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Camera StudiesA Film In 5 Minutes
This is an introduction to camerastudies. As part of the 'A Film in 5Minutes' process. Led by GavinBrocker.
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There are some key factors that need constant attention when
being the photographer or camera operator.
There are loads of di!erent types of lenses for
cameras which change how much light is let into
the camera. Primeor Fixedlenses range in
angles but aren't adjustable like a zoom lens.
Other names known for the lenses are called
'Bottles'
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The Camera
ight let into the camera
focus and sharpness
size of the picture
Lenses
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Mounts are equipment that you can put a camera on and
normally allows it to have a steadier movement and allows thecamera to go if di!erent places like in the air which are out of
human reach.
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Mounts
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There are di!erent types of mic ones that are built into the
camera called 'on!board' microphones that usually pick up a
lot of noise from movement of the camera. There are mics that
are 'external' which are better when recording because you
can get close to the actor and the boom doesn't pick up a lot of
ru"ed sounds. If there is poor sound this can always be edited
in post production.
Post !Syncingis when an actor goes into a booth and has to
re create the sound to what they are saying. Example if the
scene was outside and the sound was mu"ed then the actor
would need to say the dialogue to match the picture.
Wild!Trackis any sound including dialogue, it's to re create
the ambience of where the scene was shot for example tra#c
or background chatter. This helps in editing to balance out the
background noise levels.
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Sound
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Dubbingis where sound is added or when original dialogue is
changed. Dubbed can also be changing films from one language
to another.
Foley Artistescreate noises or special e!
ects to go along withthe picture such as someone walking on gravel.
ADR "Additional Dialogue Recording#creates sound
e!ects to add ambience or background dialogue to crowd
scenes.
A short hand held boom is called a fish poleand often
mounted on a tall trolley. The furry object on the mic is to stop
wind ba$e.
Light is used to:
Illuminate // highlight and shadows modelling // create
climate // create atmosphere // natural e!ects: Fire // decorate //
add glamour
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Lighting
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Lights come in all di!erent shapes and sizes.
2k, 5k, inky, blonde, redhead, wok and brute.
Gels can go in from of the lights to create di!erent colours.Barn doors are often attached to the lamps so that it can trim
light and control when the light is falling.
Goboa screen cut out of shapes like a gel which goes in front
of the light to create pictures such as prison doors.
The two major lighting situations to look out for are DAYand
NIGHT.
Neutral Density Filters "ND#removes very bright light like
sunshine.
White Balanceis when the camera takes in the lighting state
for the shot which is often done by putting a white sheet of
paper in front of the camera and focusing to get the whitest
point. It's so that the background and light that's emitted into
the camera is the same so the subjects stand out more and are
in focus.
Film is shot on:
16mm, super 16mm or 35mm !occasiona"y 72mm#
VHS, super VHS, HI8 are types of cassette that the film and be
stored in to be recorded on.
Tv screens are shot in 4 by 3, wide screen shot is 16 by 9.
6CameraMovement
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Titling
Pivots up and down
Panning
Pivots left to right
Tracking in
Moves toward subject
Tracking out
Moving away from subject
Crabbing
Right angles to subject
Elevating
Rises upwards
Depressing
Drops downwards
Zooming$manipulating the optics of the lens.
Subjects close to the camera are called closeor foreground
"fg#and subjects in the back are deeporbackground "bg#
Bananaringwhen the actors moves in a curved line instead of
straight and the camera is still, example the subject walking
into shot.
There are many di!erent shot sizes.
LS// long shot// from a distance
WS //wide shot//whole width and height of subject
MWS// medium wide shot// whole of the human figure
MLS// medium long shot// " " "
MS// mid shot// from the waist up
MCS// medium close shot// from the chest up
MCU// medium close up// " " "
CU// close up// chin to top of head
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BCU// big close up// one feature $eyes
Group/S//group shot// a whole team in shot, around a table
3/S// three shot// three subjects in shot Tom$dick $Harry
2/S// two shot// two subject in shot Tom $Harry
O/S 2/S// over the shoulder two shot// over sullivans shoulder
X2/S// Cross 2/S//
Single// just solo shot
A picture leaning to one side is called cantedor Dutch
Crossing the line
The camera need to be on the symmetric side for a O/s 2/S
other wise if the camera if on the wrong shoulder the subjects
will look like they are looking in the same direction. As though
they were in a line and don't give the right illusion. The camera
operator would need to get the shot from both subjects
shoulders closed to the camera if we were to take a shot
looking at them like in this example.
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Cast and
Crew
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PAcan stand forProduction Associate, Production Assistant,
Producer's Assistant or Personal Assistant.
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Audienceare the people who watch you
Thecompanythe performers you work with
! Executive Producerthey initiates a production, acquires
the message budget, appoints a producer and brings in big
stars.
LegalDepartmentlook at the rights and legal qualities to
putting out the film
AccountsDepartmentlook at the budget for the
production
! Producertime is money, look after the image side of theproduction, such as cast that's popular. Responsible for the
quality of the programme,budget control. Style and taste,
health and safety and legal and public relations. They cast the
major roles and appoint directors.
! Line Producer / Production Manger /Associate
Producer authorise expenditure, and deals with problems
on behalf of the producer.
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Directorhas the overall vision of what they want to show tolook like and how the want the actors journey to unravel.
Scripteditoredits script.
! CastingDirectorauditions actors for the roles of the
production
Designer
Production Co$ordinator
! Production Assistant PAtime scripts, types schedules,notes Continuity slate and takes, times scenes calls shots
during production. Clears copyright, attends editing.
! Continuity// ScriptSupervisormake sure there is a
smooth Segway from shot to shot and that nothing has
changed to words in the script and what the actors does on
each movement. Which line the actor sits on to how much
beer they drink or how much they smoke.
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! FirstADruns the whole show calls the shots and gets both
cast and crew ready and liaises with many departments. Calls
'that's a wrap' when finishing shooting.
2ndADcreate call times for the actors and sets up meetings.LocationMangerfinds location to film
! Stage Mangerorganise rehearsals, supervise props, helps
with cueing.
! AssistantStageManagerassists the stage manger,
marking, assist with props, look after the book and prompt
actors.
! Runner "3rd AD#right hand man to the first AD and run
to get actors and help run getting objects and liaise with
other departments.
Costume Designerdesigns the costumes and the vision of
how the actors should look
! Wardrobe Supervisorthey ensure the correct Continuity
for costume is maintained.
! Make!Up Artists apply make up to the actors liaising
mainly with the designers to what they want. Wigs, haircutsand special make up e!ects like words, tears and scars.
! Hairdressersdoes the actors hair, can be specific to period
times.
! Director of Photography "DOP#/ Lighting Designer
have the vision of the bigger picture about the shot, taking
into account the three main factors to the camera, light,
focus and size. Liaises with the director.
!
Camera Operatoroperates the camera and tries to deliverthe vision that the DOP has for the shot.
Camera Assistantassists the camera operator by carrying the
equipment and assistant if hand held.
Focus Pullermaintains the pictures sharpness also doubles up
as the 1st camera assistant. Manipulates the focus during a take
so that the shot is alway sharp.
Clapper Loaderwrites the take, slate and scene and slams
the clapper.
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Griphelps set up the equipment such as the dolly and getting
the equipment ready to start the filming process.
! Sound Recordistrecords the sound wild tracks, e!ect and
carry and operate the tale machines.! Sound Assistant / Boom Operatorhold the microphone
in place and listens to the sounds, they should also be
familiar with the script so that they favour the actor
speaking.
Technical Manager
Riggersrig the equipment
Ga%erresponsible for the execution of the lights and
sometimes the look
Charge Hand "'Best Boy'#in charge of the riggers but
assists the head of lighting
Electricians "'Sparks'#the people who are on hand in case
anything goes technically wrong that needs fixing electrically.
Design Assistant
Charge Hand
Operatives %'Scenes'&
Charge Hand in charge of props
Operatives %'Props'&
Wranglercontrols the animals
Studio and Location
Feature films are made on sound stages. Exterior sites within
a film complex are called lotslike the outside exterior on soaps
like Emmerdale.
Pre!Production
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ProductionMethods
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The production can not take place until it is given the Green
Light. Months are spent finding locations, making schedules,
designing sets and costumes and obviously casting the
performers
Rehearsals
As actors you normally only get a read through and a couple of
rehearsals before you are filming. Multi camera productions
have rehearsals for the camera operators know the production
like Mrs Browns Boys. One week of rehearsals usually add up
to half an hour of programme length. Directors will block
scenes on set with the actors.
Multi!Camera Shooting
The director plan the blocking with the actors in rehearsal and
write a camera script which is usually very detailed. Edited
shots in real time are called vision mixing, this enables music
and sound e!ects to be played at the same time.
Single !Camera Shooting
As cameras got lighter this gave more opportunity for enabling
TV to film on location like films, The Bill is a good example.
These can be filmed in a set called 'four wallers' instead of
three pretend walls in a studio.
Shots, Takes and Slates
Shotis a section of the script with a particular view. Each shot
that is a success is called a take.
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Pros
The actors get an uninterruptedperformance.
More economical with little costs.
ConsUnavailability of good camera angles.
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Slate numbersstart at 1 and continuing upwards until the
end of the production, slate indicates the separate shot,
involving the change of size, action, text and photography.
Take Director indicates they have finished rehearsal
First AD announces 'stand by, we're going from a take'
makes sure everyone is ready
First AD calls 'turning over'
Camera operator calls 'camera rolling' or 'speed'
Clapper calls 'mark it'
Sound recordist will call 'sound running'
First AD when satisfied called 'action'
Directors calls 'cut'
In studios there is a red light and bellthat is routine to show
at the beginning and end of a take.
Editing
Cuttingused 99'of the time
Mixing "dissolving#indicates flashbacks and emphasis slow
gentle moodiness.
Fade to black / fade uplong time lapse and separation of
ideas
DVE "Digital Video E%ect#used in pop music, advertising
and sport
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WorkingActor
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Actors Should's: Read call sheets carefully
Be fit
Be punctual
Be cheerful
Be co-operative
Know your lines