Campbell, Chapters 33 & 34Campbell, Chapters 33 & 34

KINGDOM ANIMALIAKINGDOM ANIMALIA

(Animals)(Animals)

-Nematoda: roundworms-Nematoda: roundworms -Arthropoda: arthropods.-Arthropoda: arthropods.

-Arachnida: spiders, scorpions.-Arachnida: spiders, scorpions.-Crustacea: crustaceans.-Crustacea: crustaceans.--Insecta: insectsInsecta: insects..

-Echinodermata: echinoderms.-Echinodermata: echinoderms. -Asteroidea: sea stars.-Asteroidea: sea stars. -Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers.-Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers. -Echinoidea: sea urchins.-Echinoidea: sea urchins.

-Chordata: chordates.-Chordata: chordates.-Urochordata: tunicates or sea squirts.-Urochordata: tunicates or sea squirts.-Cephalochordata: lancelets.-Cephalochordata: lancelets.

-Vertebrata: vertebrates.-Vertebrata: vertebrates. -Myxini: hagfishes.-Myxini: hagfishes. -Cephalaspidomorphi: lampreys.-Cephalaspidomorphi: lampreys. --Chondrichthyes: sharks and raysChondrichthyes: sharks and rays.. --Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes.Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes. -Amphibia: frogs, toads and salamanders.-Amphibia: frogs, toads and salamanders. -Mammalia: mammals. -Mammalia: mammals. -Testudines: turtles.-Testudines: turtles. -Lepidosauria: lizards and snakes.-Lepidosauria: lizards and snakes. -Aves: birds.-Aves: birds.

What are the What are the characteristics characteristics and evolutionary and evolutionary trends of the trends of the following phyla following phyla and classes?and classes?

Secrete external Secrete external skeletons, molt.skeletons, molt.

Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda “thread form”: round worms“thread form”: round worms>90,000 spp, in aquatic habitats, wet soils, inside plants and animals.>90,000 spp, in aquatic habitats, wet soils, inside plants and animals.-Length: <1 mm to over 1 m.-Length: <1 mm to over 1 m.-Cylindrical body, pseudocoelom.-Cylindrical body, pseudocoelom.-Complete digestive tract (tube with mouth and anus).-Complete digestive tract (tube with mouth and anus).-Eat animals; algae and fungi; detritus; parasites of plants and animals.-Eat animals; algae and fungi; detritus; parasites of plants and animals.-Longitudinal muscles, produce a thrashing motion.-Longitudinal muscles, produce a thrashing motion.-Ecdysozoa: molt a tough exoskeleton called cuticle.-Ecdysozoa: molt a tough exoskeleton called cuticle.

Segmentation & Segmentation & appendages:appendages: further further allowed division of allowed division of functions and a functions and a great great diversification of diversification of forms.forms.Cuticle:Cuticle: strength strength and impermeability and impermeability solved desiccation solved desiccation and structural and structural support > land. support > land. Flight:Flight: allowed allowed insects to escape insects to escape predators, find food predators, find food and mates, and and mates, and disperse to new disperse to new habitats. habitats.

Phylum Arthropoda- Phylum Arthropoda- “joint foot”: arthropods“joint foot”: arthropods -Over one million species, most of them insects. The most diverse, -Over one million species, most of them insects. The most diverse, widely distributed and abundant of all animal phyla.widely distributed and abundant of all animal phyla.-Length: 0.1 mm to 1.2 m.-Length: 0.1 mm to 1.2 m.-Segmentation, hard exosqueleton (external skeleton), jointed -Segmentation, hard exosqueleton (external skeleton), jointed appendages.appendages.-Exoskeleton called cuticle, made of protein and chitin. Relatively -Exoskeleton called cuticle, made of protein and chitin. Relatively impermeable to water; strong, to protect and allow muscle attachment.impermeable to water; strong, to protect and allow muscle attachment.-Ecdysis (molt cuticle).-Ecdysis (molt cuticle).

-Well-developed muscles and sensory organs for vision, taste, smell -Well-developed muscles and sensory organs for vision, taste, smell and touch.and touch.-Extensive cephalization (concentration of sensory equipment in -Extensive cephalization (concentration of sensory equipment in the anterior end of the body).the anterior end of the body).-Many species have compound eyes (composed of many -Many species have compound eyes (composed of many independent visual units).independent visual units).

-Mostly terrestrial.-Mostly terrestrial.-Cephalothorax (head and thorax as one region) with six pairs of -Cephalothorax (head and thorax as one region) with six pairs of

appendages: chelicerae (a pair of clawlike feeding appendages), appendages: chelicerae (a pair of clawlike feeding appendages), pedipalps (a pair of appendages usually functioning in sensing or pedipalps (a pair of appendages usually functioning in sensing or feeding) and four pairs of legs. feeding) and four pairs of legs.

ArachnidaArachnida

-Spiders are carnivores that use their chelicerae to inject poison into -Spiders are carnivores that use their chelicerae to inject poison into and masticate (chew) their prey; they spill digestive juices and suck and masticate (chew) their prey; they spill digestive juices and suck up the liquid meal.up the liquid meal.-Many spiders have the unique adaptation of catching flying insects -Many spiders have the unique adaptation of catching flying insects

by stringing webs of silk, a protein produced as a liquid by special by stringing webs of silk, a protein produced as a liquid by special abdominal glands. abdominal glands.

-Scorpions are nocturnal carnivores, pedipalps modified as pincers for -Scorpions are nocturnal carnivores, pedipalps modified as pincers for defense and capture of food; the tip of the tail has a poisonous stinger.defense and capture of food; the tip of the tail has a poisonous stinger.-Ticks and mites are parasites in vertebrates and invertebrates.-Ticks and mites are parasites in vertebrates and invertebrates.

-Mostly marine.-Mostly marine.-Multiple appendages extensively specialized.-Multiple appendages extensively specialized.-The only arthropods with two pairs of antennae.-The only arthropods with two pairs of antennae.-Three or more pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts.-Three or more pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts.-Three or more pairs of legs.-Three or more pairs of legs.

CrustaceaCrustacea

-Filter-feeders, plankton eaters, carnivorous, detritus eaters, parasites, -Filter-feeders, plankton eaters, carnivorous, detritus eaters, parasites, scavengers.scavengers.-Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, isopods, barnacles, copepods. -Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, isopods, barnacles, copepods.

Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinodermata “spiny skin”: echinoderms“spiny skin”: echinoderms--About 7,000 species, all marine, in six classes. Length: 1 mm to 1 m.About 7,000 species, all marine, in six classes. Length: 1 mm to 1 m.--Pentamerous radial symmetry in adults: the body can be divided into Pentamerous radial symmetry in adults: the body can be divided into five parts arranged around a central axis.five parts arranged around a central axis.--EEndoskeleton (internal skeleton) of movable or fixed plates (ossicles) ndoskeleton (internal skeleton) of movable or fixed plates (ossicles) and projecting elements (spines or tubercles).and projecting elements (spines or tubercles).

--Unique water-vascular system, fluid-filled tubes beginning in the Unique water-vascular system, fluid-filled tubes beginning in the madreporite and ending in blind-ending tube feet.madreporite and ending in blind-ending tube feet.-Tube feet used for locomotion, food gathering, and gas exchange.-Tube feet used for locomotion, food gathering, and gas exchange.-Many have pedicellaria, thin, flexible stalks manipulated by muscles -Many have pedicellaria, thin, flexible stalks manipulated by muscles and with three jaws apiece that offer protection.and with three jaws apiece that offer protection.

Endoskeleton,Endoskeleton, functionally similar functionally similar to arthropod to arthropod exoskeleton: a hard exoskeleton: a hard shell encasing the shell encasing the body, still limits body, still limits body size. body size.

AsteroideaAsteroidea

EchinoideaEchinoidea

HolothuroideaHolothuroidea

Phylum Chordata: Phylum Chordata: chordateschordates --Length: <1 mm to 30 m.Length: <1 mm to 30 m.-Segmentation, muscles arranged in segmented blocks.-Segmentation, muscles arranged in segmented blocks.-Jointed appendages.-Jointed appendages.-Most with a truly internal and jointed skeleton, differing from that -Most with a truly internal and jointed skeleton, differing from that

of echinoderms.of echinoderms.

-Notochord. Longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube & nerve cord.-Notochord. Longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube & nerve cord.-Dorsal, hollow nerve cord. Vertebrates: becomes brain and spinal cord.-Dorsal, hollow nerve cord. Vertebrates: becomes brain and spinal cord.-Pharyngeal slits. Water exits w/o going through digestive tube. Filter feeding -Pharyngeal slits. Water exits w/o going through digestive tube. Filter feeding invertebrate chordates; gas exchange, jaw support, hearing in vertebrates.invertebrate chordates; gas exchange, jaw support, hearing in vertebrates.-Muscular, postanal tail. Provides much of the propulsive force.-Muscular, postanal tail. Provides much of the propulsive force.

-Most sessile marine animals, some are colonial. -Most sessile marine animals, some are colonial. -Water enters through incurrent siphon, passes through pharyngeal slits -Water enters through incurrent siphon, passes through pharyngeal slits into atrium and exits through an excurrent siphon.into atrium and exits through an excurrent siphon.-Filter-feeders, trap food with a mucous net.-Filter-feeders, trap food with a mucous net.-Animal encased in a tunic made of celluloselike carbohydrate.-Animal encased in a tunic made of celluloselike carbohydrate.-Larvae presents all four chordate characteristics.-Larvae presents all four chordate characteristics.

Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata

-Small, burrowing animals that live along sea coasts.-Small, burrowing animals that live along sea coasts.-Adults possess all four chordate traits.-Adults possess all four chordate traits.-Filter feeders, water exits through pharyngeal slits.-Filter feeders, water exits through pharyngeal slits.-Muscles serially arranged like rows of chevron (<<<<<<).-Muscles serially arranged like rows of chevron (<<<<<<).-Sensory tentacles around mouth. -Sensory tentacles around mouth.

Subphylum CephalochordataSubphylum Cephalochordata

Unique group of embryonic Unique group of embryonic cells that participate in the cells that participate in the

development of various development of various structures.structures.

-All marine. Mostly bottom-dwelling scavengers.-All marine. Mostly bottom-dwelling scavengers.-Slime glands along the sides to repel others and for protection.-Slime glands along the sides to repel others and for protection.-Cartilaginous skeleton.-Cartilaginous skeleton.-Mostly blind, well-developed sense of smell. Hagfishes. -Mostly blind, well-developed sense of smell. Hagfishes.

(CRANIATES). (CRANIATES). MyxiniMyxini

Vertebral column,Vertebral column, encloses and protects encloses and protects nerve cord; provides nerve cord; provides support and makes support and makes large body size and large body size and fast movement fast movement possible.possible.

-Marine and freshwater environments.-Marine and freshwater environments.-Clamp round mouth onto flank of live fish, use rasping tongue to -Clamp round mouth onto flank of live fish, use rasping tongue to penetrate skin and ingest blood.penetrate skin and ingest blood.-Cartilaginous skeleton.-Cartilaginous skeleton.-No paired appendages, no jaws.-No paired appendages, no jaws.-Lampreys. -Lampreys.

Cephalaspidomorphi

Jaws and Jaws and mineralized teeth, mineralized teeth, allow to firmly grip allow to firmly grip and slice food and slice food items, and eat prey items, and eat prey that until then was that until then was inaccessible.inaccessible.

Paired appendages Paired appendages (fins),(fins), allow allow accurate accurate maneuvering in the maneuvering in the aquatic aquatic environment while environment while swimming. swimming.

-Marine and freshwater environments.-Marine and freshwater environments.-Cartilaginous skeleton, in most strengthened and with bony teeth.-Cartilaginous skeleton, in most strengthened and with bony teeth.-Skin covered by tooth-like scales. Sharks, rays, mantas, chimaeras.-Skin covered by tooth-like scales. Sharks, rays, mantas, chimaeras. -Rays: flattened bottom-dwellers that crush invertebrates with jaws, some -Rays: flattened bottom-dwellers that crush invertebrates with jaws, some live in open water and filter foodlive in open water and filter food

ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes

-Sharks: streamlined -Sharks: streamlined bodies and well-developed bodies and well-developed jaws and fins.jaws and fins.-Most carnivores, some -Most carnivores, some filter-feeders.filter-feeders.-Sharp black and white -Sharp black and white vision and well-developed vision and well-developed senses of smell and electric senses of smell and electric fields in the head and of fields in the head and of water pressure along the water pressure along the flanks (lateral line system).flanks (lateral line system).

Lungs or lung Lungs or lung derivatives,derivatives, in in most fishes most fishes developed into developed into swim bladder to swim bladder to control buoyancy control buoyancy and maintain and maintain constant depth constant depth without moving; without moving; in other in other organisms organisms allowed allowed obtaining oxygen obtaining oxygen from the air and from the air and thus exploiting thus exploiting land land environments.environments.

-Marine and freshwater environments.-Marine and freshwater environments.-Ossified skeleton, skin often covered by flattened, bony scales. -Ossified skeleton, skin often covered by flattened, bony scales. -Skin glands secrete a mucus that reduces drag during swimming.-Skin glands secrete a mucus that reduces drag during swimming.-Lateral line system and jaws; fins mainly supported by flexible rays.-Lateral line system and jaws; fins mainly supported by flexible rays.-A protective flap called the operculum covers the gills.-A protective flap called the operculum covers the gills.-A variety of feeding mechanisms.-A variety of feeding mechanisms.-Part of the “bony fishes”.-Part of the “bony fishes”.

ActinopterygiiActinopterygii

LegsLegs, allow , allow better locomotion better locomotion in terrestrial and in terrestrial and very shallow very shallow water water environments. environments.

-Aquatic and terrestrial environments.-Aquatic and terrestrial environments.-Ossified skeleton.-Ossified skeleton.-Moist skin, legs (secondarily lost in some species) and lungs (usually).-Moist skin, legs (secondarily lost in some species) and lungs (usually).-Skin glands secrete distasteful or poisonous mucus as a protection -Skin glands secrete distasteful or poisonous mucus as a protection against predators.against predators.-Mostly carnivores.-Mostly carnivores.-Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. -Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts.

AmphibiaAmphibia

http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/aw/

-Still tied to water for reproduction, most abundant in damp habitats.-Still tied to water for reproduction, most abundant in damp habitats.-Many go through a metamorphosis.-Many go through a metamorphosis.

Amniotic eggAmniotic egg allowed terrestrial allowed terrestrial vertebrates to vertebrates to complete their life complete their life cycle on land and cycle on land and sever last ties with sever last ties with aquatic past.aquatic past.

Milk, Milk, provide the provide the ability to ability to adequately adequately nourish offspring. nourish offspring.

-Mostly terrestrial, some marine and freshwater.-Mostly terrestrial, some marine and freshwater.-Skin covered with hair (reduced or absent in some species) and -Skin covered with hair (reduced or absent in some species) and mammary glands in the females to provide milk to the young.mammary glands in the females to provide milk to the young.-Legs lost in some.-Legs lost in some.-Amniote egg, but the embryo does not develop a shell.-Amniote egg, but the embryo does not develop a shell.-Variety of feeding mechanisms. -Variety of feeding mechanisms.

MammaliaMammalia

-Terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments.-Terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments.-Characterized by a hard shell, to which vertebrae and ribs are fused. --Characterized by a hard shell, to which vertebrae and ribs are fused. -Amniote egg with a shell.Amniote egg with a shell.-Sharp, horny beak without teeth.-Sharp, horny beak without teeth.-Most are carnivorous or eat plants or algae.-Most are carnivorous or eat plants or algae.-Turtles, sea turtles, tortoises. -Turtles, sea turtles, tortoises.

TestudinesTestudines

-Terrestrial, some in marine and freshwater environments.-Terrestrial, some in marine and freshwater environments.-Legs lost in snakes. Amniote egg with a shell.-Legs lost in snakes. Amniote egg with a shell.-Loose articulated jaws to swallow large prey, some inject poison.-Loose articulated jaws to swallow large prey, some inject poison. -Most are carnivores with acute chemical (through the flicking -Most are carnivores with acute chemical (through the flicking tongue), vibration and heat sensors.tongue), vibration and heat sensors.Tuataras, lizards and snakes. Tuataras, lizards and snakes.

LepidosauriaLepidosauria

Feathers, Feathers, provide provide ability to fly and ability to fly and insulation. insulation.

-Mostly terrestrial, some marine and freshwater.-Mostly terrestrial, some marine and freshwater.-Skin covered with feathers, light and hollow skeleton; flight -Skin covered with feathers, light and hollow skeleton; flight adaptations.adaptations. -Legs and wings, most species move by flying-Legs and wings, most species move by flying..-Amniote egg with a shell.-Amniote egg with a shell.-Mouth developed into a beak.-Mouth developed into a beak.-A variety of feeding mechanisms.-A variety of feeding mechanisms.

AvesAves

General traits of reviewed phyla, subphyla and classes.General traits of reviewed phyla, subphyla and classes.SUMMARYSUMMARY

Important evolutionary trends in body plan:Important evolutionary trends in body plan: -Endoskeleton:-Endoskeleton: Echinoderms. Echinoderms. -Notochord, nerve cord, tail, pharyngeal slits:-Notochord, nerve cord, tail, pharyngeal slits: Chordates. Chordates. -Cranium, brain development, neural crest cells:-Cranium, brain development, neural crest cells: Hagfishes. Hagfishes. -Vertebral column:-Vertebral column: Vertebrates. Vertebrates. -Jaws, 2 sets of paired appendages, mineralized skeleton and teeth:-Jaws, 2 sets of paired appendages, mineralized skeleton and teeth:

Sharks and rays.Sharks and rays. -Lungs or lung-derivatives:-Lungs or lung-derivatives: “Bony fishes” “Bony fishes” -Legs:-Legs: Amphibians. Amphibians. -Amniote egg:-Amniote egg: Mammals, turtles, snakes and lizards, birds. Mammals, turtles, snakes and lizards, birds. -Milk:-Milk: Mammals. Mammals. -Feathers:-Feathers: Birds. Birds.

These trends helped animals adapt to different environments or These trends helped animals adapt to different environments or exploit the same environment in a different manner.exploit the same environment in a different manner.