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California Missions
Background (22 slides)21 Missions (22 slides)
E n g l a n d H
ol l
an
d
G e r m a n y
I t a l y
Sp
ai n
P o r t u g
a l
F r a n c e
For God, for Glory, for Gold!
An Age of Exploration began in the 1400s when Portuguese and Spanish began making safer, faster ships that traveled further. Men like Christopher Columbus, Vasco Da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan went to places no Europeans had gone before.
California Missions: Background
E n g l a n d H
ol l
an
d
G e r m a n y
I t a l y
Sp
ai n
P o r t u g
a l
F r a n c e
For God, for Glory, for Gold!
As they explored and mapped new areas of the world, they set up colonies to expand their country’s empire, find resources, and spread the Catholic faith. Soon after, the English, French and Dutch joined in the competition. By the 1800s, Germany and Italy also got involved.
California Missions: Background
E n g l a n d
H
ol l
an
d
G e r m a n y
I t a l y S p a i n
P o r t u g
a l
F r a n c e
California Missions: Background
Spai
n
Spain was one of three powers to claim land in North America. Spain controlled the largest empire since Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire in the 1200s. Beginning with Columbus in 1492, Spain dominated in the Americas.
California Missions: Background
Spai
n
Hernan Cortes overthrew the powerful Aztecs in Central America and Francisco Pizarro took down the wealthy and powerful Incans of South America. The Spanish profited from sugar, tobacco and gold. The Spanish were mostly Catholic and set up missions in many of the areas they controlled.
California Missions: Background
California Missions: Background
California North America
Like Christopher Columbus, later Spanish explorers traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Spanish conquistadors and missionaries explored Central America, eventually making their way up to present-day California.
Alta (Upper) California
Baja (Lower) California
Cortes conquers the Aztecs, claiming it for Spain (1521)
Spain claims Alta and Baja California as part of New Spain (1542)
New Spain
(present-day
Mexico)
13 Colonies
Spain begins to establish settlements in Baja California (1697)
Spain sends Franciscan monks to settle in Alta California (1768)
The Colonies rebel against England, establishing the United States (1776)
The 21st and final California mission in built (1823)
California Missions: Background
California Missions: Background
There were many significant events happening across the continent of North America at the same time. The first Spanish Missions in California had already been built when, three thousand miles away, the Thirteen Colonies rebelled against England, wrote the Declaration of Independence and won the Revolutionary War.
California Missions: Background
By the time the twenty-first mission was completed in California, the United States was already operating under the leadership of its fifth president. France had also claimed a massive section of land in the middle of the continent called the Louisiana Territory.
Since the Middle Ages, most Europeans were Christian. After the Protestant Reformation in the 1500s, Europe was divided as some regions were Protestant Christians and others remained Catholic. The Spanish missionaries who traveled to California were Franciscan monks, which is part of the Catholic Church, which is a type of Christian church.
Christian
Catholic
Franciscan
California Missions: Background
During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the New World
(North & South America) to the Old World (Europe)
During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the Old World (Europe) to the New World (North & South America)
bananas
horses
chocolate
potatoes
peanuts
tobacco
cows
The wheel
tomatoes
corn
pigs
Citrus fruit
wheat
beans
coffee
Old World (Europe)New World
(Americas)
New World (Americas)
California Missions: Background
During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the New World
(North & South America) to the Old World (Europe)
During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the Old World (Europe) to the New World (North & South America)
Old World (Europe)New World
(Americas)
New World (Americas)
California Missions: Background
California Missions: BackgroundThe Columbian exchange refers to the sharing of products,
ideas from the Old World (Europe) to the New World (North and South America). The this exchange of goods meant that Spanish missionaries in California shared new ideas with the native tribes.
California Missions: Background
The Spanish Missions in California were a series of 21 structures that served as both military outposts and religious outreach centers. The purpose of the missions was to spread the Christian faith to the native populations.
California Missions: Background
Although native populations had lived in the region for thousands of years, the Spanish were the first Europeans to explore California when Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo traveled up to the top of Baja-California near present-day San Diego.
California Missions: BackgroundMost of the California missions were named after a
Catholic saint. A saint is simply someone who the Catholic Church has declared to be an extraordinary individual.
California Missions: Background
Some missions were named in other ways, like Mission San Carlos, which was named after the Spanish King Carlos III. Some of the names of these missions were adopted by the cities that developed around them.
El Camino Real is the name for the 600-mile California mission trail connecting the 21 missions, 4 presidios (military forts) and several pueblos (native community centers) in Alta California.
California Missions: Background
This trail is also known as the King’s Highway or the Calle Real. The trail goes from the first mission in San Diego (in the south) to the twenty-first and final mission in Sonoma (in the north). Many earthquakes have effected the California missions, but the 1812 earthquakes centered near Santa Barbara caused the most destruction, effecting all the missions, destroying several.
California Missions: Background
California Missions: BackgroundThe legacy of the Spanish Missions in California is
mixed. Some historians point out the positives that the Spanish brought to California like new products, serving and teaching natives how to read, to farm and to ranch. The Spanish not only introduced Christianity, but also things like new fruits and vegetables, cows, pigs and horses.
California Missions: BackgroundOther historians point out the negatives that the
Spanish brought to California like smallpox and other diseases that wiped out much of the population in the native tribes. Some of the Spanish were known to have harsh treatment toward native populations as well.
1) Mission San Diego de Alcalá - 1769
2) Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo - 1770
3) Mission San Antonio de Padua - 1771
4) Mission San Gabriel - 1771
5) Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa - 1772
6) Mission San Francisco de Asís - 1776
7) Mission San Juan Capistrano - 1776
8) Mission Santa Clara de Asís - 1777
9) Mission San Buenaventura - 1782
10) Mission Santa Barbara - 1786
11) Mission La Purísima Concepción - 1787
12) Mission Santa Cruz - 1791
13) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad - 1791
14) Mission San José - 1797
15) Mission San Juan Bautista - 1797
16) Mission San Miguel Arcángel - 1797
17) Mission San Fernando Rey de España - 1797
18) Mission San Luis Rey de Francia - 1798
19) Mission Santa Inés - 1804
20) Mission San Rafael Arcángel - 1817
21) Mission San Francisco Solano - 1823
California Missions: Background
# Mission Name Year Interesting Fact (choose one)
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California Missions: 21 Missions
Students, fill this out as we go
through the next 21 slides…
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Year founded: 1769
Order (by date): 1
Nearby native tribe(s): Kumeyaay
Fact #1: Mission San Diego was the first mission built in Alta California
Fact #2: When a 1775 native revolt led to the killing of Friar Jayme, he became the first Christian Martyr in California
Fact #3: The 1775 native revolt was the first of 12 such revolts against Spanish Missions in California
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
Year founded: 1770
Order (by date): 2
Nearby native tribe(s): Esselen and Ohlone
Fact #1: It was destroyed in the mid-1800s and restored in 1884
Fact #2: The early missionaries relied on bear meat to survive
Fact #3: Pope John Paul II visited the mission in 1987
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Antonio de Padua
Year founded: 1771
Order (by date): 3
Nearby native tribe(s): Salinan
Fact #1: It was the first building to use tile roofing in California
Fact #2: It was the site of the first Christian marriage in California
Fact #3: The mission operates as a functional Catholic Church today
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Gabriel
Year founded: 1771
Order (by date): 4
Nearby native tribe(s): Tongva
Fact #1: Father Cruzado, from Cordoba, Spain, designed the mission architecture in Moorish style
Fact #2: Is the only mission to have this style of narrow windows
Fact #3: An earthquake in 1812 caused parts of the bell tower to collapse
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
Year founded: 1772
Order (by date): 5
Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash
Fact #1: The city of San Luis Obispo is named after the mission
Fact #2: White Californians used the mission as a military base against Mexico in the Mexican-American War
Fact #3: It is the only ‘L’ shaped mission church among the 21 California missions
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: San Francisco de Asís
Year founded: 1776
Order (by date): 6
Nearby native tribe(s): Ohlone
Fact #1: It is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco
Fact #2: The 1906 earthquake destroyed the church next to the mission, but the mission remained
Fact #3: A full-length statue of Father Junipero Serra (founder of several missions) is located at this mission
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Juan Capistrano
Year founded: 1776
Order (by date): 7
Nearby native tribe(s): Juaneño
Fact #1: This mission has the oldest structure still in regular use (the chapel building constructed in 1782)
Fact #2: Is well-known for the migrating swallows that come every summer from regions of Argentina
Fact #3: Is home to the largest pepper tree in the United States
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission Santa Clara de Asís
Year founded: 1777
Order (by date): 8
Nearby native tribe(s): Ohlone, Miwok Costanoan, Tamyen, Yokuts, Costeño
Fact #1: Both the city and the county of Santa Clara are named after this mission
Fact #2: Was the home of the first college in California in 1828
Fact #3: Serves as a chapel for Santa Clara University to this day
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Buenaventura
Year founded: 1782
Order (by date): 9
Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash, Bentureño
Fact #1: The original bells for this mission were borrowed from Mission Santa Barbara, but never returned
Fact #2: The Chumash helped build aqueducts around the Mission
Fact #3: Because of the Orchards, gardens and water flow, English navigator George Vancouver called it the finest mission he had ever seen
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission Santa Barbara
Year founded: 1786
Order (by date): 10
Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash, Barbareño, Canaliño
Fact #1: Named after Saint Barbara, a 3rd century Turk beheaded by her father for becoming a Christian
Fact #2: Successfully scared off invading French sailors in 1818
Fact #3: Abe Lincoln gave it back to the Catholic Church less than a month before his death in 1865
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: La Purísima Concepción
Year founded: 1787
Order (by date): 11
Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash, Purisimeño
Fact #1: One of only two missions that is not currently controlled by the Catholic Church
Fact #2: currently a State Park
Fact #3: an 1812 earthquake destroyed the original complex, but it is the only complete mission complex still in existence
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission Santa Cruz
Year founded: 1791
Order (by date): 12
Nearby native tribe(s): Yokuts, Ohlone, Awaswas
Fact #1: The mission complex was made up of 32 different buildings
Fact #2: Nicknamed the “hard-luck mission” because of multiple earthquakes causing damage
Fact #3: Was the site of the first autopsy in California
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
Year founded: 1791
Order (by date): 13
Nearby native tribe(s): Chalon, Esselen, Yokuts, Costeño
Fact #1: A Spanish Governor, Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga, was buried at the mission in 1814
Fact #2: Was in ruins from 1835-1954
Fact #3: A restoration project took place from 1954-1955
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San José
Year founded: 1797
Order (by date): 14
Nearby native tribe(s): Miwok, Patwin, Tamyen, Yokuts
Fact #1: cities of Livermore, Peralta and Alviso were named after pioneer families connected to the mission
Fact #2: original complex consisted of over 100 adobe buildings
Fact #3: The 1985 restoration is said to be a near-perfect replica of the original mission
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Juan Bautista
Year founded: 1797
Order (by date): 15
Nearby native tribe(s): Mutsun, Yokuts, Costeño
Fact #1: It is the largest of all 21 missions in California
Fact #2: It sits right on the San Andreas fault and has been hit by numerous earthquakes
Fact #3: It was featured in Alfred Hitchcock’s film Vertigo in 1958
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Miguel Arcángel
Year founded: 1797
Order (by date): 16
Nearby native tribe(s): Salinan
Fact #1: the 2003 Sam Simeon Earthquake closed the mission for 6 years of repair work
Fact #2: The inside of the mission features many murals by Esteban Munras
Fact #3: The mission was once sold for $600 in 1846
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: San Fernando Rey de España
Year founded: 1797
Order (by date): 17
Nearby native tribe(s): Tataviam, Tongva
Fact #1: a 100-pound mission bell was excavated in a nearby orange grove in 1920
Fact #2: Many scenes from the 1985 film Pee-wee’s Big Adventure were filmed inside the mission
Fact #3: The mission name was given to both the city of San Fernando as well as the San Fernando Valley
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: San Luis Rey de Francia
Year founded: 1798
Order (by date): 18
Nearby native tribe(s): Kumeyaay, Quechnajuichom
Fact #1: The compound once served almost 1 million acres of land
Fact #2: The mission was named after King Louis IX of France
Fact #3: The first Peruvian pepper tree in California was planted at this mission in 1830, later to be named the California Pepper Tree
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission Santa Inés
Year founded: 1804
Order (by date): 19
Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash
Fact #1: its nickname is “hidden gem of the missions”
Fact #2: In 1824, a young soldier beat a Chumash Indian to death, sparking the Chumash Revolut of 1824
Fact #3: The 1812 earthquake destroyed much of this mission
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Rafael Arcángel
Year founded: 1817
Order (by date): 20
Nearby native tribe(s): Miwok
Fact #1: The mission was used as the headquarters of the Bear Flag Revolt during the Mexican-American War
Fact #2: Known as the ‘most obliterated mission’ since the only original part of the mission is a single pear tree
Fact #3: It was the first ‘hospital’ in California
California Missions: 21 Missions
Name: Mission San Francisco Solano
Year founded: 1823
Order (by date): 21
Nearby native tribe(s): Wiwok
Fact #1: Was the final mission built in California
Fact #2: The Spanish wanted to monitor Russian activities in the north, using this mission as headquarters
Fact #3: Was well-known for growing varieties of grapes on the site