatched t o t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t .

The F o r t commanding J u n n a r , ( u s u a l l y s p e l t J u n a i r i n P e r s i a n s o u r c e s ) was known as i h i v n e r , s p e l t ' S u n n a i r ' i n r - e r s i an s o u r c e s . Cf, Atlaa^ 5 5 ,

. . . 105

(105)

9 . L e t t e r s t o Mir J u m l a .

9 . 1 Dak Chauki (1656, p p . 39 3 - 4 ) :

Aurangzeb h a s aga in w r i t t e n t o Qutbu l Mulk t o m a i n t a i n t h e

dak c h a u k i ( p o s t a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) ' from Hyderabad t o

Siddnavat . -^ I t has n o t been i n t e r r u p t e d , and t h e r e i s no

p o s s i b i l i t y of t h i s . The news abou t i n t e r f e r e n c e by

1 a q i r d a r s between I n d u r and Burhanpur w i t h ( t h e f u n c t i o n i n g

of) o f f i c i a l s of dak chaukI i s u n t r u e . N e v e r t h e l e s s Mur-

s h i d Qu l i Khan and h i s own o f f i c e r T a h i r have been i n s t r u c t

ed t o i s s u e s t r i c t i n j u n c t i o n s t o t h e a g e n t s of t h e 1 a q i r -

d a r s t h a t none shou ld i n t e r f e r e w i t h Mir J u m l a ' s d ak ch a u k i .

- . 2 J a c i r s of Murshid Qul i Klian (1656, p p . 4 0 8 - 1 0 ) :

Acknov/ledges t h e r e c e i p t of h i s l e t t e r ( ' a r i z a ) w r i t t e n t o

convey I m p e r i a l o r d e r s . I t h a s been s t a t e d t h a t from t h e

s t a t e m e n t s (nuskha) s e n t by Murshid Qu l i Khan, p l a c e d b e

f o r e His M a j e s t y , i t h a s t r a n s p i r e d t h a t t h e income ( h a s i l )

of p a r q a n a Bi r was 8 -mon th ly i n t h e 28th r e g n a l y e a r (of

i h a h j a h a n ) and would be more i n t h e 29th r e g n a l y e a r . The

wdikils of t h e P r i n c e d i d n o t a c c e p t t h e s a i d p a r q a n a f o r

A u r a n g z e b ' s j aq i r which was a s s i g n e d f o r one c r o r e dams by

His M a j e s t y . '/^hile n o t a c c e p t i n g t h i s Aurangzeb has t a k e n

• - - _ _ - 2 p o s s e s s i o n of t h e J a q i r of M a l u j i which does n o t y i e l d

1. The ^have l i ( h e a d q u a r t e r s ) S i d d a v a t (mod. S i d d h a v a t t a m ) i n sar}car, of t h e same name i n B a l a g h a t , Suba Hyderabad . A t l a s , 6 4 . . • •'

2. M a i u j i Bhons l a (Maratha) h e l d the rank of (5000/5000) I n 1656, War l s 260(a) as c i t e d i n A p p a r a t u s S . , 6696 .

. . . 1 0 6

(106)

more than 6 - m o n t h l y . A c c o r d i n g l y t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s were

i s s u e d t h a t i f t h e c o n d i t i o n s of p a r q a n a of E i r a r e as r e

p o r t e d by Murshid Q u l i Khan t h e n i t s a s s i g n m e n t t o Shah

Beg Khan and t h e c h o i c e of a low revenue p a y i n g a r e a fo r

o n e s e l f by Aurangzeb was n o t w a r r a n t e d . O t h e r w i s e Murshid

Q u l i Khan would seem t o have m i s - s t a t e d t h e f a c t s . The

r e a s o n s f o r d e c l i n i n g p a r q a n a B i r s h o u l d be s u b m i t t e d i n

d e t a i l .

Mir J iunla i s i n fo rmed t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e p r e v i o u s

and c u r r e n t r e v e n u e of t h e s a i d p a r q a n a w i l l be known in

d e t a i l from s e p a r a t e s h e e t s . The r e a s o n f o r i t s non-

a c c e p t a n c e i s n o t t h e d e s o l a t e o r r u i n e d c o n d i t i o n s of t h e

p a r q a n a . Dur ing t h e c o u r s e of Golconda e x p e d i t i o n Shah

Beg Khan who m a i n t a i n e d a l a r g e c o n t i n g e n t was c a l l e d from

t h e f o r t of Ahmadnagar and M u l t a f a t Khan was s e n t t h e r e .

Shah Beg Khan r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t s i n c e t h e o f f i c e of c a s t e

l l a n had been t aken from him he s h o u l d be a s s i g n e d p a r q a n a

B i r i n l i e u of a l l h i s s c a t t e r e d and d i s t a n t 1 i q l r s so

t h a t b r i n g i n g a l l h i s f a m i l y and s e r v a n t s t h e r e , he migh t

j o i n t h e e x p e d i t i o n w i t h f u l l p e a c e of mind . A c c o r d i n g l y

Aurangzeb p r o m i s e d t o a s s i g n t h a t p a r q a n a i n l i e u of 3

c r o r e and 5o l akh dams t o him as w i l l be e v i d e n t i n d e t a i l

from h i s s a l a r y s h e e t s ( a f r a d - i t a u j i h ) . Even a f t e r r e t u r n

from t h e e x p e d i t i o n t h e d a u l r e g a r d i n g t h e a d d i t i o n a l

mans ab, which a l s o i n c l u d e d p a r q a n a B i r had n o t been r e -

. . . 10 /

o •;

(107)

c e i v e d from t h e C o u r t . I t s t r a n s f e r from Shah Beg Khan so

soon a f t e r i t s a s s i g n m e n t t o him was n o t deemed s u i t a b l e

by Aurangzeb, and t h e p a r g a n a remained w i t h Shah Beg Khan.

T h i s m a t t e r h a s a l s o been communicated t o t h e I m p e r i a l

C o u r t as w i l l be known by c o n s u l t i n g t h e s h e e t s s e n t a long

w i t h A u r a n g z e b ' s ' a r z d a s h t ( t o t h e C o u r t ) .

S i n c e Murshid Qul i Khan i s an o f f i c e r of i n t e g r i t y he car.

n o t v / r i t e c o n t r a r y t o t h e f a c t s . His commendable e f f o r t s

and e n d e a v o u r s i n a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h i s c o u n t r y ( w i l a y a t ) a r e

beyond a p p r e c i a t i o n . One would have w i shed t h e o f f i c e r s

of t h e d iwan l a f f a i r s ( m u b a s h i r a n - i * a m a l - i d iwah i ) who

h a v e p r e v i o u s l y been i n t h i s suba had done even one p e r

c e n t of what has been done and i s b e i n g done by Murshid

Q u l i Khan. He i s r e a l l y an e f f i c i e n t o f f i c i a l , i f he i s

n o t u n n e c e s s a r i l y c e n s u r e d and h e i s s t i l l more a c t i v e i n

h i s d u t i e s , i t would be b e t t e r . Keep ing i n v iew t h e

b e t t e r p u r s u i t of I m p e r i a l i n t e r e s t , t h i s much h a s been

w r i t t e n on h i s b e h a l f . I f , however , t h e r e were s u s p i c i o n s

abou t t h e t r u t h , l e t an I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l come from t h e

C o u r t and s e e h i s work as compared t o t h a t of o t h e r s .

Hopes Mir Jumla would convey t h i s t o His M a j e s t y .

-Pos i t ion of t h e Revenues of Ramgir-. Detached from Goiconda (1656, p . 391 ) :

i'he p o s i t i o n of t h e r evenue of Ha iga rh i s t h i s t h a t i t s

c u r r e n t r e a l i s e d r evenue ( h a l - i h a s i l ) does n o t exceed

. . . 1 0 8

(108)

80 ,000 nuns , bu t Qutbu l Mulk t o l d Qabad Beg t h a t Muhammad

wJasir ha3 a c c e p t e d t h e s a i d s a r k a r fo r 1 ,20,000 h u n s .

R e q u e s t s him to e x p l a i n t h e t r u e f a c t s t o His M a j e s t y .

9 .4 Recommendations f o r 3 a f i Khan t o Mir J u m l a (1656, p . 398) :

P r e v i o u s l y t h e a d d r e s s e e had been i n fo rmed by Aurangzeb

t h a t 3 a f i Kh'an had been p u n i s h e d a t t h e C o u r t though he

was i n n o c e n t and b l a m e l e s s ; and Mi r Jumla s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e

be a t t e n t i v e t o him, so t h a t such an e f f i c i e n t o f f i c e r

s h o u l d n o t s u f f e r n e e d l e s s l y . TQ d a t e I m p e r i a l f a v o u r s

have remained b a r r e d t o h im . He s h o u l d be a p p o i n t e d t o

o f f i c e s o t h e r t han B a k h s h i g i r l and WgTq ' i a Nawisi i n t h i s

p r o v i n c e . Mir J u m l a i s c a l l e d upon t o t a k e h i s c a s e w i t h

t h e Emperor so t h a t he may be p o s t e d t o t h i s p r o v i n c e and

h i s mansab r e s t o r e d .

. 5 I m p e r i a l Censure due to j u t b u l Mulk ' s Peshkash t o ^ûrang;2Gb (16 56, p p . 40 2 - 4 ) :

Mir Jvimla i s aware of t h e p o s i t i o n w i t h r e g a r d to t h e d i a

monds, h o r s e s and e l e p h a n t s s e n t by Qutbu l Mulk t o Aurang

zeb and g iven t o h i s son , which have n o t been deemed a

p a r t of t h e peshkash of 15 l a k h r u p e e s due t o t h e Emperor.

The g i f t s c o n s i s t e d of some e l e p h a n t s , h o r s e s and some

o r n a m e n t e d weapons which have been seen by Mir Jumla and

Khan- i Jahan ( S h a i s t a Khan) as w e l l . S i n c e t h e s e were n o t

. . .109

(109)

wor thy of p r e s e n t a t i o n to t h e Emperor, and a diamond o f f e r

ed by the mo the r of Qutbu l Mulk had a da rk s p o t , as a l s o

ob:3erved by t h e a d d r e s s e e , and t h e p r i c e of a ruby s e n t by

him does n o t exceed Rs.4,000, Aurangzeb had aga in and aga in

r e t u r n e d t h e s e p r e s e n t s . S i n c e t h e p r i c e of t h e s e i t ems

has n o t been a d j u s t e d i n t h e I m p e r i a l pe shkash , Aurangzeb

a c c e p t e d them on t h e recommendat ions of Khan- i J ah an.-^ As

t h e s e i t e m s were n o t wor thy of b e i n g r e p o r t e d t o t h e Empe

r o r Aurangzeb d i d n o t men t ion them i n h i s r e p o r t s to t h e

i imperor . I f he had wanted t o keep t h e g i f t s s e c r e t why

s h o u l d he have shown them t o t h e n o b l e s . However, i f His

M a j e s t y wants t h a t t h e diamond w i t h t h e da rk s p o t , which

i s b e i n g c u t away by t h e a r t i s a n s ( k a r i q a r a n ) , a l ong w i t h

t h e ruby t h e s e would be s e n t .

I n fo rms him t h a t on t l ie o c c a s i o n of t h i s e j q s e d i t i o n , t h e

I m p e r i a l farmans were i s s u e d t h a t of t h e e n t i r e p e s h k a s h

from Qutbul Mulk diamonds and e l e p h a n t s would b e l o n g t o

His M a j e s t y w h i l e c a s h and w h a t e v e r was s e i z e d i n boo ty

b e l o n g t o Aurangzeb . He (Aurangzeb) needed money f o r

s u p p l i e s and pay of men i n t h i s e x p e d i t i o n . He r e l i e d on

t h e p r o m i s e i n His M a j e s t y ' s o r d e r s and avo ided making r e

q u e s t f o r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e ( m u s i ' i d a ) and o b t a i n e d

a l a r g e amount from t h e P r i n c e s (Khanazadgan- i ' A l a Haz-

r a t ) by v/ay of l oan f o r t h e e x p e n s e s of t h e e jqêd i t i on and

m a i n t e n a n c e ( s a r an l am) of h i s s o l d i e r s w i t h a v iew t h a t

1. T i t l e of S h a l s t a Khan.

. . . 1 1 0

(110)

o u t of w h a t e v e r would be g a i n e d by Aurangzeb a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e E m p e r o r ' s p r o m i s e ( a f t e r t h e s u c c e s s f u l c o m p l e t i o n of

t h e e > p e d i t i o n ) t h e l o a n would be r e t u r n e d .

Now t h e e n t i r e pe shkash b e l o n g s t o His M a j e s t y and wha t

e v e r was r e c e i v e d from v a r i o u s s o u r c e s h a s been d e p o s i t e d

i n t h e t r e a s u r y a t D a u l a t a b a d . Aurangzeb f i n d s i t d i f f i

c u l t t o r e p a y t h e l o a n and t h e s a l a r i e s o f t h e army, which

i s a b o u t 20 l a k h r u p e e s . The p a y c l a i m s o f men a r e s i x

months i n a r r e a r s and t h i s h a s l e d t o such d i s t r e s s t h a t

t h e y a r e l e a v i n g h i s s e r v i c e . S i n c e by t h e I m p e r i a l

o r d e r s t h e y a r e r e q u i r e d i n t h i s b o r d e r p r o v i n c e t o g e t h e r

w i t h I m p e r i a l t r o o p s p o s t e d h e r e , as Mir Jumla must be

av.'are of, from h i s o b s e r v a t i o n s i n Hyderabad . He i s a l s o

av;are of t h e t r e a s u r e and t r o o p s of ' A d i l Khan, who, s e e

i n g what has happened t o Qutbu l Mulk, h a s become a larmed

and i s c o l l e c t i n g h i s d i s p e r s e d t r o o p s , b e i n g d i s c o n t e n t

ed w i t h t h i s s i d e .

Obse rves t h a t i f t h e s e 3 -4 ,000 sawars who have been

g a t h e r e d and t r a i n e d i n a l o n g p e r i o d of y e a r s a re now

d i s p e r s e d and s c a t t e r e d , t h e n Aurangzeb would be u n a b l e

t o d i s c h a r g e h i s d u t i e s ( ' u h d a - i k h i d m a t ~ i ' umda- i p a d -

sh"ahi) as w e l l as p r o p e r l y c o n t r o l t h e p r o v i n c e s . Aurang

zeb does n o t know t h e w o r l d l y ways of h i s c o n t e m p o r a r i e s

l i k e some o t h e r s , so he had n o t r e p r e s e n t e d t h e d i s t r e s s

f h i s t r o o p s to His M a j e s t y . But when c o n d i t i o n s have

. . . I l l

o

( I l l )

worsened to such an extent and experiences has taught t ha t

matters are not heard without one's making a representa

tion he wrote to Mir Jumla tha t he might represent i t to

His Majesty at a su i tab le time so tha t matters may be

arranged proper ly .

9.6 Qutbul Mulk's Peshkash (1656, pp. 406-8): i

Before Aurangzeb's departure from Gdlconda Imperial orders

were issued one after another requir ing tha t the gemS/

studded arms and elephants received in peshkash from Qutbul

Mulk together with a l l gold and s i l v e r items be sent by

Aurangzeb to the Court before the commencement of the rains

and the remainder in cash be deposited in the Imperial

t reasury . In this matter such ins is tence was shown as if

to suggest tha t Aurangzeb would not have sent the en t i re

peshkash to the Court or something would disappear from i t .

The news of His Majesty's disfavour and censures, dismissal

of the i n t e l l i g e n c e r (Waqia' Nawis) and the wrath to which

he was subjected has been conveyed to 'Adil Khan and Qutbul

Mulk through missives of harkaras at the Imperial Court

becoming a cause of confidence of the enemy and a great

d i s t r e s s to Aurangzeb. Out of desperation, implementing

the orders Aurangzeb has despatched whatever he had r e a l i z

ed for the Emperor as well as what has been brought for him

. . . 112

(112)

(from Qutbul Mulk) . No th ing b e t t e r than a diamond and ruby

r i n g , which he and Kh£ji-i J a h a n have more t h a n once seen

remains .

S ince His Ma jes ty i s now i n v e s t i g a t i n g A u r a n g z e b ' s s e c r e t

a c q u i s i t i o n s , i f God f o r b i d d i n g , Aurangzeb r e a l l y such h i d

den t h i n g s why shou ld he have shown t h e s e r i n g s t o h i g h

I m p e r i a l n o b l e s and why s h o u l d Khan J a h a n ' s gems h a v e been

v a l u e d , t h o s e few s m a l l s t o n e s whose r e a l v a l u e i s

knov/n and o t h e r s t h a t I have r e t u r n e d , on which so much

s t r e s s i s l a i d , t h e i r v a l u e was n o t d e d u c t e d from t h e s e t

t l e d t r i b u t e (peshkash ) of 15 l a k h s of r u p e e s , nor had

Aurangzeb r e p o r t e d thein i n h i s ' a r z d a s h t . What e l s e was

t h e r e u-^ w r i t e i

9 .7 R e b e l l i o n of the Zamindars of Burhanpur (1656, p p . 4 4 5 - 6 ) :

In fo rms him of t h e r e b e l l i o u s n e s s of t h e zamindars i n t h e

v i c i n i t y of Burhanpur who, def y i n g i a u t h o r i t y , are r o b b i n g

t r a v e l l e r s . Aurangzeb h a s , t h e r e f o r e / d e c i d e d t o d e p u t e

t^r ince Muhammad 3 u l t a n , w i th an s t r o n g c o n t i n g e n t w i th

I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l s and h i s own o f f i c e r s t o c h a s t i s e them

and p a c i f y t e r r i t o r y up t o R i v e r Narbada . A c c o r d i n g l y

t h a t i r i n c e has been sumraoned by Aurangzeb t o h i s p r e s e n c e 1

an:i x r i r c e Muhammad Mu'azzam has been d e p u t e d t h e r e t i l l a

P r i n c e Muhammad Muazzairi was t h e s econd son of Aurangzeb .

113

(113)

a d e c i s i o n i s made in t h e campaign t h a t t h e Emperor has sanc

t i o n e d . The l a t t e r would be c l e a r t o Mir Jumla from t h e

cor.dGo of r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c a r r i e d by h i s Agent a t t h e Impe-

ri'-:] ro i i r t who hn.T ju-:;t a r r i v e d . He s h o u l d remain in th

v i e in i t ' / of: B i r , where Aurangzeb would soon j o i n him, so

t h a t no d e l a y b e f a l l t h e p r o j e c t e d campaign a g a i n s t t he

s h o r t - s i g h t e d B i j a p u r i s .

10 . L e t t e r s t o 3hah Nawaz Khan 3 a f a v i .

1 0 . 1 Terms of T r e a t y v/ith Golconda (Apr i l 1656, p p . 5 3 9 - 4 0 ) :

iinc:e Qutbu l Mulk humbly s o l i c i t e d pa rdon by s e n d i n g h i s

mother , gave h i s d a u g h t e r in m a r r i a g e t o P r i n c e Muhamjnad

S u l t a n , a g r e e d to o f f e r 25 l akh huins in ca sh and k ind and

a l l h i s e l e p h a n t s in p e s hka s h . s u r r e n d e r e d t h e f o r t of Ram-

g i r , o r i g i n a l l y b e l o n g i n g t o sub a Be ra r , a long wi th t e r r i -

•coriGs a t t a c h e d t h e r e t o y i e l d i n g in r evenue n o t l e s s t han

s i x lakh rupees t o t h e o f f i c i a l s of Aurangzeb , in a d d i t i o n

to s i x l akh rupees p e r annum t o be p a i d as dowry fo r h i s

i a u ; j h t G r . .'-îr Jumla f o r whom Aurangzeb was w a i t i n g j o i n e d

on 4 th of the c u r r e n t v;ith 6000 s a w a r s , 15000 i n f a n t r y , 150

e l e p h a n t s and e x c e l l e n t a r t i l l e r y ( topkhana) . S ince the

seizure^ of J u t b u l Mulk ' s kingdom and t h e c o n q u e s t of tlie

fcart of Golconda was no t to His M a j e s t y ' s l i k i n g the s e i g e

o: , o t and the c o n q u e s t of h i s kingdom has been g iven

. . . 1 1 4

(114)

up aiid Qutbu l Mulk ' s f a u l t s o v e r l o o k e d . Although t h e e n t e r

p r i s e has been s u c c e s s f u l t o an u n e x p e c t e d d e g r e e and c o n

t r i b u t e d to t h e r a i s i n g of I m p e r i a l p r e s t i g e , and had c e r

t a i n o b s t r u c t i o n s n o t been r a i s e d , such a l a r g e and p r o s p e

rous kingdom, c o n t a i n i n g so many mines and p o r t s would have

been e a s i l y conquered e a r l i e r .

r . ? T r e a t y of Golconda ( A p r i l 1656, p p . 5 4 1 - 2 ) :

R e f e r s to h i s ( A u r a n g z e b ' s ) e a r l i e r l e t t e r about t h e c o n c l u -

.3ion of peace and the amount of peshkash imposed on Qutbul

Mulk, t h e engagement of Qutbul Mulk ' s d a u g h t e r wi th Aurang

z e b ' s son, t h e ta};ing of t h e f o r t of Ramgir and i t s depen

d e n t t e r r i t o r i e s , and t h e dowry f o r t h e b e t r o t h e d d a u g h t e r .

i x p e c t s t h a t t h e e n t i r e amount of pe shkash so far r e c e i v e d ,

i n c a s h , iiarrionds and e leph<ants , has been s e n t t o His

i ' . a jes ty by Saf i Khan, son of l a t e I s l am Khan; t h e r e m a i n d e r

would be s e n t s h o r t l y ,

1. L e t t e r s to I ' t i q a d Khan.

1.1 Reco:iir"''-n^','-'tions fo r Murshid Q u l i Khan ' s J a g i r s (1653, .-a- 6 0 0 - 0 1 ; :

I ' t i q a d Khan was n o t unaware of t h e good b e h a v i o u r and

e x c e l l e n t s e r v i c e s of Murshid Q u l i Khan. He h e l d t h e rank

1. r t i q o d Khian, Khanazad Khan, Bahman Yar i<iian s / o Asaf Khan ( I r a n i ) (4000/800) was t h e Mir Bakhshi i n 1653 A.D. , v/ar is 17 2(a) as c i t e d i n Appara tus 3"., 5899

. • . 1 1 5

9

(115)

of 1000/4000 ( r e c t . 1000/400) and h i s j a q i r s i n t he n o r t h

was n o t l e s s than 10 -mon th ly . Now he h o l d s t h e Dlwani of

B a l a g h a t t e r r i t o r y and h i s o r i g i n a l p l u s a d d i t i o n a l rank

i s 1500 /500 . His jagi_r in t h e Deccan a f t e r d e d u c t i n g e x

p e n s e s on l o c a l l e v i e s ( s i h b a n d i ) . does n o t exceed 5-

month ly and he has now t o spend much more t h a n he g e t s i n

income e v e r y y e a r . Moreover , u n d e r t h e new R e g u l a t i o n ,

he has t o m a i n t a i n a c o n t i n g e n t 70% l a r g e r t h a n b e f o r e . In

a d d i t i o n , he has to i n c u r f u l l expenses in d i s c h a r g i n g

such an i m p o r t a n t o f f i c e Cas t h a t of Diwan) . In view of

h i s be ing an e f f i c i e n t I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l i t w i l l be a p p r e

c i a t e d i f h i s c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e b r o u g h t to His M a j e s t y ' s

n o t i c e on h i s b e h a l f .

R e g u l a t i o n s Rega rd ing t h e Ass ignment of J a q i r s (1655, p.. . 597-8) :

i ^ r e v i o u s l y a h a s b u l hukm i s s u e d by S a ' a d u l l a h Khan, i s s u e d

t o t h e o f f i c i a l s (mu ta sadd l s ) of t h e Deccan l a i d down t h a t

whoever of t h e mansabdars of t h a t suba r e c e i v e s an a d d i -

t i o n a l mans ab o r a p p o i n t e d t o a mans ab f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e ,

•3 j 5 5 i £ e q u i v a l e n t to o n l y h a l f of h i s p a y - c l a i m (based on

such a d d i t i o n o r f r e s h mans ab) s h o u l d be a s s i g n e d , and

o n l y v;hen he p r o d u c e s a sanad from t h e I m p e r i a l Cour t

s h o u l d t he e n t i r e c l a i m be met (by a s s i g n m e n t of c o r r e s p o n

d i n g jag i r ; ) . The diwans have been a c t i n g a c c o r d i n g l y s i n c e

t h e n . But because t h e mans a b d a r s of t h a t suba (Deccan)

. . . 116

(116)

owing to s h o r t f a l l s in r evenue of j a q i r ^ d i s t r e s s e d c i r c u m

s t a n c e s un ib l e t o send t h e i r w a k i l s t o t h e C o u r t , and t h e y

have r e p e a t e d l y r e p r e s e n t e d t t i e i r c a s e b e f o r e Aurangzeb,

and so upon h i s d i r e c t i o n , t h e m a t t e r was r e c o r d e d in t h e

waqij_a and so r e p o r t e d t o His K a j e s t y . Thereupon His

iSa jes ty o r d e r e d t h a t t h e p r o c u r e m e n t of I m p e r i a l sanad i s

n o t e s s e n t i a l in t he m a t t e r . The moment t h e p r o p o s a l ( fo r

a d d i t i o n o r f r e s h g r a n t of mans ab) i s disproved by the Empe

r o r end t l ie d iwan i o f f i c i a l s of t h e suba a r e informed of

i t , t h e y s h o u l d r e l e a s e h a l f of t h e p a y - c l a i m s t i l l w i t h

h e l d ; and the s an ads s h o u l d be i s s u e d l o c a l l y . However,

s i n c e A u r a n g z e b ' s v e r y a p p o i n t m e n t to t h i s s u b a t i l l d a t e ,

though t h e p o s i t i o n abou t a d d i t i o n a l and f r e s h g r a n t s of

mans abs has been r e c o r d e d in t h e wag a ' i ' and 3 a f i Khan,

Bakhshi of t h e suba , has p r e p a r e d and s e n t a comple t e l i s t

t o t h e I m p e r i a l C o u r t , no r e p l i e s have a r r i v e d , and the

p e r s o n s c o n c e r n e d a re in a c u t e d i s t r e s s . S a f i Khan h a s ,

t h e r e f o r e , been d i r e c t e d by Aurangzeb to r e c o r d anew comp

l e t e d e t a i l s on s e p a r a t e s h e e t s , of o f f i c i a l s who have r e

c e i v e d a d d i t i o n a l o r i n i t i a l mans abs and send t h e s e t o

A u r a n g z e b ' s v.'alcil ( a t t h e C o u r t ) , so t h a t t h e l a t t e r may

p a s s on tliem to I ' t i q a d Khan. I ' t i q a d i s r e q u e s t e d to

s c r u t i n i s e the r e c o r d , and p u t t h e t e n o r of t he I m p e r i a l

o r d e r s p a s s e d upon the s h e e t s of t h o s e whose a d d i t i o n a l

and new mans abs have a l r e a d y been p l a c e d b e f o r e His iMajesty

. . . 117

(117)

t h r o u g h t h e waqi ' a and so do n o t need t o be p l a c e d b e f o r e

His Ma jes ty a g a i n , p u t h i s s e a l upon them and d e l i v e r them

to P iurangzeb ' s v /ak i l , so t h a t he may send them t o Aurang-

zeh i iTunediately. In r e g a r d t o o t h e r s , t h e i r c a s e s s h o u l d

rx2 p u t by I ' t i q a d Khan b e f o r e His Ma je s ty , and he s h o u l d

s i m i l a r l y r e c o r d His M a j e s t y ' s o r d e r s on t h e i r s h e e t s and

a f f i x h i s s e a l t h e r e o n , h a n d l i n g them o v e r t o Aurangzob ' s

waJ ' i l so t h a t t h e s e s h o u l d s e r v e as a u t h e n t i c c e r t i f i c a

t i o n fo r t h e o f f i c i a l s of t h i s s u b a . Aurangzeb has o r d e r

ed t h a t h e n c e f o r t h t h e p r o p o s a l s s h a l l be s e n t s i m i l a r l y

month by nrinth to t h a t B a k h s h i u l Mamalik, so t h a t he may

p l a c e tlieip. b e f o r e His M a j e s t y , and a f f i x i n g h i s c o n f i r m a

t i o n it as dig) of I m p e r i a l o r d e r s t h e r e o n , he may hand them

o v e r to A u r a n g s e b ' s v / a k i l . Hopes fo r e f f o r t in t h i s

l i r e c t i o n so t h a t t h e army may o b t a i n r e l i e f .

11 .3 Recommendations f o r N a s r u l l a h (1655, p . 6 0 4 ) :

3 ince t ' a s r u l l a h , son of Hasan, who was recommended an

enhancement of 150/10 has due t o h i s a f f i n i t y w i t h him,

a lways remiained wi th Sazawar Khan, and has been r e c o r d e d

in tlie o f f i c i a l p a p e r s as t h e d e s i g n a t e d son of Sazawar

Khan h i s f a t h e r no t b e i n g m e n t i o n e d .

^â3rul lah s / o Hasan (300/50) was t h e - d e s i g n a t e d son of oazawar Kh'an, Hyderabad 131, 4208,;as c i t e d i n Appara tus 3 . , 2504, 3 . , 6499 .

. . . 1 1 8

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Due; to thi.=; r e a s o n , when t h e y a d d a s h t (memoranduin) f o r en-

ho-ncement was p r e s e n t e d to His Ma jes ty , t h e Emperor obse rv -

ed t h a t a s l a v e d e s i g n a t e d as a son d i d n o t mean a mansab .

Aurangzeb t h e r e f o r e v;i-ites t h a t N a s r u l l a h i s a c a p a b l e

youth who had we l l pe r fo rmed t h e d u t i e s of amin of p a r q a n a

r- 'athri and then been a s s i g n e d t h e c h a r g e of Ba r sa r

(Basar) " f o r t a t t a c h e d to Sunnair , His f a t h e r i s an Impe

r i a l o f f i c i a l and so a l s o h i s e l d e r b r o t h e r . Asks him,

t ' n e r e f o r e , to submi t iJê f a c t s as r e c o r d e d h e r e t o t h e

Emperor f o r f avour of r e s t o r a t i o n of h i s o r i g i n a l and add i

t i o n a l r a n k .

Recommendations fo r Fa th and O t h e r O f f i c i a l s (1656, :Jp . 60 4 - 5 ) :

Acknowledges t h e r e c e i p t of h i s '"arzdasht s e n t in r e s p o n s e

t o A u r a n g z e b ' s n i s h a n . Notes t h e c o n t e n t s of I m p e r i a l

o r d e r s i s s u e d i n r e s p e c t of t h e enhancement of t h e rank of

- 3 Fa th son of Z a k a r i y a end h i s b r o t h e r H a y a t . I t i s s u r -

--ârqana r-Vithri in s ark ar of t h e same name in sub a Bera r , A t l a s , 14 A.

Ba r sa r (Bhasar) f o r t s a r k a r Nahder , suba B ida r , c f . A t l a s 14A.

• .•:y-Vc ;/<; /âkar iya (Afghan) h e l d t he rank of 500/500 in 1656, W a r i s , 260(.3L) , as c i t e d In Apparatus^ S,, 7079 ,

. . . 1 1 9

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p r i s i n g why t h e inc ree i se of r a n k s recommended f o r them in

r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e i r m e r i t o r i o u s s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d d u r i n g

Hyderabad campaign, and upon c o n d i t i o n of t h e f a u j d a r i of

mahals which have always been d i s c h a r g e d by o f f i c e r s of

h i a h e r r ank , has been r e j e c t e d . I t i s e v i d e n t from h i g h

ranks he ld by some of t h e Afghans t h a t t h e p romot ion in

z a t ( rank) i s n o t v i o l a t i v e of t h e norm 1 az z a b l t a - b e r u n

r:y_j_t.) . '-5od be p r a i s e d , Aurangzeb has n e v e r i n d u l g e d in

ma}cing improper recommendat ions a l l t h i s t i m e . What t h e n

a re t h e r e a s o n s for t±ie n o n - a c c e p t a n c e of t h e i n c r e a s e i n

t n e i r r a n k s ? S i n c e bo th of them are e f f i c i e n t Khanazad

o f f i c i a l s , and have r e c e i v e d s a l a r y fo r some t ime (on en

hanced r a n k s ) , t h e y have a l s o t a k e n to brand t h e ( l a r g e r )

c o n t i n g e n t s r e q u i r e d unde r t h e R e g u l a t i o n s and have d i s

c h a r g e d t h e i r a s s i g n e d d u t i e s . As of now too t h e y a r e

s e r v i n g under Aurangzeb wi th a s u i t a b l e c o n t i n g e n t . I f

t h e i r enhancement i s n o t approved as p e r t h e recommenda

t i o n s t h e y w i l l t o u n a b l e to meet t h e ( r e s u l t a n t ) I m p e r i a l

c l a i m s (mu ta i ab :.) , -uia t he e>5)enses which t h e y have i n c u r

red v/i 11 a r e a t l y a f f e c t t h e i r c o n d i t i o n . '.Vhen p e o p l e know

t h i t Aur-'.nnr.el)'s reconimendat ions to t he I m p e r i a l Cour t

c a r r y no v/e ight , how v / i l l t h e y aga in r i s k t h e i r l i v e s and

how would .'vurangzeb be a b l e t o a s s i g n any c h a r g e to anyone,

i o l i c i t s I ' t i q a d Khan ' s i n t e r v e n t i o n in p l e a d i n g fo r i n

c r e a s e of rank of Fa th and h i s b r o t h e r t o His Majes ty and

i m m e d i a t e l y despa tc l i t h e sanad of a c c e p t a n c e of t h e i r man-

. . . 120

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s a b from t h e d a t e recommended so t h a t b o t h of them c o u l d

e x e r t t h e m s e l v e s l o y a l l y i n I m p e r i a l s e r v i c e .

11 .5 -•^jpointment of Abu' 1 F a z l Ma'muri (1656, p . 599 ) :

Informs him t h a t t h e t h a n a d a r i of q a s b a Ladsangwi , a p a s s

on t he r o u t e to Khandesh and Bera r was p r e v i o u s l y h e l d by

o a ' i a Knandesh i and n i n e o t h e r m a n s a b d a r s . S i n c e t h e y

f a i l e d to d i s c h a r g e t h e i r d u t i e s p r o p e r l y . Abul Faz l

iâ 'mur i , an e f f i c i e n t I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l , was a p p o i n t e d t o

3

t h e p o s t and tlie r a h d a r i of t h e road to J a l n a which p a s s

es tihrough thie Ladsangwi t r a c t . F i f t y sawar , c o n d i t i o n a l ,

have been r educed from t h e rank of 3 a ' i d and o t h e r s Abul

F a z l ' s rank has been r a i s e d from 300/70 t o 400/100 by add

i n g 100 /30 . /isks I ' t i q a d Khan t o r e p r e s e n t Abul Faz l

M a ' m u r i ' s good s e r v i c e and p r o m o t i o n t o His Ma je s ty , in

c a s e t h e same has n o t been r epor ted from t h e d a i l y news

( r o z n a m c h a - i w a g a i ' ) from h e r e , recommend h i s c a s e and com

m u n i c a t e t h e I m p e r i a l o r d e r s and approval of i n c r e a s e (in

h i s mans ab) to t h e m u t a s a d d i s of t h e §uba, so t h a t t h e y may

n o t d e l a y in i s s u i n g t h e s anad fo r t h e a d d i t i o n a l j a g i r

a g a i n s t tlie enhanced p a y - c l a i m .

J a s b a Lads_av/angi (so i n modern maps, b u t i n P e r s i a n s o u r c e s Ladsangwi) in s a rk a r J a l n a p u r , sub a Aurangabad. J f , A t l a s , 55 .

oa id Kh-andeshi no t i d e n t i f i e d .

J a l n a or J a l n a p u r s ark ar in suba Aurangabad, A t l a s , 55 .

1 71 • • • -L <!. J .

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RGGommendations fo r Abu'1 Faz l Ma'muri (1656, p . 6 0 6 ) :

i i n c e Abul Fazl Ma' rnur i" i s a Khanazad d e s e r v i n g f a v o u r s

?jvi he hc.i-3 d i s c h a r g e d t±ie d u t i e s a s s i g n e d to him in an

a j<propr i a t e manner, and s i n c e he has a l s o e x h i b i t e d h i s

e f f i c i e n c y in t h i s l a s t campaign, he h a s , now, been a s s i g n -

- 2

ed t h e f a u i ' d a r i of Onkapur c o n s e q u e n t upon t h e t r a n s f e r

of Hayat son of Z a k a r i y a , who h e l d t h e rank of 500 /600 . -^

i n c r e a s e of 100/100 h a s been recommended upon c o n d i t i o n of

h o l d i n g t h a t p o s t e n h a n c i n g h i s o r i g i n a l and a d d i t i o n a l

rank t o 6 0 0 / 7 0 0 . o o l i c i . t s I ' t i q a d K h a n ' s i n t e r c e s s i o n in

r e p r e s e n t i n g h i s c a s e t o His M a j e s t y and g e t t i n g t h e sanad

f o r i n c r e a s e in h i s r a n k .

L e t t e r s to 3h"ah Beg Khan

.•\s3i gnments of P a r q a n a s to Shah Beg JOian (1656, p . 7 4 5 ) :

In view of t h e t r a n s f e r of h i s e n t i r e mahal a t t h e t ime of

r e a l i z a t i o n of r evenue Aurangzeb had t h o u g h t of a s s i g n i n g _ 3

p a r q a n a ' . ' a rva l in l i e u of h i s two ma ha l s , f o r h i s s a l a r y .

Kov; t h a t he has made a r e q u e s t f o r t h e a s s i g n m e n t of p a r

qana B i r , t h i s has been a c c e p t e d and t h e p a r q a n a has been

Mir ;0;)ul Paz] / l a 'mur i ( I r a n i ) h e l d t h e rank of (500/200) in 1656-7, .-.'aris 270 (a^ as c i t e d in Appra tus 3 . , 7116/ i a l i h . I I I , 484".

> ,^r.:.-.:na Cnkfipur n o t t r a c e d .

r a r g a n a ' / a r v a l s a r k a r Nander suba B i d a r . See A t l a s , 56 .

. . . 1 2 2

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a s s i g n e d to him in jagi r_ . D i r e c t s him t o make h i s e n d e a

v o u r for t h e i n c r e a s e i n c u l t i v a t i o n and p r o s p e r i t y of

t h a t e x c e l l e n t and l a r g e p a r q a n a which Murshid Qul i Khan

has made e x t r e m e l y p r o s p e r o u s w i t h i n a s h o r t p e r i o d due t o

h i s commendable e f f o r t s . I n s t r u c t s him to send h i s son

KuhaTjnad /'»:;iin t h e r e a long wi th 100 sawar and h i m s e l f come

t o Ai i r angzeb ' s camp w i t h t h e remaining c o n t i n g e n t .

1 2 . 2 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of Konkcin (1657, p . 7 4 4 ) :

Informs him t h a t i t has been r e p o r t e d to Aurangzeb t h a t

- 1

t he . iyents (gumashtas) of Mul l a Ahmad, former Governor

of Konkan, who arc s t i l l in c o n t r o l , of Konkan, have e r e c t

ed a new f o r t on t h e b o r d e r of J u n a i r . A c c o r d i n g l y Mam-2

rc-z, f au i d a r of J u n a i r , an o f f i c i a l of Aurangzeb -and

otrvar I:ri - o r i a l o f f i c i a l s h a v i n g j a q i r in t h a t a r e a , have

bea r o r d e r e d to p r o c e e d to t h a t p l a c e and c o m p l e t e l y demo

l i s h the f o r t . D i r e c t s him, as a l r e a d y com.municated by

.^::.^hi'1 , ju l i Khiin, to d e s p a t c h h i s son a long wi th 200 men

*: , r e i n f o r c e l i a n r e s .

iâ l la Ahmad, former <ibvernor of Konkan, was t h e l e a d i n g n o h l e of h i j a o u r who v/as s u b s e q u e n t l y g iven the rank of 6000/6000 on tl:ie recorrirnendation of I-'drza Raja J a i •iir:.jh, "Al a:.-qi mama, 9 1 9 - 9 2 0 .

y.^^szr^'z not identified.

1 9'

(123)

1 Lo 11 e r 3 bo J a z i 1 ?0n iin .

TrJ iAite :':r;_;:i Jhinar-^'ri Deshmukh of P a r q a n a I n d u r (165 3, ^ p . 6 36-9) :

Acknov;ledges t he ' a r z d a s h t i s s u e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e I n p e r i a l

o r d e r s iii r e g a r d to trie c a s e of t h ^ p e s h k a s h of C h i n a r e r i , "

3 dejhinukh or p a r q a n a I n d u r based on t h e r e p o r t of Mir

J a l i h , 3c i i - i n - l av ; of t h e l a t e I s l am Khan. Aurangzeb o b

s e r v e s t r . a t the s a i d p a r g a n a b e l o n g s t o suba T e l i n g a n a , and

cosv,i2 i n t o I n i p a r i a l p o s s e s s i o n i n (Shahj ahan ' s ) 2nd R.Y. ,

a long v.d th t h a t t e r r i t o r y . S i n c e t h e s a i d deshmukh r e n d e r

ed ; n e r i t o r i o u s s e r v i c e s t he l a t e Khan- i Dauran r e p r e s e n t e d

to W.i 3 M.iie3ty t t i a t d u r i n g t h e regime of Nizamshahis (dar

za-: 'an-i i ' /a 1 r i t - i be-K jzam) tlie jama ' of t h i s p a r g a n a had

boon i n c r e a s e d to 2, 2000 huns and 37, 000 r u p e e s and payment

o"- v:;c!' .••; 3uni i s d i f f i c u l t fo r t he p e a s a n t r y . A c c o r d i n g l y

on Khar.-i D a u r a n ' s r ecommenda t ions , t he jama ' of I n d u r in

trie f i r s t yea r was f i x e d a t 20, 500 and odd h u n s , and s u b s e -

- - l a u ' l Mulk F a z i i Khan ( I r a n i ) (2500/600) was t h e g i l a ' d a r o i: Delhi and K i r - i iaman in 16 5 3, V/aris , 19 2 ( a ) , as c i t e d i n Appa ra tu s D . , 60 27 .

C h i n a r e r i v/as t he surname of t h e deshmukhs of p a r g a n a I n d u r .

P a r g a n a I n d u r (Nizâmabad) s a r k a r T e l i n g a n a suba B e r a r , A t l a s , ISA.

Mir i a i i h (_l5oo/5r }, was the S/L o f Shah Nawaz Khan, 1 3 ( b ) , A l a m q l m a m a , 4 5 .

1 9d • • • J. ^ -

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o u e n t l y yea r a f t e r yea r to 30/ 270 huris, as i s seen from t h e

I m p e r i a l farman i s s u e d t o Ghinareri on t h e recommendat ions

of Kh.an-i Dauran . T i l l 9 th R.Y. t h a t p a r q a n a remained

a t t a c h e d to t h e K h a l i s a S h a r i f a , and a c c o r d i n g l y t h e above

30, 270 c' -t'id odd huns were d e p o s i t e d in t h e I m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y .

Dv.riricj t h e s e f i v e yea r s t he l a t e M l ^ - ^ Zaman, owing t o

changes in t he ( rupee) r a t e of t h e hun, once o b t a i n e d an

a d d i t i o n a l r>um of) ^-, .55,000, and once t h e l a t e Khan- i Dauran

d u r i n g t h e s e i g e of Udgi r f o r t ^ c o l l e c t e d a s m a l l amount of

' : . 4 ,000 a3 pe shkash , in a d d i t i o n t o t h e s t i p u l a t e d jama'

frcm J h i n T i r e r i . From Kha r i f i i c h g a n 11 , 10th R.Y. when t h i s

:J groan a was a s i g n e d to Aurangzeb in j^gi r_ t i l l 11th R.Y.

J h i n a r e r i deshmukh went on g i v i n g t h e same amount as was

r e a l i s e d under t h e K h a l i s a o h a r l f a and had b r o u g h t Rs.50,000

as n i s a r ( o f f e r i n g ) d u r i n g h i s a t t e n d a n c e ( a t A u r a n g z e b ' s

h e a d q u a r t e r s ) . At t he b e g i n n i n g of 12th R .Y . , he d i e d a

n a t u r a l d e a t h , l e a v i n g no son and was s u c c e e d e d by h i s s o n -

i n - l a w who p o s s e s s e d h i m s e l f t h e e n t i r e p r o p e r t y h i s p r c d e -

C'i.\isor had accumulated from t h e t ime of t he Deccani r u l e r s .

In l i e u of t h i s f avour and a s s i g n m e n t of t h e o f f i c e of d e s h

mukh of I n d u r to him and h i s d e s i g n a t i o n as Ch . ina re r i an

amount of ""•,. 2, 50,000 as peshkash t o Aurangzeb was f i x e d on

-wanulleih Khan, Khan- i Z«aman, K h ^ ^ ^ a d Khan, Bahadur s /o Mahabat Khan, 3ubedar of t he Deccan, in 16 35, L a h o r i , I ( b ) , 62, 97, 135.

2 . Udgir f o r t i n 3arkar Nander, 3uba BldaT/ Lahori , I, i, 413 & I , i i , 136, 140, e t c .

. . . 1 2 5

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liim. Aurangzeb r e p o r t e d t h i s f a c t to His Majesty at t h a t

v e r y t i m e . Dur ing h i s deshmukhi t i l l 12th t h e jama ' of t h e

p a r g a n a remained t h e saine.

Af te rwards A u r a n g z e b ' s o f f i c i a l s due t o t h e i r endeavour i n

c r e a s e d t h e j ama ' of I n d u r by ISQO h u n s . S i n c e t h e d e s h -

:n;ikh c o n s i d e r e d t h e i n c r e a s e in jama ' as d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e

^jeas a n t s and t h e c u l t i v a t o r s , he p r o m i s e d t o p a y t h e a d d i

t i o n a l amount as p e s h k a s h . For four y e a r s t i l l 17th ( r e g -

;-al) y e a r he p a i d Rs.4C,000 huns p e r annum t o Aurangzeb. In

]Sth ( r e g n a l ) year when K n i n - i Dauran became t h e Governor

of the Deccan he recommended a r e d u c t i o n i n t he j ama ' of

I n d u r and h.inded o v e r t h e t a s d i q ( c e r t i f i c a t e ) t o t h e r e

venue c o n t r a c t o r s (mustaj I r a n ) of t h e p a r g a n a t o t h e e f f e c t

th-Jt irj t h e f i r s t year t h e y v/ere t o pay 33,000 huns , i n t h e

second yea r 35,000 huns , and a f t e r w a r d s e v e r y y e a r 37,000

h u n s . Th i s a r r a n g e m e n t was fo l lowed fo r one and a h a l f

y e a r s i n t h e K h a l i s a i h a r j f a and f o r one h a r v e s t ( fas 1) i n

t he j a q i r d a r i of t he l a t e I s l am Khan. In t h e t h i r d yea r

Islan-i Klian m o d i f i e d t h e s e t t l e m e n t made by Khan- i Dauran

and d e c i d e d to t a k e 40 ,000 huns which was t h e j ama ' f i x e d

by Aurangzeb . In t h a t t ime C h i n a r e r i a l s o d i e d and t h e

p r e s e n t C h i n a r e r i became thie deshmiikh. Owing t o m i s c h i e f

some v/icked p e r s o n s o b t a i n e d h i s w r i t t e n c o n s e n t t o pay

R<;. 1 ,00,000 ove r and above t h e j a m a ' , o u t of which he c o u l d

l> sy ^'?.40,000 wi th u tmos t d i f f i c u l t y wi th t h e r ema inde r l e f t

. . . 126

(126)

l u i c o l l e c t e d . As a r e s u l i : of t h i s i m p o s i t i o n which t h e p e a

s a n t r y i s u n a b l e to b e a r t h e a f f a i r s of t h e p a r q a n a were

c o m p l e t e l y d i s r u p t e d . S u b s e q u e n t l y , upon I s l a m Khan ' s

d e a t h t h e p a r q a n a was a s s i g n e d t o P r i n c e Murad Bakhsh. His

' ummal ( r evenue c o l l e c t o r s ) d i d n o t c o l l e c t more than

40 ,000 h u n s . Af t e r h i s t r a n s f e r D i y a n a t Khan and Rai

Rayan, k e e p i n g in view t h e need of p r o s p e r i t y of t h e i n

h a b i t a n t s m a i n t a i n e d t l i a t jama ' f o r t h r e e y e a r s . A l a r g e

amount of a r r e a r s i s due from t h e r evenue fa rmer t h e r e o f

from t h e d a t e of t h e r e a s s i g n m e n t of t h e p a r q a n a t o Aurang-

z e b .

i If Mir o a l i h in h i s r e p o r t has t e rmed 9/700 huns which were

i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s reg ime ( f i r s t V i c e r o y a l t y ) of

Aurangzeb as pe shkash t h e r e has been no d i f f i c u l t y i n i t s

c o l l e c t i o n . I t has been t a k e n t h a t t h e m u t a s a d d i s of

Aurangzeb o b t a i n e d from him, as w e l l as by t h e o t h e r j i g i r -

d a r s and t h e diwans of t h e K h a l i s a S h a r i f a . I f he has r e

p o r t e d a n y t h i n g e l s e abou t t h i s sum, i t w i l l be i n c o r r e c t .

Hopes t h a t F a z i l Khan w i l l r e p r e s e n t t h e m a t t e r i n d e t a i l

as v / r i t t e n o u t h e r e t o His M a j e s t y .

D i y a n a t R a i , Rai Rayah (1000/150) was a p p o i n t e d Diwan of t h e Deccan in 1648 which he h e l d t i l l 1649, War i s , 45 (b} , 5 3 ( a ) , as c i t e d i n A p p a r a t u s , 3 . , 4436, 3 . , 5398.

. . . 127

(127)

13 .2 Recoriuuendations for R u h u l l a h (1656, p p . 6 4 2 - 3 ) :

Informs him t h a t R u h u l l a h son of'Muhammad Yusuf Khan

p o r t e d i n t h e Deccan has r e p o r t e d t o Aurangzeb t h a t he - 2

v;a3 a p p o i n t e d f a u j d a r of Mandu w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n a l

i n c r e a s e of 5 0 0 / 4 0 0 . S u b s e q u e n t l y , he r e c e i v e d an i n

c r e a s e of 200 sawars i n r e c o g n i t i o n of h i s good s e r v i c e

t h e r e . His o r i g i n a l and a d d i t i o n a l rank was 1500/1000

which has been now r e t a i n e d a t 1000/400; however , h i s

a d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n a l r ank t o g e t h e r wi th t h e s u b s e q u e n t

i n c r e a s e was resumed (upon h i s t r a n s f e r to t he Deccan) .

i i n c e he i s an e f f i c i e n t s o l d i e r and t h e c o n d i t i o n s of

t he i"aqirs of t h e Deccan a re known, i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t

i-'azil Kjian s h o u l d r e p r e s e n t h i s c a s e to His Majes ty on

an . a p p r o p r i a t e o c c a s i o n and make such e n d e a v o u r s t h a t

s u i t a b l e f avour s h o u l d be shown to him so t h a t he can

c o n f i d e n t l y c a r r y o u t h i s d u t i e s w i t h o u t l o s i n g h i s c o n -

t i n q e n t .

14. L e t t e r s to H u l t a f a t Khan

; 4 . 1 A-dm.inis trat ion of Aurîngzeb's J a g i r s (165 2, p p . 6 7 5 - 6 ) :

Informs him of t h e a s s i g n m e n t of t h e subas of t he Deccan

-co Aur\^.qzeh from t h e b e g i n n i n g of Khar i f Yunt I I . One

1

9

Ruhul l ah s / o Muhanmad Yusuf Khan T a s h a a n d i (Turan i ) (1500/1000) was 'demoted t o 1000/400 i n 1656, War i s , 2 6 5 ( a ) , as c i t e d in / appara tus 3 . , 6 9 0 3 .

Par can a and s a r k a r Mandu in suba Malwa, Atl a s , 9A.

. . . 128

(128)

of A u r a n g z e b ' s o f f i c e r s Jluhammad T a h i r has been o r d e r e d to

go ther62 in ruivance of tlie t^ ' r ince ' s r e t i n u e . A n i s h a n has

been s e n t t o D i y a n a t Khan t h a t t i l l h i s ( T a h i r ' s ) a r r i v a l

V'.e s h o u l d p o s t knov; ledgeable k a r o r l s i n t h e mahals of t h e

ia^gi_r of Aurangzeb unde r h i s D i w a n l . ' E x p e c t s t h a t l ^ l t a f a t

Khan v;ould a l s o send h o n e s t k a r o r l s t o jacf i rs a s s i g n e d t o

A\irangzeb fo r s a l a r y t h r o u g h I m p e r i a l farm an . He shou ld

i n s t r v i c t them to be warned of d o i n g a n y t h i n g a t t r a c t i n g t h e

i ' r i n c e ' s c e n s u r e and to be-ar in mind t h e f i n a n c i a l r e q u i r e -

rnenrs of (Aur-mgzeb ' s ) e s t a b l i s h m e n t , w e l f a r e of p e a s a n t r y

i:.d i n c r e a s e in p r o s p e r i t y and c u l t i v a t i o n . He s h o u l d keep

]•] i!-. J o 1::' wo 11 - j n f ormed.

I n s t r u c t i o n s fo r t h e Management of A u r a n g z e b ' s J a g i r s ; 1&S2, p . 67 7) :

In forms him of h i s imper.ding a r r i v a l t o t h e Deccan . V/ith

God 's a id Aurangzeb w i l l j u s t l y t r e a t and p r o t e c t t h e i n

h a b i t a n t s of t h a t p r o v i n c e v;ho have been p u t i n d i s t r e s s

by t h e o p p r e s s i o n of t h e g o v e r n o r s . Assu re s him t h a t

w h a t e v e r he p r o p o s e s fo r p r o p e r l y a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h a t p r o

v i n c e w i l l be a c c e p t e d .

Muham.mad T a h i r who has l e f t a long wi th a group of o f f i

c i a l s on ]9 Hamazan w i l l p e r h a p s r e a c h Burhanpur towards

tf 'e mi'.ldle of Z l i h i i j a . T i l l t h a t t ime t h e a d d r e s s e e

shou ld lock a f t e r Aur.angzeb 's j a g i r s , which are s i t u a t e d

. . . 129

(129)

•.vitiiin riis Oiwani and a()point the i n t e l l i g e n t and honest

' ajriil.-3 so th .at there i s no s h o r t f a l l in c o l l e c t i n g revenue

(mal-1 v /a j lb i ) and t h e p e a s a n t r y are not o p p r e s s e d . S a f e

guard! no the; v;ea\ a q a i n s t t h e o p p r e s s i o n of the s t r o n g , he

',\\o".l'. '-lan-i'Te the a f f a i r s in such a v.'ay t h a t t he j a q i r d a r s

in'l ~l:e ;\.-!rori3 would n o t o p p r e s s t h e p e a s a n t r y and t h e

v/eak. He s l iould d i s p l a y a s ense of j u s t i c e and e q u i t y i n

e v e r y m a t t e r and do h i s utmost for the p r o s p e r i t y of the

t e r r i t o r y and the e x t e n s i o n of c u l t i v a t i o n .

1 4 . 3 F i n a n c i a l A s s i s t a n c e and Promotion of O f f i c i a l s (1656-7, p . 697-8) :

r ' r e v i o u s l y o r d e r s were i s s u e d to Murshid Quli Khan to pay

.•. 10,000 Iron, the t r e a s u r y of Ahmadnagar as loan (mus a ' • ' 1 '

ad a t ) to 'Abciul MT.:n;im. Trusts the-money has been r e m i t

t e d . The a d d r e s s e e s h o u l d deduct one thousand huns which

he has p a i d to 'Abdul Muni'ra ror the ejqjenses for the

t r e a s u r y (kharch- i t a h w i l d a r i ) , according to Murshid Quli

Kjnan's a u t h o r i s a t i o n (sanad) and pay the balance a l so to

him so t h a t h i s c o n t i n g e n t does not l eave him (for lack of

oay) . The sanad of money c la im on Tirambak has been taken

;-•,- his a g e n t , who w i l l d i s p a t c h i t . S ince Hoshd'ar was

"A'cdul Muni'ni n o t i d e n t i f i e d .

. . . 1 3 0

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- 1 2 3

/ r a n t e d t h e f a u j d a r i or Charnargonda, Kada and 3 i s t

Aurangaeb has con t inues i t h e p r e v i o u s c o n d i t i o n a l rank upon

con ' . i i t ion of h o l d i n g tJ'ie new p o s t i n g . Le t him see to i t

th ?-t tiQjhciar pe r fo rms h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f u n c t i o n s p r o p e r -Iv and i s v i g i l a n t .

15. L e t t e r s to N a s i r i Khan.

1 5 . 1 P r o t e c t i o n of t h e i r ' easan t ry and Favours to O f f i c i a l s (16 57, p p . 7 27-8) :

The a d d r e s s e e ' s a c t i o n in l e a v i n g Ahmadnagar and p r o c e e d

ing to t h e f r o n t i e r s of i-âxenda has been approved , s i n c e

t n i s was done k e e p i n g in view c i rcu jms tances of t h e t ime

and advanc ing t h e I m p e r i a l i n t e r e s t s . He s h o u l d so app ly

h i m s e l f to t h e p o s s e s s i o n and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e Impe

r i a l t e r r i t o r i e s t h a t t h e p e a s a n t s and i n h a b i t a n t s may

f e e l s a f e from tl ie d e p r a d a t i o n s of t h e enemy and whole

h e a r t e d l y engage t h e m s e l v e s in c u l t i v a t i o n and t h a t peace

i s e s t a b l i s h e d and t h e r e f r a c t o r y e l e m e n t s do n o t d a r e to

e n t e r in t h a t t e r r i t o r y . Murshid Q u l i K h a n ' s d e p a r t u r e

v;ith a view to t a k i n g o v e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h a t t e r r i -

x; a r g a n a Chijiiargonda (Mod. 3 h r i g o n d a ) s a r k a r Ahmadnagar, s a b a Aurangabad, A t l a s , 14A.

r-argana Kada o r Kada Nimone in s a r k a r Ahmadnagar, G.T. K u l k a r n i , The Mughal -Mara tha R e l a t i o n s : Twenty F ive F a t e f u l Years (1682-1707) ,'" Pune, 1983, 37; c f . A t l a s , 14A. 31 S t no t i d e n t i f i e d .

. . . 131

(131)

tr jry has been p o s t p o n e d , and he has been d i r e c t e d by

Aurangzeb t o d e p u t e t h e knowledgeab l e o f f i c i a l s fo r assum

i n g and s e t t l i n g t h e p e a s a n t r y and making p r o p e r a r r a n g e

ments fo r t h e c a r r y i n g on of c u l t i v a t i o n .

I t was c o r r e c t t o l e a v e beh ind Rao Karan and K a r t a l a b 1

Khan in C h i r a an 'i l-'ai.'. -îmune Qi:id t o g i v e t h e c h a r g e of

- 2 -

t h a n a Kher to Kar t a l . ab Khan. S i n c e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

of t h a t t e r r i t o r y has oeen l e f t t o him ( N a s i r l Khan) , he

s h o u l d do wha teve r he judges t o be p r o p e r on t h e s p o t .

'Abdul Muni'm Kh LH has been p r o p e r l y r e m u n e r a t e d fo r h i s

s e r v i c e ; Kur sh id Uu l i Khan has been s e n t a n i s h a n to g ive

him a loan (musa'adat) of Rs. 10, 000 from t h e t r e a s u r y of

/^hmadnagar f o r t and send the sanad a c c o r d i n g l y . The

amount t h a t he has a l r e a d y r e c e i v e d , on t h e b a s i s of t h e

a d d r e s s e e ' s l e t t e r , s h a l l be d e d u c t e d from t h i s . He s h o u l d

h e l p hirn -and keep him wi th h i m s e l f . As recommended by

him, Fâr ta lab Khan ' s a f f a i r s a r e b e i n g looked i n t o . The

f au j d a r i of Chamargonda, Kada and B i s t v/as e n t r a i s t e d t o

l i o s h d a r . He has been i n s t r u c t e d t h a t c o n t r a r y t o p a s t he

s h o u l d p r o p e r l y a d m i n i s t e r t h a t t e r r i t o r y w i t h o u t any neg -

n o t i d e n t i f i e d .

2 . - ;ai'f ill a Kher (Kcid. Ganca K h e r ) , s a rk ex Nander , suba Bidrir, A t l a s , 14 A.

. . 132

(132)

- 1 - 2

l i g e n c e . Wall Beg and Aman Beg would be g r a n t e d t a n -

khvjah j a g L r in a . s u i t a b l e p l a c e . The p h y s i c a l v e r i f i c a

t i o n ot t h e s o l d i e r s of I r a j Khan w i l l be made by Rustam,

t h e Baxhshi of t h a t arrny in c o n s u l t a t i o n w i th N a s i r i Khan

s i m i l a r l y t h e b r a n d i n g of t h e h o r s e s of Sawayat Trimbak

Bhonsla i 3 p a r t of t h e d u t i e s of the b a k h s h l ,

5.2 S a l a r i e s of t he O f f i c i a l s (1657, p . 7 3 2 ) :

The Wazir C-iir Jumla) has s a n c t i o n e d ca sh pay fo r I r a j

Kjian -uid h i s b r o t h e r s wi th e f f e c t from Khurdad ( I l ' ah i

month ) , and h e n c e f o r t h t h e y w i l l be p a i d on t h i s b a s i s .

"r imbak E^honsla has r e c e i v e d t h e e n t i r e pay f o r h i s man-

saD and, in r e s p o n s e to t h e a d d r e s s e e ' s recommendat ions

Aurangzeb has g r a n t e d Rs.4,000 as loan t o him from t h e

t r e a s u r y of Ahmadnagar f o r t .

3 i - ror iot ion of T a t a r Beg and Recommendation for S h i v a j i (1657, p p . 7 35-6) :

,%'hatever ha:3 been r e p r e s e n t e d abou t t he a b i l i t i e s of

T a t a r Beg by the a d d r e s s e e has a l r e a d y teen reporter; , to

V.'ali jeg s / o ^ u l t a n Beg (150-15) Hyderabad, 4190, as c i t e d in Appara tus J . , 5516.

-TTTian Hec s/o Bahadur Klian ( I r a n i ) ( 1 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 ) , S a l i h , I I I , 466 .

Trir:t)ak Bhonsla Mara tha I 1500 /1000) , Âlamgirnama, 4 8 . - _ ^ — —.

T . t a r L:::r s / o Uzbek Kham, A l a m q l m a m a , 52 .

. . . 1 3 3

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Aurangzeb who has g r a n t e d him 1aqlr i n p a r q a n a Kada Nimune

in l i e u of h i s resumed 1 a g i r ; and he has o r d e r e d diwans

t h a t he be g iven the c e r t i f i c a t e of a s s i g n m e n t ( s a n a d - i

tankhwal i i ) . The a d d i t i o n a l p a y - c l a i m w i l l a l s o be a l lowed

a f t o r r e c e i p t of t he a p p r o v a l by His M a j e s t y . Let him en

c o u r a g e T a t a r Beg and keep engaged in h i s d u t i e s so t h a t

he may t e d u l y r e w a r d e d . The a d d r e s s e e had been o r d e r e d

Dv Mis Ma je s ty t o r e p o r t abou t a l l t h o s e who had fough t

w i th him so t h a t t h e y c o u l d be p romoted a c c o r d i n g l y . Let

him iv.ake r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s to t h e Cour t about h i s b r o t h e r

and Rustam Khan. A p p r e c i a t e s h i s r e p l y i n r e s p o n s e t o tlie

a c c u r s e d i h i v a ' s l e t t e r . Al though h i s e x t e r m i n a t i o n i s

n e c e s s a r y , (and) he c a n n o t be p a r d o n e d a f t e r such c o n t u

macy, y e t i f he a g r e e s t o a c t i n c o n f i r m i t y w i t h t h e add

r e s s e e ' s l e t t e r , and s e n d s a t r u s t y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , and

s h o u l d h i s r e q u e s t s be wor thy of c o n s i d e r a t i o n , t h e s e may

be r e p o r t e d to Aurangzeb .

15.4 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of P a r e n d a (1657, p . 7 3 7 ) :

i i n c e r-arenda v/ith i t s e n v i r o n s a long wi th t h e e n t i r e

t e r r i t o r y of Konkan- i Nizamul Mulki has been annexed t o

t h e I m p e r i a l domin ions , and a l l t h e f o r t s and the mahals

would be s h o r t l y o c c u p i e d by t h e I m p e r i a l a r m i e s , i t i s

n e c e s s a r y to c o n s o l e tlie p e a s a n t r y and p r o t e c t t h a t t e r r i

t o r y from p l u n d e r and r a p i n e , t h e a d d r e s s e e s h o u l d p r o c e e d

. . . 134

(134)

t l i e r e f o r t h v ; i t h with the o b j e c t of occupying and p r o t e c t -

i n c t h e v i l l a g e s and mahals of t h a t area and see to i t

t h a t n e i t h e r t h e Irrperial armies nor the revenue o f f i c i a l s

•ind Qovernors (havaldars) of Bijapur should cause any harm

to t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h a t t e r r i t o r y .

1 ' - . T.ett^j: to i-'uha'tunad Beg.

16 .1 Mir J u m l a ' s R e t a i n e r s and Recruitment of S o l d i e r s (.16 56, p p . 787 - 9 ) :

ThG r e t a i n e r s of Mir Jumla, who have l o s t t h e i r horses and

'.•;ho have one h o r s e (y•a]':-asp a) , r e p r e s e n t e d t J i a t t h e y s h o u l d

:>3 g iven .TLUsa' ad a t . The P r i n c e has o r d e r e d t h a t musa ' ad a t

c a n n o t be g r a n t e d . To such of t h o s e as have l o s t t h e i r

h o r s e s and a re judged competent by him, and to those who

have o n e - h o r s e , and wish to be two-horsed (do-asp a) , he may

_.;ay one month s a l a r y in advance in a d d i t i o n to one month

s a l a r y which v/as s a n c t i o n e d as due to the new r e t a i n e r s so

thf i t whosoever -.loes no t p o s s e s s any horse should purchase

one ajid whoever r e q u i r e s a second horse s h o u l d arrange to

have i t . He s h o u l d r e c r u i t and mainta in as many Bundela

i n f a n t r y and 3 a < 3 a r i y a r o c k e t e e r s (bandar) e t c . as he can,

a f t e r p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n . Those r e s i d e n t s of Karanpura , who

do no t d e v o t e t h e m s e l v e s to the work of e r e c t i n g the f o r t .

luhammad tieg (^furani) (1000/600) , S a l i h , I I I , 466.

. . . 1 3 5

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v / i l l n o t be l a g g i n g a f t e r Rao Karan has p a s s e d t h rough

Burhanpur .

He s h o u l d c o n c i l i a t e t h e p e o p l e of 3hah Ganj and o t h e r s

who have c o m p l a i n e d and e n q u i r e i n t o t h e r e a s o n of t h e

c o m p l a i n t . I f t h e r e a l i z a t i o n has been made a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e a s s e s s m e n t ( t a u j i h ) and no i r r e g u l a r e x a c t i o n has been

made, t h e i r c o m p l a i n t i s b a s e l e s s . I f , however , more t h a n

t h e s t i p u l a t e d amount has been e x a c t e d by m u h a l l a d a r a n

(heads of m o h a l l a s ) , o f f i c i a l s of ko twa l khan a, l e a d i n g

men and c h a u d h u r i s , t h e t r u e f a c t s s h o u l d be a s c e r t a i n e d

Dy him and he s h o u l d s e c u r e what i s due t o t h e s u f f e r e r

and pun ioh t h e o p p r e s s o r s , so t h a t i t s h o u l d s e r v e as d e -

t e r r a n t to o t h e r s . The c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e f o r t i s d e s i g n

ed for t h e w e l f a r e of t h e l o t of t h e i n h a b i t a n t s and t h e

p e o p l e . They c a n n o t be a l l owed t o avo id payment of t h e

amount a s s e s s e d on b a s i s of t h e o l d r u l e s , a t t h e same

t i m e . D i r e c t s him (Muh£immad Beg) t o make u t m o s t e f f o r t f o r

e x p e d i t i o u s c o m p l e t i o n of t h e f o r t . In a s s e s s i n g t h e t a x

e q u a l i t y s h o u l d be f o l l o w e d , none s h o u l d be o p p r e s s e d and

t h e p e o p l e s h o u l d n o t be c o m p e l l e d t o pay more t h a n what

was r u l e in t h e p a s t . I f a d d i t i o n a l amount i s r e q u i r e d

a f t e r s p e n d i n g the amount c o l l e c t e d in t a x i t s h o u l d be

3hah Ganj in Burhanpur s u b a Kbandesh ,

. . . 1 3 6

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sr.er.t frorr, t he I m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y . Karan Kachhi who hop-

i n c for r o y a l f a v o u r s , has a r r i v e d a t Burhanpur s h o u l d be

s e n t to thi.3 C o u r t . He has been s a n c t i o n e d Rs. 2,000 from

t h e t r e a s u r y of Hand ia . I f he has n o t r e c e i v e d t h e s a i d

a'Tiount i t s hou ld IDQ p a i d from t h e t r e a s u r y a t Burhanpur ,

and he s h o u l d be g iven l e a v e t o come t o t h i s C o u r t .

rturancTzeb fu r t ' ne r d i r e c t s o u l t a n Beg t o r e c r u i t c o m p e t e n t

men numbering about 500 horsemen and 500 i n f a n t r y in c o n -2

-ûrrence v;ith L u t f u l l a h i n a d d i t i o n t o h i s r e g u l a r c o n

t i n g e n t . Muha'pjnad Beg s h o u l d w r i t e t o L u t f u l l a h Beg t o

rict a:_'Cordinoly. He s h o u l d g r a n t one month s a l a r y o u t of

tr.:-; revenu ' j s of s a r k a r E i j a g a r h t h a t have r e a c h e d him to _ 3

a l l x,\'iQ iôrsemon and inf^Lntry r e c r u i t e d by S u l t a n Beg on s u i t a b l e s a l a r i e s (x i lu faha i -munas ib ) .

arari Kun i i_ o r Karan Kachhi (1500/1500) was t h e Zgmindar f I'.al-.va, "••-larrioirnama, 52, 92; Hatim Khan, 15a, 20a, 28b.

ut. ':-;ll-ih s /o i d d u l l a h Khan (Ind.K..) ( 7 n n / 1 0 0 ) , War is , ;'^"( : } , -A-i c i t e d in / p p . a r a t u s 3 . , 704 3; i a l i h . I I I , 478 .

u l t ! r . -eg j / o 3hah N'-uiiammad Beg (lOO z a t ) 3DSR, 202.

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G L O S S A R Y

AFRAD-I DEH3ALA: Comparative revenue s t a t emen t s of p a s t ten years g iv ing the jarna' (assessed revenue) and area or e s t ima t ion of ne t revenue y i e l d i n g c a p a c i t y of d i f f e r e n t t e r r i t o r i e s on the b a s i s of which these were assigned in j ag4£ . I r f an Habib, 'A System of T r ime ta l l i sm & Cf, in J . F . Richards ' (ed.) The Imper i a l Monetary System of Mughal Ind i a , 144.

'AHDNAMA: Trea ty , for d e t a i l see Momin, 53.

"AMAL: Revenue c o l l e c t i o n or the p e r i o d when a person has been a revenue c o l l e c t o r so t h a t an even t may be de s c r i b e d as happening dur ing the 'amal of a p a r t i c u l a r o f f i c i a l . I r f an Habib, 'Evidence for S ix teen th Cent u r y Agrarian Condi t ions in Guru Granth S a h i b ' , lESHR, Vol . I , No. 3, 1964, 7 2n.

'AMIL: O f f i c i a l incharge of both the assessment and c o l l e c t i o n of the revenue. Go3wami & Grewal, The Mughals and the J o q i s of Jakhbar , 63 .

'ARZDASHT: Supp l i ca t i on , a p e t i t i o n or an o f f i c i a l communicat i o n addressed by a subord ina te to h i s s u p e r i o r s . N.A. S i d d i q i , Land Revenue, 5n,

AWARJA: Balance, document l i s t i n g i n d i v i d u a l 1aqir holdings wi th in each pargana for a p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t in t ime . These docxaments were u s u a l l y drawn up in o rder to a s c e r t a i n the a v a i l a b l e revenues open for r e a s s i g n ment to mansabdars. J . F , Richards ' O f f i c i a l Revenues and Money Flows in a Mughal P r o v i n c e ' , The Imper ia l Monetary System of Mughal Ind i a , 209.

BAKH3HIUL MAMALIK/MIR BAKHSHI: In charge of awarding mansab and checking mansabdars ' con t ingen t s through t h e ' daqh system; and c o n t r o l l e r of i n t e l l i g e n c e . Apparat u s , XXV.

BAKSARIYA: In fan to ry s o l d i e r s and "Clulxnen of Zamindars". Cf. William I r v i n e , The Army; of t h e Indian Muqhuls, 168.

BARAWARDI: Ordinary sawar rank, I . Habib, 'Mansab System' , IHC, 1967.

. . . 138

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BILMUOTX: Lumpsum ,a t the same f igu re permanent ly . Agrarian System, 17 5,

CHAUDHURI: The h e r e d i t a r y zamindar he ld r e s p o n s i b l e for the c o l l e c t i o n of rejvenue in each parqana, CEHI, I , 58.

GHHINT: Ghhint (Hindi) Chi t (Pers). Any co t ton c l o t h (usua l ly c a l i c o ) with f l o r a l o r o the r p a t t e r n s p r i n t e d (by b lock-s tamping of r e s i s t s or mordants and subsequent dyeing) or p a i n t e d (by brush or p e n c i l c a l l ed gal am) Atlas^ 69.

DAGH: Branding of the horses for checking the con t ingen t s of mansabdar a t m u s t e r s .

DAK CHAUKI: The o f f i c i a l p o s t a l o r g a n i s a t i o n , dak being the word for p o s t and chauki s i g n i f y i n g r e l a y - s t a t i o n s for runners and h o r s e s . I . Habib, ' P o s t a l Commun i c a t i o n in Mughal I n d i a ' , c y c l o s t y l e d volume of Aligarh Papers on Indian His to ry , 1985, 54.

DAROGHA: Super in tenden t of any department S t e i g a s s A Comprehens ive P e r s i a n - S n g l i s h D ic t i ona ry , 497.

DAROGHA_i PE3HKA3H: Of f i ce r in charge of r e c e i v i n g peshkash (g i f t ) made to the Emperor. The term peshkash i n c luded ceremonial o f f e r i n g s as well as the levy or annual t r i b u t e p a i d by the c h i e f s and subord ina te r u l e r s . Cf. Apparatus, X5<V,

DAROGHA_l TOPjaiANA: Corresponding to Mlr->1 Atish Chief of the A r t i l l e r y , / ^ p a r a t u s , XXV,

OASTURU_L AMAL: ochedule of cash revenue r a t e s . Shireen Moosvi, 'The Zamlndars ' Share in the P e a s a n t s ' Surplus & C , lESHR, Vol . XJ, No. 3, 1978, 359; 'The involution of the Mansab', JARS, 1981, 173.

DAUL-I JAGIR: Jama^ of j a g i r , cf. Agrarian System, 222n,

DEoHMUKH: A h e r e d i t a r y revenue v i l l a g e o f f i c e r . He was to main ta in an armed body of r e t a i n e r s and a s s i s t in the c o l l e c t i o n of l a n d - t a x . R i c h a r d s ' Mughal Admin i s t r a t ion . 27.

. . . 139

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Di::3HMUKHl: I t was a k i n d o f I n * eyn w h i c h was h e r e d i t a r y i n c h a r a c t e r and p e c u l i a r t o M a h a r a s h t r a and D e c c a n o n l y and i t wait made i n t e r m s o f t h e dSms o f t h e i n c o m e o f c e r t a i n p a r q a n a s i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a s t i p u l a t e d p e s h k a s h p r e s e n t e d t o t h e E m p e r o r . The r i g h t i m p l i e d a s h a r e i n t h e r e v e n u e a n x j u n t i n g t o 9 o r 10 p e r c e n t . Mugha l C h a n c e 11 a r y , 9 9 ; A g r a r i a n S y s t e m , 3 4 9 n .

DIWAN o r vVAZIR: W a z i r - i Kul o r D i w a n - i K u l . M i n i s t e r i n c h a r g e o f I m p e r i c i l f i n a n c e , j a g i r a s s i g n m e n t and i r evenue c o l l e c t i o n . A p p a r a t u s , XX7,

DU-AorÂ SIH_A3PA: A t r o o p e r w i t h two h o r s e s r e c e i v i n g h i g h e r p a y t h a n t h e o r d i n a r y ( b a r a w a r d ! ) . T h i s a d d i t i o n a l d o - a s p a s i h - a s p a came i n t o u s e u n d e r J a h a n g i r f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e and t h e o r e t i c a l l y i t was a p a r t o f t h e s a w a r r a n k . App a r a t u s , X I I I .

DUNIYADMi: 'Men o f t h e W o r l d ' . The M u g h a l s a l w a y s i n s i s t e d on c a l l i n g " A d i l 3 h a h " " A d i l l ^ j l n " and Q u t b Shah " O u t b u l M u l k " and f rom A k b a r ' s t i m e o n w a r d s b o t h

o f them w e r e s t y l e d d u n i y a - d a r s , b e i n g w o r l d l y men A g r a r i a n S y s t e m , 18 3 .

FARMAN: T h i s t e r m i s a p p l i e d t o e v e r y r o y a l m i s s i v e t h a t i s s u e d from t h e s o v e r e i g n on t h e c h a n c e l l e r y b e a r i n g t h e I m p e r i a l t u g h r a and s e a l . 3 . A . I . T i r m i z i , M e d i e v a l I n d i a n D i p l o m a t i c s , IHC, 198 2, 3 - 4 .

FAUJDAR: Commandant o f a t e r r i t o r y , I n c h a r g e o f l a w and o r d e r , / ^ p a r a t u s , XXI, XXV,

FAUJDARI; M i l i t a r y command. A g r a r i a n S y s t e m , 1 8 1 .

GIRASYA: O r i g i n a l l y he h a d b e e n s e r v a n t o f t h e s t a t e , tolding a r e v e n u e a s s i g i i m e n t s i m i l a r t o t h e 1 a q j . r s o f t h e Mugha l p e r i o d , hxit l a t e r i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from t h a t o f t h e b h u m i a ( a l l o d i a l p r o p r i e t o r ) . A g r a r i a n S y s t e m , 14 3 .

HAL-1 HA3IL: The a c t u a l r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e r e v e n u e s . S h i r e e n M o o s v i , lESHR N o . 3, 1980 , 3 3 1 . A g r a r i a n S y s t e m , 1 7 8 n .

. . . 1 4 0

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HARKARA: Spy; an a t t endan t upon men of rank, a lso employed to go on e r r a n d s ; a messenger, S t e i n g a s s , 1496.

HASBUL AMR: Orders i s sued on behalf of the p r i n c e s . Agrarian :3ystem, 282n; cf. Momin, Chance l le ry and B p i s t o l o -qraphv Under the Muqhals, 98 .

H,V:3BUL HUKi-l: Imper ia l o rde r s i s sued through cour t o f f i c i a l s or M i n i s t e r ' s o r d e r on o r a l i n s t r u c t i o n s of the ir^mperor. Agrarian System, 282n.

IJARADAR / MUJTAJIR: Revenue f a r m e r / c o n t r a c t o r , Aqrarian System, 235.

IN^^; •/.'hen a j a q i r i s ass igned not a g a i n s t a rank, bat as inam, free bestowl, wi thout p l a c i n g the assignee under any o b l i g a t i o n . I . Habib, 'The Socia l D i s t r i bu t ion of Landed P r o p e r t y in Medieval I n d i a ' , 124.

JAGIR: T r a n s f e r r a b l e t e r r i t o r i a l revenue assignment to the mansabdar. A t r a c t of land which the King gran ts to mansabdars and persons of t h a t k ind, they might take i t s ' r e v e n u e (mahsul) from c u l t i v a t i o n , \Jlnatever i t be, Bahar-i 'Ajam,' Nawal Kishore , 28 3, as c i t e d in Agrarian System, 257; cf . Shireen Moosvi, The Economy of the Mughal Empire <^ c , 196.

JAMX: ( L i t e r a l l y meaning ' ga the red t o g e t h e r , aggregate , t o t a l The e s t ima t ion of t ax income o r the expected ne t revenue, i . e . the gross r e a l i s a t i o n l e s s charges of c o l l e c t i o n and o t h e r allowances for subord ina te r i g h t h o l d e r s . Shireen Moosvi, 'Share of the N o b i l i t y in the Revenue of Akbar 's Empire' 1595-6, IE3HR, No. 3, 331.

KALPiKTARAN: L i t e r a l l y "big ones" ; members belonging to dominant e lements , CEHI, 248,

KAiiKH.' -NA: /Jorkshop and s t o r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t . 3.M, J a f f a r , Some Cu l tu r a l Aspects of Muslim Rule in Ind ia , 88; r^conomy of the Mughal Empire, 262.

KAROKI: Revenue-co l l ec to r of the k h a l i s a , the Imper ia l r eve nue e s t ab l i shmen t . Agrarian System, 27 5-83.

. . .141

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KHAL13A_I oHARIFA: Lands and sources of revenue reserved for the Imper ia l txecisury. Agrarian System, 259.

KHANAZAD: L i t : those bom of pe rsons a l ready s l aves of the Emperor, a pr imary claim on a mansab was thought to v e s t in the sons and c lose kinsman Qchanazad) of those a l ready in s e r v i c e , Apparatus, x x i .

KUROH: The Pe r s i an form of S a n s k r i t Krosa, The s tandard imper i a l kuroh of ten c a l l e d Kuroh~i Padshahi r e p r e s e n t e d a length of a l i t t l e over 2^ mi le s , A t l a s , x i i i .

M.AH.vT.' I i: Merchant -usurers , p r o f e s s i o n a l money-lender. I r f an Habib, 'Usury in Medieval I n d i a ' , Comparative S tud ies in Soc ie ty and Hi s to ry , VI, No. 4, Ju ly 1964, 394.

MAHAL / PARGANA; The two terms being p r a c t i c a l l y synonymous o r d i n a r i l y s tand for the s m a l l e s t t e r r i t o r i a l d i v i s ion wi th in the Mughal empire, (.Atlas, IJ9. Parqana i s e s s e n t i a l l y t e r r i t o r i a l d i v i s i o n ; maha], a r evenue u n i t . All parqanas were mahals, but the word mahal was also app l ied to c e r t a i n s p e c i f i e d sources of revenue such as p o r t or market t a x e s . Economy of the Mughal Empire & c , 10.

MAHAL-I TAN: T e r r i t o r i e s from which s a l a r y i s to be pa id by j a q i r .

M/LL-I W A J I B I : The au tho r i sed land- revenue , GEHI, I , 24 2.

MANDAVI: Trade c e n t r e market . R i c h a r d s ' Mughal Adminis t ra t ion In GolcQnda, 186.

MANSAB: Numerical rank, thie number assigned to a man dur ing the Mughal p e r i o d ; bas ic u n i t for deteirminlng s t a t u s , pay, and m i l i t a r y o b l i g a t i o n s . Gf. Shireen Moosvi, 'The Evolut ion of Mansab*, JRA3, No. 2, 1981, 17 3; M. Athar Ai i , 'Towards an I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the Mughal Empire ' , JRAS, No. 2, 1978, 40.

MAN3HUR: A royal r e c e i p t and a mandate, Momin, 54.

. . . 142

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MIR BAKHSHI / BAKHSHI-I MAT-lALIK: In c h a r g e of t h e awarding mans aba and c h e c k i n g mansabdars ' c o n t i n g e n t s t h r o u g h t h e dagh sys t em and c o n t r o l l e r of i n t e l l i g e n c e , App a r a t u s , x x v .

MUJA!ADAT: Advance made t o a mansabdar^ l o a n . A g r a r i a n System, 269; Mughal N o b i l i t y , 52; Usury i n Medieva l I n d i a ' , 410 .

MUTALIBA: Claim of t h e I m p e r i a l e x c h e q u e r f o r amounts owed t o i t by t h e j a q l r d a r s . A g r a r i a n System, 267, 269.

MUTA3ADDI: G e n e r a l d e s i g n a t i o n f o r o f f i c i a l . But s p e c i a l l y a p p l i e d t o t h e c u s t o m e r of t h e P o r t s of Cambay and Sura t . . A p p a r a t u s , xxv ,

NI3AR: G i f t s o f f e r e d by t h e n o b l e s t o t h e Emperor , MuqhaJ. N o b i l i t y , 144.

PAIBAQI: Lands t e m p o r a r i l y i n c h a r g e of t h e I m p e r i a l o f f i c i a l s p e n d i n g as ' s ignment t o i a q i r d a r s , A t h a r A l i , Review of J . F , R i c h a r d s * Mughal A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n Goiconda , OUP, 197 5, J o u r n a l of Asian S t u d i e s , 1976, 15"9; c f . A g r a r i a n System, 2 8 5 - 9 .

PnioHKASH: F i x e d annua l t r i b u t e ; l a r g e p r e s e n t o r a ca sh o f f e r i n g , a d d i t i o n a l t o any r e v e n u e s which t h e c h i e f m i g h t have t o p a y t o t h e c o u r t . A g r a r i a n System, 181, 184-5 , 289.

RAHDARI; T o l l s and c e s s e s e x a c t e d by t h e v a r i o u s a u t h o r i t i e s c o n t r o l l i n g t h e r o u t e s . A g r a r i a n System, 67 .

SARKAR: A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of a p r i n c e o r a n o b l e ; s u b - d i v i s i o n of a p r o v i n c e . A g r a r i a n System, 28 2.

3AZAWAL: P e r s o n s d e p u t e d by t h e c e n t r a l government f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e o r d e r s , Z.U, Ma l ik , jReign of Muhammad Shah, 29 3 .

SELA: S h e i l a , s e l a e s . High p r i c e d c o t t o n s t u f f , A ' i n - i Akba r i , I , 108.

SIH BAND I : Troops employed by t h e n o b l e s f o r a t e m p o r a r y p e r i o d f o r c o l l e c t i o n of l a n d r e v e n u e and p o l i c e d u t i e s , N i q a r Nama-i Munshi , 9 3 .

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iUBfJDAR: This and o t h e r de s igna t i ons such as nazim, hakim^ s i p ahsa l a r and s a h i b - i suba were used for the Governor of a subo/ Apparatus, XXVI.

T/t j HHUD: A pledge given by a p r o s p e c t i v e o f f i c i a l about the amount he would assess o r c o l l e c t , Acrrarian System,

TAKHFIF; Abatement in revenue, Mughal N o b i l i t y , 77 .

TALAB: The annual t o t a l pa^' c la im, I , Habib, 'Mansab Sa lary Sca les Under J a h a n g i r and Shahjahan ' , I s l amic Cult u r e , J u l y 1985,

TATJKHWAH-I JAGIR: A j a q i r ass igned in l i e u of ths s a l a r y due to a mansabdar, Mughal N o b i l i t y , 75 .

TAFPA: A combination of few v i l l a g e s named a f t e r the l a r g e s t of the v i l l a g e s under i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n ; sub mahal, Yas in ' s Glossary Br. Mus. Add. 660 3 f. 55(b) ; 6.R. Grover, 'Raqba Bandi Documents Under Akbar' , IHRC, XXXVI, i-'t. I I , 59.

TAJAVI: ( L i t e r a l l y , s t r e n g t h g i v i n g ) , loans made by the government to c u l t i v a t o r s , a term used in the Mughal a d m i n i s t r a t i o n for advance for the c a t t l e and' for s ink ing w e l l s , I . Habib in CSHI, 65; The Muqhals and the Joq i s of Jakhbar , 97n,

TA-SHIHA: The m i n i s t e r ' s c e r t i f i c a t e v e r i f y i n g the ho r se s , arms and armours mainta ined by a mansabdar bore the s i g n a t u r e s of the Diwan and the Bakhs'hi, Momin, 9 3-9.

THANA: A m i l i t a r y or a p o l i c e p o s t . A.J , Qaisar , Medieval India-A Misce l l any , I I , 72.

THANADAR: O f f i c e r - i n - c h a r g e of a m i l i t a r y o r p o l i c e p o s t , CEHI, 244.

TO^KHANA! The a r t i l l e r y department which inc luded a l l f i r e arms not only txit a l so muskets and rocke t s whether handled by horsemen or i n f a n t o r y , Ma*as i r - i Alam-q i r i , t r . J .N. Sarlcar, 329.

,vAjAl': The news r e p o r t s of izhe waqai' n l q a r , I . Habib, P o s t a l Communication in Mughal I n d i a , 65 .

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WAQIA NAwio: News-writer o r o f f i c i a l e n t r u s t e d with sending r e p o r t s of a l l p u b l i c bus iness and o t h e r news. Visually the o f f i c e was combined with t h a t of the bakhshi of the sub a and the o f f i c i a l was a subord ina te of the tîr Bakhshi. He appointed h i s own agents (quma^htas) . Apparatus, xxv i .

WATAN JAGIR: The ch i e f s who ob ta ined mansab, t h e i r o ld dominions were known as t h e i r watan, Mughal Nobil i t y . 79.

YADDA3HT: A note , memorandum, memorial (Wilson, Glossary, 800) •

z.AiMINDAR: têrsian compound meaning ho lder of land used for any person with any h e r e d i t a r y claim to a d i rec t share In the peasan t s* produce, CEHI, 244.

A / - .

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1909-25.

15. Lachhmi H a r a ' i n ' S h a f i q ' , Khu la sa tu - l Hind, t r a n s c r i p t from

Asafiya(M3 No. 768/49 2) i n the Department of

H i s to ry , A l iga rh ,

16. Br i j Rai , D a s t u r u - l 'Amal-i Shahinshahi , r e v i s e d and e n l a r g

ed by Thakur Lai , MS Br, Mus., Add. 23831

(Rotograph in the Department of H i s to ry L ibra ry ,

Al igarh , No, 52) ,

17. All Muhammad Khan, M j r a t - l Ahmadl, ed . Syed Nawwab Al l ,

Baroda, Vol , I , 19 27-28,

. . . 1 4 7

(147)

( I I ) DOCUMENTS, IN3HA COLLHCTIONS

18. Abul Fath Qabil Khan, Adab-1 'Alamql r i , ed . Abdul Ghafur

Ghaudhuri, 2 v o l s , , Punjab ( P a k i s t a n ) , 1971, MS

Department of H i s t o r y L ib ra ry , No. 20 (bound

with MS No. 50) ; MS Nat iona l Archives of Ind i a ,

O r i e n t a l Records D iv i s i on , Ace. No, 2019.

19, Ma}catlbat~i Hazrat Sahib Qiran, Abdus Sal am, MS No, 288/58.

20, Gu la ra t Docxjiments, Blochet Suppl . P e r s , , 48 2 Bibl io theque

Na t iona le , P a r i s (Microfilm in Department of

H i s to ry , Aligar-h, No. 470) ,

2 1 . Munshi Malikzada, Niqar Nama-i Munshi, Nawal Kishore ,

Lucknow, 188 2,

2 2. Sa iy id Najib Ashraf Nadvi, R u g a ' t - i Alamqlr, Vol , I ,

Az amg arh, 19 30.

23 . B.N. Goswamy & J . S . Grewal, The Muqhals and the Jqq i s of

Jakhbar ; Some Hadad-i Ma'ash and Other Documents.

24. Yusuf Husain Khan, S e l e c t e d Documents of Shahjahan 's Reign,

D a f t a r - i Diwani Deccan, Hyderabad, 1950.

25 . Yusuf Husain Khan, S e l e c t e d Waqai' of the Deccan, l e s o - i e ? ! ,

Hyderabad, 1953.

26. W. Fos t e r , The Engl ish F a c t o r i e s in I n d i a . 1618-19. 13 v o l s .

Oxford, 1906-27.

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2 7 . Sha ikh F a r l d B h a k k a r i , Z a k h l r a t u - 1 Khwanin, e d , 3 , Moinul

Haq, 3 v o l s . , K a r a c h i , 1961-74 .

2 8 . Shah Nawaz Khan, M a ' a s l r u - 1 Umara, e d , Maulwi Abdur Rahim,

B i b . I n d , , 3 v o l s . , 1888.

2 9 . Khwaja Y a s i n , G l o s s a r y of T e c h n i c a l Terms (Ro tograph ,

Depa r tmen t of H i s t o r y L i b r a r y , A l l g a r h , No, 2 4 4 ) ,

3 0 . Tek Chand Bahar , B a h a r - i Aj am, Nawal K i s h o r e , Lucknow,

1916.

31. H.H, Wilson, Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms, Delhi,

1968.

3 2. i ' . S t e i n g a s s , P e r s i a n - E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y , D e l h i , 197 3 .

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3 3. /^nees J ahan Syed, Aurangzeb i n Muntakhab~al Lubab, Bombay

1977.

3 4 . iM. Atha r A l l , The Mughal N o b i l i t y Under Aurangzeb , Bombay,

1966.

3 5 . M. A t h a r A l l , The A p p a r a t u s of Empi re , Awards of Ranks

O f f i c e s and T i t l e s t o tJie Mughal N o b i l i t y . (1574-

1658) , OUP, D e l h i , 1985,

3 6 . M. Atha r A l l , Review on R i c h a r d s ' Mughal A d m i n i s t r a t i o n In

Golconda , i n JA3, 1976,

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37. K. Ath.ar A l l , 'Mansab and Imper ia l P o l i c y Under Shahjahan ' ,

PIHC, 197 5.

38 . r<. Athar Al i , 'Towards an I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the Mughal

Empire ' , JRA3, No. 1, 1978.

39. A.A. Beg, Aurangzeb's Second V i c e r o y a l t y of the Deccan and

h i s R e l a t i o n s with Bi jcf)ur ' , I s l . C u l . , XLVill,

I , 1974.

40 . Ghulam Yazdani, J ah an ar a, Hyderabad, 19 37.

4 1. B.R. Grover, 'Raqba Bandi Documents Under Akbar ' , IHRC,

P t . I I , I960.

4 2. Haroon Khan Sherwani, H i s t o r y of the Qutb 3hahi Dynasty,

Delh i , 1974.

4 3. I b n - i Hasan, The Cen t ra l S t r u c t u r e of the Mughal Empire and

i t s P r a c t i c a l Working Upto the Year 1657,

Oxford, 1936.

4 4 , I r f a n Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal I n d i a , Bombay,

1963.

4 5 . I r f a n Habib, An At las of t h e Mughal Empire; P o l i t i c a l and

Economic Meps with Deta i led Notes, B i b l i o

graphy and Index, OUP, '1982.

4 6 . I r f a n Habib, 'Usury in Medieval Ind ia ' , CSSH, 1964.

4 7 . I r f an Habib, 'Evidence for S ix t een th Century Agrarian Condi

t i o n s in Guru Granth S a h i b ' , lESHR, Vol . I ,

No. 3, 1964.

. . . 1 5 0

(150)

4 8 . I r f a n Habib, "The S o c i a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of the Landed

P rope r ty in P r e - B r i t i s h I n d i a ' , Enquiry,

N.S. Vol . I I , No. 3, 1969.

4 9 . I r f an Habib, 'Mansab System, 1597-1637' , PIHC, 1966.

50 . I r f a n Habib, 'Mansab and Sa l a ry Sca les Under J ahang i r

and Shahjahan ' , I s l . C u l . , Vol.LiX, No. 3,

1985.

5 1. I r f a n Habib, ' P o s t a l Communication in Mughal I n d i a ' ,

PIHC, 1985.

5 2. Jadunath Sarkar , S tud ie s in Auranqzeb's Reign, Ca l cu t t a ,

1933.

5 3. Jadunath Sarka r , House of S h l v a l i , 3rd edn . , C a l c u t t a ,

1960.

54. Jadunath 3a rka r , H i s t o r y of Auranqzeb; Mainly Based on

Pe r s i an Sources , V o l s . 5, Delh i , 197 2.

5 5 . Jadunath 3a rka r , S h i v a l i and His Times, 5th edn . , C a l c u t t a ,

1952.

56. 3,M. Jaffar, Some Cultural Aspects of Muslim Rule in India.

Peshawar, 19 30.

57 . Jagd i sh Narain Sarkar , The Life of Mjr Jumla, the General

of Auranqzeb, 2nd. edn . , De lh i , 1979.

5 8 . G.T. Kulkarn i , The Mughal-Maratha R e l a t i o n s ; Twenty-Five

Fa te fu l Years (1682-1707) , Pune, 1983.

. . 1 5 1

(151)

59 . Z.U. Malik, The Relqn o£ Muhammad Shah, (1719-48), Bombay

1977.

6 0 . -3. tôinul Haq, P r ince Awranqzlb; A Study, Karachi , 196 2.

6 1. i-'iomin Mohiuddin, The '•-•hancellory and Epis to loqraphy Under

the Mughals, C a l c u t t a , 1971,

6 3 . (Saiyid") Najib Ashraf Nadvi, Muqaddama-1 Ruqa ' t 'Alamqir,

2nd. edn . , Azamgarh, 1981.

62 . W.H, Moreland, 'Mansab (Rank) in the Mogul S t a t e S e r v i c e ' ,

JARS, 19 36.

6 4 . Noman Ahmad S i d d i q i , Land Revenue Admin is t ra t ion Under the

Mughal3, (1700-1750), De lh i , 1989 ( r e p r i n t ) .

6 5 . Noman Ahmad S i d d i q i , ' I m p l i c a t i o n s of the r-lonth Scale in

the Mansabdari Sys tem' , PIHC, 1961.

6 6 . A . J , Qa isa r , 'Note on the Date of I n s t i t u t i o n of Mansab Under

.Xkbar', PIHC, 1961.

6 7 . x i a z u - 1 Is lam, Indo-Persicin R e l a t i o n s , A Study of the

r - o i i t l c a l and Diplomatic, R e l a t i o n s Between the

Mughal Empire and I r a n , Tehran, 197o.

6 8 . J . F . R ichards , Mughal Adminis t ra t ion in Gplconda, OUP, 197 5.

6 9 . J . F . Richards , (ed.) Imper ia l Monetary System of Mughal

Ind i a , OUP, 1987. .

7 0 . 3 a t i s h Chandra, P a r t i e s and P o l i t i c s a t the Mughal Court ,

3rd edn . , De lh i , 1979.

. . . 1 5 2

(15 2)

7 1. o a t i s h Chandra , 'The Deccan P o l i c y of t h e Mughals A

R e a p p r a i s a l ' / IHR/ 1978-9 .

7 2 . 3eema S i n g h , 'The Golkunda T r i b u t e ' , M i q a r h P a p e r s W t

I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , 1986,

7 ? . Sh i r een Moosvi , Economy of t h e Mughal Empi re , c . 1 5 9 5 - A

S t a t i s t i c a l S t u d y , OUP, 1987.

7 4 . S h i r e e n I ^ o s v i , ' E v o l u t i o n of Mansab System Under Akbar

U n t i l 1 5 9 6 - 7 ' , JRA3, 1 9 8 1 .

7 5 . 3 h i r e e n Moosvi , 'The Zamindars ' S h a r e i n t h e P e a s a n t S u r

p l u s i n t h e Mughal E n p i r e — E v i d e n c e of t h e

A ' i n - i Akbar i S t a t i s t i c s ' , IE3HR, XV, No. 3,

1978.

7 6 . S h i r e e n Moosvi , 'The Economic Consequences of t h e Deccan

P o l i c y ' , PIHC, 1982.

7 7 . T ^ a n R a y c h a u d h u r i Si I r f a n H a b i b , The Cambridge Economic

H i s t o r y of I n d i a ( 1 2 0 0 - 1 7 5 0 ) , Cambridge , 1982.

7 8 . 3AI T i r m i z i , 'Med ieva l I n d i a n D i p l o m a t i c s , P r e s i d e n t i a l

A d d r e s s , Med ieva l I n d i a ' , PIHC, 198 2,

7 9 . -William I r v i n e , The Army of t h e I n d i a n Mughuls , D e l h i ,

1962.

8 0 . Yusuf Husa in Khan, 'The Deccan P o l i c y of M u g h a l s ' , I s l .

C u l . , 1944.

P I . Z a k i r H u s a i n , ' A g r a r i a n S u r v e y of P a r g a n a Âdilabad, 1696 -

A Second R e c o n n a i s a n c e ' , lESHR, X X / I I I , No. 2,

1 9 9 1 .

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8 2 . 2 a k i r H u s a i n , ' J a g i r System In t h e Deccan D u r i n g t h e L a s t

Years of A u r a n g z e b ' , JOS, D e l h i , V o l . I I ,

No. 2, 1990.

8 3 . Zok i r H u s a i n , 'The Mara tha-Mughal C o n f l i c t Seen

Through O f f i c i a l Documents of t h e L a t e r Years

of A u r a n g z e b ' s R e i g n ' ,

( V ) JOURNALS Sc PROCEEDINGS

8 4 . C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d i e s i n S o c i e t y and H i s t o r y .

8 5 . G y c l o s t y l e d Volume of A i j q a r h P a p e r s on I n d i a n H i s t o r y

8 6 . I n d i a n Economic St S o c i a l H i s t o r y Review

8 7 . I n d i a n H i s t o r i c a l Revieyv

8 8 . I n d i a n H i s t o r i c a l R e c o r d s Commission

8 9 . I s l a m i c C u l t u r e

9 0 . J o u r n a l of As ian S t u d i e s

9 1. J o u r n a l of O b j e c t i v e S t u d i e s

9 2 . J o u r n a l of t h e Royal A s i a t i c S o c i e t y of G r e a t B r i t a i n and

I r e l a n d

9 3. Medieval India - A Miscellany

94. Proceedings Indian History Congress.

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