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~ Cambridge University Press 2014.

This publication. is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements.no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2014

Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St lves pic

A catalQgue record for this publicntioll is IlI'aihlblc from the British Library

Library of Congress CAtaloguing ill Publication dataUnravelling tort and crime I edited by Matthew Dyson.

pages emISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 (Hardback)

1. Torts-England, 2. Criminal law-England.L Dyson, Matthew. 1982- editor of compilation.

KDl949.A1U57 2014346.4203-dc23 2014007592

ISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 Hardback

Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.orgi9781107066113

Cambridge Univers.itr Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication.

and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain.accurate or appropriate.

CONTENTS

List of contributors viiForeword ixPreface xiTable of cases xiiTable of legislation xxvi

1 Disentangling and organising tort and crimeMATTHEW DYSON

1

2 Policing tort and crime with the MIB: remedies, penaltiesand the duty to insure 22ROB MERKIN AND JENNY STEELE

3 Tort law and criminal law in an age of austerity 58NICHOLAS J. MCBRIDE

4 Wrongs and responsibility for wrongs in crime and tort 82

G. R. SULLIVAN

5 Private rights and public wrongs IIIROBERT STEVENS

6 Torts, crimes and vindication: whose wrong is it? 146

R. A. DUFF

7 illegality's role in the law of torts 174GRAHAM VTRGO

8 Defences in tort and crime 208JAMES GOUDKAMP

v

CONTRIBUTORS

viCONTENTS

JOHN BLACKIE is Emeritus Professor of Law at the University ofStrathclyde

9 Causation in tort law and crim.inallaw: unityor divergence? 239

SANDY STEEl.

10 Complicity 275

PAUl. S. DAVIES

11 Civil liability for crimes 304

j . R. SPENCER

12 Consent and assumption of risk in tort andcriminal law 330

KENNETH W. SIMONS

13 The interaction of crime and delict in Scotland 356

PAUL S. DAVIES is fellow and tutor at St Catherine's College andAssociate Professor, University of Oxford

R. A. DUFF is Emeritus Professor, Department of Philosophy at theUniversity of Stirling and Russell M. and Elizabeth M. Bennett Chair inExcellence at the University of Minnesota Law School

MATTHEW DYSON is fellow in law at Trinity College, University ofCambridge

JAMES GOUDKAMP is fellow and tutor at Keble College and AssociateProfessor, University of Oxford

SARAH GREEN is fellow and tutor at St Hilda's College and AssociateProfessor, University of Oxford

NICHOLAS J. MCBRIDE is James Campbell Fellow in Law at Pem-broke College, University of Cambridge and Quondam Fellow, All SoulsCollege, University of Oxford

ROB MERKIN is Lloyd's Professor of Commercial Law at the Univer-sity of Exeter

KENNETH W. SIMONS is Professor of Law and The Honorable FrankRKenison Distinguished Scholar in Law at Boston University School of Law

J. R. SPENCER QC is Bye Fellow of Murray Edwards College, retiredfellow of Selwyn College and Emeritus Professor of Law at the Universityof Cambridge

vii

JOHN BLACKIE

14 The properties of the law: restoring personal propertythrough crime and tort 389

MATTHEW DYSON AND SARAH GREEN

Index 422

Table of ContentsForeword by Lord Hoffmann vPreface , viiContributors xiTable of Cases xiiiTable of Legislation xxviiTable of Delegated Legislation xxxiTable of Conventions xxxiiiTable of Restatements and Model Codes xxxv

A. General Issues and Themes 1

1. Central Issues in the Law of Tort DefencesANDREW DYSON, JAMES GOUDKAMP ANDFREDERICK WILMOT-SMI1H 3

2. Pleading Defences in Tort: The Historical PerspectiveDAVID IBBETSON 25

3. Defining 'Defences'LUtS DUARTE D·ALMEIDA · ·· ..··· 35

4. Tort Law's Missing ExcusesJOHN CP GOLDBERG 53

5. Duties to Try and Duties to SucceedSTEPHEN A SMITH 65

6. Balancing DefencesRODERICK BAGSHAW ·..·· · 87

7. Defences and Third Parties: Justifying ParticipationPAUL S DAVlES · · 107

B. Specific Defences 133

8. Justifying Necessity as a Defence in Tort LawGRA'HAM VIRGO 135

9. A Defence of Duress in the Law of Torts?JAMES EDELMAN AND ESTHER DYER 159

10. Nuisance, Planning and Regulation: The Limits ofStatutory AuthorityDONAL NOLAN 183

x Table of Contents

11. Weaving the Law's Seamless Web: Reflections onthe Illegality Defence in Tort LawBEVERLEYMcLACHlIN 207

12. The Doctrine of Ulegality and Interference with ChattelsJfu\1ES GOUDKAMP Al\'D LOREt~Z MAYR 223

13. Should Contributory Fault be Analogue or Digital?ROBERT STEVENS 247

14. Assumption of Risk in a System of Strict Liability:Conceptual Tangles and Social ConsequencesRICHARD A EPSTEIN 265

15. Privacy Claims: Transformation, Fault, and the PublicInterest DefenceBARBARAMcDONALD 289

16. Some Recurring Issues in Relation to Limitation of ActionsANDREW BURRO'\VS 311

Index af Authars.......................... 331..................................Illdex......................................... 333............................................................ _. .

ContributorsRoderick Bagshaw is a Fellow and Tutor in Law at Magdalen College, Oxford, andan Associate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford.

Andrew Burrows, QC (Hon), FBA, DCL is a Senior Research Fellow of All SoulsCollege, Oxford, and Professor of the Law of England at the University of Oxford.

Paul S Davies is a Fellow and Tutor in Law at St Catherine's College, Oxford, andan Associate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford.

Luis Duarte d' Almeida is a Chancellor's Pellow in Law at the University ofEdinburgh.

Esther Dyer is a graduate lawyer at Aliens.

Andrew Dyson is an Assistant Professor in Private Law at the London School ofEconomics and Political Science .

The Hon Justice James Edelman is a Justice of the Supreme Court of WesternAustralia. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the TC Beirne Scbool of Law,University of Queensland and the Faculty of Law, University of Western Australiaand a Conjoint Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales.

Richard A Epstein is the Laurence A Tisch Professor of Law at the New YorkUniversity School of Law, the Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow, the HooverInstitution, and the James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of LawEmeritus and Senior Lecturer at the University of Chicago.

John CP Goldberg is the Eli Goldston Professor of Law at Harvard Law School.

James Goudkamp is a Fellow and Tutor in Law at Keble College, Oxford, and anAssociate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford. He is also an HonorarySenior Research Fellow at the Faculty of Law, University of Western Australia andan Honorary Fellow at the Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong.

David Ibbetson, FBA, is President of Clare Hall, Cambridge, and Regius Professorof Civil Law at the University of Cambridge.

Lorenz MaYT is a doctoral candidate and a Research Fellow at the Institute ofInternational and Foreign Law at the University of Passau.

Barbara McDonald is a Professor of Law at the University of Sydney. She also aCommissioner at the Australian Law Reform Comm.ission and a Visiting Professorat the New College of Humanities.

The Rt Hon Beverley McLachlin, PC is the Chief Justice of Canada.

Donal Nolan is the Porjes Foundation Fellow and Tutor in Law at WorcesterCollege, University of Oxford.

CONTENTS

Foreword by the J(igh, Honourable Lord Mackay of ClashfernNotes on the Contributorslutroduction

vxi

xix

PERSPECTIVE 1: THE LAW

1. CausationIlt Hon Lord Hoffmann

2. Risky Business: Causation in Asbestos Cancer Cases (and Beyond?)Joseph Sanders

3. Developing Causal DoctrineMartin Hogg

4. Causation, Politics and Law: The English - and Scottish -Asbestos SagaJonathan Morgan

5. Inferring Cause In Fact and the Search for Legal 'Truth'Russell Brown

6. Causation in French Law: Pragmatism and PolicyDuncan Fairgrieve and Florence G'sell-Macrez

3

11

41

57

93

III

PERSPECTIVE II: SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE 131

1337. The Role of Scientific and Statistical Evidence in Assessing CausalityA Philip Dawid

8. Using Scientific Evidence to Resolve Causation Problems in Product liability:UK, US and French Experiences 149Richard Goldberg

9. Biostatistics and Causation in Medicinal Product Liability SuitsPeter Feldschreiber, Leigh-Ann Mulcahy and Simon Day

10. Proving Causation: Probability versus BeliefRichard W Wright

11. Liability for Future HarmAriel Porat and Alex Stein

179

195

221

12. Scientific and Medical Evidence in Causation Decisions: The AustralianExperienceIan Freckelton

241

x Cements

13. The Challenge of Developing Science for the L1W of Torts

Carl F Cranor

PERSPECTIVE III: LEGAL THEORY

14. The JESS Account of Natural Causation: A Response to Criticisms

Richard \V Wright

15. NESS for BeginnersChris Miller

16. The MMTS Analysis of CausationHoracio Spector

17. Causing the Behaviour of Others and Other Causal MixturesRoderick Bagshaw

18. Law's Approach to Harm in the Context of Scientific Uncertainty: Observationsfrom the Perspectives of Precaution and Indeterminate Causation

John Paterson

Table of CasesTable of LegislationStatutory InsttumentsIndex

261

283

285

323

339

361

383

409421425427

NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS

LORD HOFFMANN has been r lonorary Professor of Intellectual Property Law, QueenMary, University or London since June 2009, following his retirement as a Lord of Appealin Ordinary. He attended the University of Cape Town and then Queen's College, Oxford,as a Rhodes Scholar and won. the Vinerian Scholarship. He was an advocate of the SupremeCourt of South Africa 1958-60, called to English Bar by Gray's Inn in 1964 and appointedQueen's Counsel in 1977. He was appoin.ted a judge of the High Court (Chancery Division)1985-1992, elevated to the Court of Appeal 1992-1995 and appointed a Lord of Appeal inOrdinary 1995-2009. From 1980 to 1985 he was a (part-time) member of the Courts ofAppeal of Jersey and Guernsey. Lord Hoffmann remains an active arbitrator and mediatorat Brick Court Chambers and continues to be a non-permanent judge of the Court of FinalAppeal of Hong Kong. In his judicial career he has given judgments which have had a pro-found effect in shaping modern English Jaw, ranging from the reading of arbitration clausesand patent specifications to the scope of the Convention rights under the Human Right)Act. Of his many influential speeches, some have concerned the problems in establishingcausation in the context of indeterminate defendants and of medical negligence. His publi-cations include: 'The Universality of Human Rights' (2009) 125 LQR 416; 'PatentConstruction' (2006) 35 CIPA J 727; 'Tax Avoidance' (2005) BTR 197; 'Causation' (2005)121 LQR 592; 'Separation of Powers' (2002) 7 JR 137; and 'Bentham and Human Rights'(2001) 54 CLP61.

JOSEPH SANDERS JD, PhD (Northwestern) isAA White Professor of Law at the Universityof Houston. His research and writing focus on both socio-legal and traditional legal topics,including jury decision-making, the attribution of responsibility across cultures, torts,mass torts and scientific evidence. With respect to the current book, his relevant writingsare: Bendectin On Trial: A Study of Mass Tort Litigation (The University of Michigan Press,1998) and Modern Scientific Evidence (with Edward Cheng, David Faigman, David Kayeand Michael Saks) (West/Thomson Publishing Co, 2007-2008) as well as a number ofarticles on scientific evidence and expert witnessing, including most recently, 'TheInsubstantiality of the Substantial Factor Test For Causation' (with Michael Green andWilliam Bowers Ir), (2008) 73 Missouri Law Review 399, and 'Science, Law and the ExpertWitness,' (2009) 72 Law and Contemporary Problems 63. He has served on the advisorypanel for the Law and Social Science Program at the National Science Foundation. He is amember of the American Law Institute and the Law and Society Association. ProfessorSanders edited the Law and Society Review from 2001 to 2004. He teaches courses in torts,products liability, scientific evidence, the jury, and law and social science.

MARTJN HOGG LLB, LLM, PhD (Edin) is a Senior Lecturer at the Edinburgh Law School.His main areas of research lie in all aspects of the law of obligations, with a current particu-lar emphasis on obligations theory, causation and the concept of damage. He has publishedon a number of aspects of causation and the law and in relation to the idea of damage,

LANDMARK CASES IN THELAW OF TORT

Edited by Charles Mitchell and Paul Mitchell

Lfi

Edtam,

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VI

the judge's conception of his own role. In some cases judges have feltobliged, or inclined, to go beyond the immediate facts, so as to lay downbroad principles for the future. The essay on Alcock (among others)explores some of the motivations behind such expansiveness, and thelimits which judges feel themselves bound by. The nature of the responsemay also be coloured by what legal materials are perceived as relevant. Asthe essay on Fairchild demonstrates, the judges' request in that case to hearargument about the position in European jurisdictions produced anoriginal and distinctive analysis, with a hint that future harmonisationwould be welcome. The essay on Smith u Littleu/oods, by contrast,highlights the delicate issues involved in actually bringing about a conver-gence of the Scots and English law on liability for the acts of a third party.A further factor influencing the 'educated reflex' may even be the judge'sown education (see the essay on Hedley Byrne).

The part of a judge's educated reflex that will be furthest removed fromthe facts involves the use of legal theory. The decision in Tate & Lyle, it isargued, made a far-sighted use of the concept of rights, which was aheadof its time. George v Skiuington, both as decided and as subsequentlyinterpreted by courts and textbook writers, was capable of being under-stood in a variety of ways, which all raised fundamental questions aboutthe limits of negligence liability. Perhaps most strikingly, several of thecases reveal concerns about legal categories: what should the role of thelaw of negligence be in relation to the law of nuisance or the law ofcontract, and what should the role of tort be in relation to a widerregulatory scheme? More broadly, there is an engagement with theques~on, ~hat is the law of tort for? We believe that the essays collectedhere ~ummate the process of judicial law making generally, and also castsome light on these broader questions.

Charles Mitchell and Paul MitchellAugust 2009

Contents

Preface vContributors IX

Table of Cases xiTable of Legislation xxviiTable of Conventions, Treaties, etc xxxi

I R v Pease (1832) 1

MARK WlLDE AND CHARLOTTE SMITH

2 Buran v Denman (1848) 33CHARLES MITCHELL AND LESLIE TURANO

3 George v Skioington (1869) 69DAVID IBBETSON

4 Daniel v Metropolitan Railway Company (1871) 95MICHAEL LOBBAN

5 Woodley v Metropolitan District Railway Company (1877) 127STEVE BANKS

6 Cavalierv Pope (1906) 153~CHARDBAKERANDJONATHANGARTON

7 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1963) 171

PAUL tv1ITCHELL

8 Goldman v Hargrave (1967) 199MARK LUNNEY

9 Tate & Lyle Food & Distribution Ltd v Greater London Council(1983) 227

JWNEYERS10 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd (1985) 251

ELSPETH REIDII Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police (1991) 273

DONAL NOLAN

12 Hunterv Canary Wharf Ltd (1997) 3IlMARlA LEE

13 Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd (2002) 335KEN OLIPHANT

Index 359

Emerging Issues in Tort Law

Edited by

Jason W Neyers,Erika Chamberlain and

Stephen G A Pitel

• HA RT·PUBLISHING

OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON2007

Contents

Foreword v

Contributors xv

Introduction 1JASON W NEYERS, ERIKA CHAMBERLAIN ANDSTEPI lEN G A PITEL

1 General and Special Tort Law: Uses (and Abuses) of Theory 5PETER CANE1. The General/Special Distinction 5n. A Two-Part Criminal Law 7III. Transitional Stocktaking 13IV. Tort Theory and the General/Special Distinction 15V. Tort Theory Through the Lens of Criminal Law Theory 18Vl. A Two-Part Tort Law? 21VII. Coda: The Limits of Philosophy 27

A. The (Dis)Unity of Tort Law 27B. The Politics of Legal Philosophy 29

2 Breach of Statute and Tort Law 31LEWIS N KLARI. Introduction 31II. The Judgment in The Queen u Saskatchewan

Wheat Pool 32Ill. The Impact of Saskatchewan Wheat Pool on

Canadian Law 35A. Statutory Standards Applied Within Existing Common

Law Duty Relationships 37B. The Use of Statutes in the Absence of a Common Law

Duty Relationship 39C. The Suggested Correct Approach to the Interaction

Between Statutes and Negligence Actions 52IV. The Interaction Between Breaches of Statutory Duties and

the Tort of Misfeasance in a Public Office 57V. Conclusion 61

3 'Sois Sage'- Responsibility for Childishness in the Law ofCivil Wrongs 63SHAUNA VAN PRAAGHI. Introduction 63II. Learning Responsibility: Curious George and the Man

With the Yellow Hat 65III. Responsibility for Childish Behaviour 69

Contents Contents IXVI11

IV. Childhood: Where the Parents Are 74 A. The Three Elements of Duty and Liability for Physical\". Conelu ions 83 Loss 149

B. A Second Category of Negligence: the Reliance Model 155

4 Claims of Involuntary Parenthood: '\ hy the Resi tance? 85 C. The Two Fundamental Categories of Negligence:ELlZABETH ADJlN-TEITEY Comparisons and Conclusions 165

I. )nrrod ucrion 85 III. The Requirements of Justice and a Proposed Solution 168

n. Overview of Judicial and Legislative Positions on Claims ofInvoluntary Parenthood 86 7 Breaches of Contracts and Claims by Third Parties 191

Ill. Limited Recovery: Partial Recognition of Reproductive STEPHEN WADDAMSAutonomy 89

IV. Denial of Recovery of Maintenance Costs as a Matter of 8 Policy Issues in Defective Property Cases 199Distributive Justice 94 STEPHEN TODD

v. Construction of Legal Injury or Com pen able Harm 98 l. Introduction 199VI. Commodification Rationale for Den) ing Child H. An Overview of the Cases 200

Maintenance Costs 103 A. England 200VII. Conclusion 109 B. Australia 203

C. Canada 2065 liability for Psychiatric Damage: Searching for a Path D. New Zealand 208

between Pragmatism and Principle 113 III. Legal Principle 211}'lICHAEL A JO}"TES IV. Policy Concerns 213I. Introduction 113 A. Promoting Professional Accountability 214II. Categories of Claimant 115 B. Imposing a Proportionate Burden of Liability 214

A. Psychiatric Harm Following Physical Injury co the C. Maintaining Contractual Certainty 216Claimant 116 D. Responding to Need 221

B. Claims for Pure Psychiatric Harm in the Paradigm E. Protecting the Vulnerable 225

'Nervous Shock' Action Involving Participation in or V. Negligent Inspections 229

Observation of a Traumatic Event 117 VI. Limitation of Actions 230C. Claims for Pure Psychiatric Harm where the Claimant VII. Conclusion 231

Falls Outside the 'Nervous Shock' Paradigm of SuddenDefective Structures and Economic Loss in the United States:Traumatic Events 120 9 233m. Cons~qu~ces of these Categorisations in Relation to Pure law and Policy

Psychiatric Damage 122 DAVID F PARTLETI233IV. Psy~hiatricHarm Following Physical Injury to the 1. Introduction

Claimant II. Law, Legislation and Behaviour 234A. The Thin Skull Rule 125 A. An Overview of United States Case Law 234

V. The Medical Context 125 B. Defective Buildings, Products Liability, and the UnitedVI. Causation 130

States Supreme Court . 235VII. How ~h~uld Lavryers Respond to Claims Involving

134C. The Economic Loss Doctrine Always Applies: New

Psychiatric Harm?135 York 237

D. Statutory Causes of Action: California and Nevada 2396 Should White vJ Re C· E. Duty to Construct Without Negligence: Colorado andFirst Principles ones present anadian law: A Return to

141 South Carolina 241PETER BENSON Comparative Policy Considerations Between the UnitedI. 1:h.Two Routes to Liability Considered in

F.States and England, Australia, Canada and New

tte u jones 242n. ~he tundamenral Categories of Duty Relations in 143 ZealandG. What's a Builder To Do? Insurance and Riskeg igence

Mitigation Cost and Availability of Insurance 243149

x Contents

H. Risk Management rraregieIll. Policy

10 Harm Screening Under Negligence LawISRAEL GILEADI. IntroductionII. Relational Screening: The- cope-of-Risk Rule

A. What Makes Conduct Faulty and a Risk Tortious?B. The Four Aspects of RiskC. The 'Description Problem' and the Attack on

Relational Risk-Related ScreeningD. The 'Harms/benefits Correlation Problem'E. Rationale and Justifications for Risk-Related Screening

of Foreseeable HarmsF. Tackling the 'Harms/Benefits Correlation Problem'

ill. Unforeseeable Risks and Exceptions toRisk-Related ScreeningA. Screening Unforeseeable Harms: JustificationsB. The Different Kinds of UnforeseeabilityC. Unscreened Unforeseeable Harms: Undeserving Actors,

Deserving Plaintiffs and the Extent of HarmIV. Liability-Watch Screening: Justifications, Methods and

Increasing ComplexityV. The Screening Devices and the 'Division of Labour'

Between ThemA. Screening Concepts: The ConfusionB. Distinguishing between Relational and Liability-Watch

Screening DevicesC. The Pros and Cons of the Third Restatement's

Screening 'Revolution'D. 'Divisi~n of Labour' between Duty and Legal

Causation. An illustrationE. Three Observations

VI. A Shorr SummaryVII. Two Concluding Notes: Unforeseeability and C .

Justice orrecnve

11 AR[ctsC

and Omissions as Positive and Negative CausesHARD W WRIGHT

T. Introductionll. Positive and Negative CausationIII. Overdetermined Positive CausationIV. Overdet~rmined Negative CausationV. ConclUSion

244246

251

25t256256257

258261

262265

267267268

270

272

275275

276

276

279282284

285

287

287290292302307

Contents Xl

12 Decision Causation: Pandora's Tool-BoxVAUGHAN BLACK1. Introductionn. The CasesIll. Analysis

13 Non-Delegable Duties and Vicarious LiabilityROBERT STEVENSI. LntroductionII. AttributionIll. FaultIV. Normal and Abnormal Risks

A. The 'rule in Rylands v Fletcher'B. AustraliaC. Qualified Privilege

V. Statutory DutiesVI. Miscellaneous Cases

A. FireB. Private NuisanceC. Withdrawal of Support from Neighbouring LandD. Public Nuisance

VlI. Contractual and Consensual DutiesA. ExigibilityB. BailmentC. Employer's Duty to an EmployeeD. CarriersE. HospitalsF. OccupiersG. LandlordsH. Assumed Duties Generally?1. A Radical Thought and a Doubt

VIII. Conclusion

14 Juridical Foundations of Common Law Non-Delegable DutiesJOHN MURPHY1. IntroductionII. The Non-Delegable DutyNicarious Liability Relationship:

Some Red HerringsA. Two Misleading RationalesB. Three Problematic CasesC. Judicial Confusion

III. The Juridical Foundations of Non-Delegable DutiesA. Two Competing Features?B. A Second Precondition: Affirmative Duty

IV. Conclusion

309

309316323

331

331332337339339344345348349349350351351352352354354356356357359359365366

369

369

371371374378379380387390

xii Contents

15 Perish Vicarious Liability?DAVID R WINGFIELD1. IntroductionII. Vicarious Liability was Once a Contractual DoctrineIII. COntract Principle do not Explain or justify the

lmpo ition of Vicarious Liability in all CircumstanceIV. Tort Principles do Explain and Justify the Imposition of

Vicarious Liability in all CircumstancesV. Unfortunately Courts Still Look to Contract Principles fa

Ju rify the Imposition of Vicarious LiabilityVI. Conclusion: In Order to Change our Contractual Mind et

We Need to use Tortious Words

16 Comparative Perspectives on Vicarious Liability: Defining theScope of EmploymentPAULA GILlKER1. IntroductionIl. Scope of Employmentm. Deciphering the 'Scope of Employment': the Common Law

ApproachIV. A Fresh Perspective: Liability for the Acts of others in Civil

LawA. The Concept of 'Abus de Fonction'

V. Finding a Rationale for Vicarious LiabilityVI. Conclusion

17 What is a Loss?Ai'1DREW TETrEl\TBORKI. IntroductionII. Traditional Ideas: Money, Loss and Other

A. Is There any Relevant Loss at All?B. Loss and its Impact on the PlaintiffC. The Wrong Directly Impacts on Someone other than

the Plaintiffm. The Logic of Loss[Y. A New Approach to the Problem of LossV. ConclUSIOn

18 The Changing Face of the Gist of NegligenceKUMARALINGAM AMlRTHALINGAMI. IntroductionII. The Changing Face of the Gist of Negligence

A. IncreasedlIndustrial RiskB. Medical Risk and Patient AutonomyC. Loss of Chance

IIT. Conclusion and the Future of Negligence

393

393395

398

404

413

417

419

419422

423

427429433438

441

441441444450

452454456465

467

467468469476478483

Contents XIII

19 Tort Law in Practice: Appearance and Reality in ReformingPeriodical Payments of DamagesRIClIARD LEWIS1. IntroductionIt. The First Judicially Approved StructureIll. The Need to Impose Periodical PaymentsIV. Limits on the Power to Impose Periodical PaymentsV. Exercise of the Court's Discretion to Award Periodical

Payments .VI. A Change to the Method for Assessing Damages.Vll. The Impact on the Bargaining Power of the PartiesVUf. Why COStS for Insurers Will IncreaseIX. The Political Reasons for the ReformX. Canadian ComparisonsXl. Conclusions

20 The Structure of the Intentional TortsKEN OLIPIIANTL IntroductionII. The Intentional Torts

A. Meaning of 'Intentional Tort' .B. The Lack of General Principle in the Intentional Torts

Ill. A General Liability for Intentional Injury?A. The Early Tort TreatisesB. Liability for Malice in 19th-century .Torr C.asesC. The Rejection of Liability for MalicIOUS Injury per se

IV. Conclusion

21 The Role of Intention in the Tort in Wilkinson v DowntonDENISE REAUMEI. IntroductionII. Reconstructing the Original Understanding of the Tort in

Wilkinson v DoumtonIII. The Canadian Sequel

A The Leap Across the PondB.' The Rahemtulla Test: Inrentional Inflicrion of Distress

Canadian-StyleC. Recent Developments

IV. Conclusion: Future Prospects

22 Where Principle Meets Pragmatism: Tort Law in Post-ColonialHong KongRICK GLOFCHESKI1. IntroductionII. The Common Law in Hong Kongill. NegligenceIV. Workers and Tort Law

487

487488490492

494496497499501504506

509

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533

533

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546548553

557

557558560563

xiv Contents

A. Employers' Duty of CareB. Occupiers' LiabilityC. Breach of Staturory Duty

V. Liability for the Wrongs of OtherA. Property Management CompaniesB. Liability of Principal for Agent's TortsC. Employers' Vicarious Liability for the Torts of

EmployeesVI. Intentional TortsVII. DefamationVIn. Conclusion

EpilogueIndex

563564567568568569

Contributors

Elizabeth Adjin-Tettey, LLB, LLM, LLM, DJur, Associate Professor ofLaw, University of Victoria

572575576577579581

Kumaralingam Amirthalingam, LLB, PhD, Associate Professor of Law,National University of Singapore

Peter Benson, AS, MSc, LLB, LLM, Professor of Law, University ofToronto

Vaughan Black, BA, MA, LLB, LLM, Professor of Law, Dalhousie Univer-sity

Peter Cane, BA, LLB, DCL, Professor of Law, ANU College of Law,Australian National University

Erika Chamberlain, LLB, Assistant Professor of Law, University of WesternOntario

Israel Gilead, LLB, BA, LLD, Bora Laskin Professor of Law, HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem

Paula Giliker, BA, BCL, PhD, Reader in Comparative Law, University ofBristol

Rick Glofcheski, BA, LLB, LLM, Associate Professor of Law, University ofHong Kong

Lewis N Klar QC, BA, BCL, LLM, Professor of Law, University of Alberta

Michael A Jones, BA, LLM, PhD, Professor of Common Law, University ofLiverpool

Richard Lewis, BA, MA, Professor of Law, Cardiff University

John Murphy, LLB, LLM, Reader in Law, University of Manchester

Jason W Neyers, BA, LLB, MSt, Associate Professor of Law, University ofWestern Ontario

The Law ofTorts

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF

EDITED BY

John Oberdiek

OXFORD

IS-<Ul excepnoqwit bin kgal pf~ther~rab'from around c1disciplines whlto the philo$Ofground breskirdebates and opthus deepeningContributionsareas of tort la'responsibility, Imorality ofhruand the relatioproperty law a

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ContributorsTable of Cases

xli.xiii

INTRODUCTION: PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OFTHE LAW OF TORTSJohn Oberdiek

1

PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF TORT LAW

John OberdieLaw at the RuinCamden,NRutgers Instit

1. TORT LAW AND RESPONSIBILITYJohn c.P. Goldberg and Benjamin C. Zipursky

I. Introductionn. Responsibility Theories of Tort Law

Ill. Civil Recourse Theory as a Responsibility Theory of Tort LawIV. Concluding Thoughts: The Importance of Recognizing

Responsibility-Based Accounts of Tort Law

2. TORTS, RIGHTS, AND RISKStephen Perry

I. Introduction 38rr~~~~ru~ ~

III. Risk, Harm, and Rights 44IV. Harm and Fundamental Moral Rights 49V. The Role of Reasonable Foreseeability 60

17

171926

36

38

3. COMPENSATION AS A TORT NORM 65Mark A. GeistJeld

I. Introduction 65II. Injury Compensation and Liberal Egalitarianism 67

III. A Compensatory Tort Right and the Correlative Compensatory Duty 70IV. Compensation and Corrective Justice 79V. Conclusion 85

4. TORT AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR REVENGE 86Scott Hershovitz

1. IntroductionII. Corrective Justice

III. Corrective Justice CorrectedIV. The Message in the MoneyV. Tort or Revenge?

VI. Corrective Justice and Criminal LawVII. Conclusion

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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

v. 0 excep~.~ifhin legal I

, togcther~ttfrom arou nddisci pli ne!>~to the phil ..rszround brealt>

debates and .thus deepen]Conrributiorareas of tort Iresponsibiliomorality ofhand the relatpro pert)' law

5. STRUCTURE AND JUSTIFICATION IN CONTRACTUALISTTORT THEORY

lohn Oberdiek1. Introduction .• .

IT. Introducing Contractualist Tort Theory: Keating s SOCialContract Theory

IIT. Rawlsian Distributive Justice and the Bilateral Struct.ure of Tort LawIV A Primer on Justification in Scanlonian Contractualisrnv: Justification to a Subject and "the PalsgrafPerspective"VI. Conclusion

6. ON THE "PROPERTY" AND THE "TORT" IN TRESPASSEric R. Claeys

1. IntroductionII. Property in a Lockean Morality of LaborIII. The Unconsented-Entry ParadigmIV. Affirmative Defensesv. Conforming the Prima Facie Tort to the Underlying

Substantive RightV1. Harm-Based Exceptions to Rights-Based Torts

VII. Property Foundations and Tort ImplementationVill. Making Accident Torts Complement Rights-Based Torts

IX. Conclusion

7. TORT LAW AND PUBLlC FUNCTTONSPeter Cane

1. IntroductionII. Public Institutions and Public Functions

III. Demarcating the Province of Tort LawIV. Theorizing the Tort Law of Relationships of Juridical InequalityV. Conclusion

john OberdLa w at the flinCamden,Rutgers Inst

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103

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122

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PART II: HARMS, WRONGS, RESPONSIBILITY, AND LIABILITY

8. WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEENVictor Tadros

1. IntroductionII. The Currency of Harm and Compensation

III. Incomparable ProblemsIV. Meeting Comparative ComplaintsV. \Vhy Time Is Not of the Essence

Vl. In Defense of CounterfactualismVII. Conclusion

9. WHY REPARATIONS?Rahul Kumar

I. IntroductionII. Two Approaches to Reparative Obligations

171

171173177178181185191

193

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TABU' 01' CONTENTS

Ill. Rehabilitating the Compensatory ModelIV. Ate Living African-Americans Wronged by Chattel Slavery?V. Is Saying "Sorry" Enough?

LO. REPAIRING HARMS AND ANSWERING POR WRONGSR.A. Duff

1. In troductionII. Punishing Wrongs and Repairing Harms

Ill. A Gap-and How Civil Recourse Can Fill ItIV. Questions about Civil Recourse: (i) The AccountingV. Questions about Civil Recourse: (ii) The Remedy

VI. Civil Recourse, Cost-Allocation, and Criminal Law

II. TORT PROCESSES AND RELATIONAL REPAIRLinda Radzik

I. IntroductionII. What Stands in Need of Correction?

Ill. Damaged Relations and the Moral Obligation to Repair ThemIV. Forms of Corrective JusticeV. Contributors to Corrective Justice

VI. From Morality to LawVII. Conclusion

12. TORT LIABILITY AND TAKING RESPONSIBILITYDavid Enoch

1. IntroductionII. New Zealand and Apologies

III. Taking Responsibility: The Intuitive Idea. and Some ExamplesIV. The Taking and the ResponsibilityV. Tort Liability and Taking Responsibility

VI. Is This Enough?

13. EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSENT,ASSUMPTION OF RISK, AND VICTIM NEGLIGENCE

Kenneth W. SimonsI. Introduction

II. Legal BackgroundIII. The Phenomenology and Structure of ConsentIV. Comparing Consent (IT) with ARV. Conclusion

14. STRICT LIABILITY WRONGSGregory C. Keating

I. IntroductionII. Harm-Based Strict Liability

III. Right-Based Strict Liability

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A ctualog record/or this book is available from the British library.

!ibmr}' of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Philosophy and !he law of lOJ'tS I edited by Gerald J. Postema.

p. em. - (Cambridge studies in philosophy and law)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

I. TOrts - Philosophy. I. Postema, Gerald J. II. Series.

K923 P49 20001

346.03'0 I~c21

00-{)65I74

ISBN 0 52l 62282 4 hardback

Contents

Contributors

2

introduction: Search for an Explanatory Theory of TortsGERALD J. POSTEMA

A Social Contract Conception of the Tort Law of AccidentsGREGORY c. KEATING

Responsibility for Outcomes, Risk, and the Law of TortsSTEPHEN R. PERRY

The Significance of Doing and SufferingMARTIN STONE

Tort Law and Tort Theory: Preliminary Reflections on Method

JULES COLEMAN

Corrective Justice in an Age of Mass TortsARTHUR RTPSTETN AND BENJAMIN C. ZIPURSKY

Economics, Moral Philosophy, and the Positive Analysis

of Tort LawMARK GEISTFELD

Pluralism in Tort and Accident Law: Towards a Reasonable

AccommodationBRUCE CHAPMAN

page ix

3

4

5

6

7

8

References

Index

1

22

72

131

] 83

214

250

276

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