Kingdom Animalia

Introduction

Kingdom Animalia

• Chapters 32, 33 and 34 in text

• Your Handouts…

• Animals are Metazoans (?????)

• Are all animals in one Kingdom?

• From what did animals evolve?

• When did animals originate?

• 600+ mya

Characteristics of Animals

• Eukaryotic

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic (via ingestion) ?????– Herbivores– Carnivores– Detritovores– Omnivores– (Parasites)

Additional Characteristics (I)• Shared by MOST animals• Carbohydrates stored as glycogen• Highly specialized cells, tissues, organs and

organ systems (except Porifera and Placozoa)

• Nerves and muscles in most Phyla (except…Porifera and Placozoa)

• More often reproduce sexually (Oogamous with Undulipodiated sperm)

• Asexual reproduction in many “lower” taxa

Additional Characteristics (II)

• Haplobiontic Diploid Life Cycle

• In MOST --- zygote undergoes divisions (cleavage) to form a Blastula (Fig. 32.2)

Additional Characteristics (III)

• Some animals --- maturation gradual to the adult form

• Some animals --- have a larval stage that undergoes some type of metamorphosis to the sexually mature adult form

Types, Number & Distribution

• Vertebrate vs. Invertebrate (misleading ??)

• Non-Chordate vs. Chordate (better)

• Approx. 25 Phyla

• AT LEAST 2 million species

• Maybe 2x to 5x as many as above --- WHY?

• Seas – possess greatest diversity of animal Phyla

• Land – has greatest species diversity

Origin of Animals (I)• From a heterotrophic colonial flagellated

protozoan

• Why flagellated (= undulipodiated)?• Was it a coanoflagellate?

(page 656, Fig. 32.3gives three strongreasons for thisKNOW THEM!)

Origin of Animals (II)

• Was it a hollow or solid colony?

• One origin ?????

• Yes ?????

• We will consider them as monophyletic

• Ontogeny and Phylogeny

From Protozoa to Metazoa (I)

From Protozoa to Metazoa (II)

Did “Protoanimals” resemble Tricoplax adhaerens ?????

Kingdom Animalia - Diversity

• Metazoa– Parazoa

– Eumetazoa

–Radiata

–Bilateria

• Where does Tricoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) belong?

Older Phylogenetic Tree (Fig. 32.10)

Newer Phylogenetic Tree (Fig. 32.11)

Body Symmetry (Fig. 32.7)

Development and Body Plans• Parazoa• Eumetazoa

• Tricoplax adhaerens ?????

• Radiata

– Planula larva

– Diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm)

• Bilateria

– Triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

• Zygote Blastula Gastrula

Early Embyronic Development (Fig. 32.2)

Germ Layer Derivatives

• Ectoderm --- forms outer covering (epithelium) and nervous system

• Mesoderm --- muscles and some organs

• Endoderm --- lining of digestive tract, liver and lungs

Coelom --- Yes or No (Fig. 32.8)

• What is a coelom?

• Acoelomate animals

Pseudocolomate Animals (Fig. 32.8)

• Mesoderm lines ONLY the OUTER body wall!

Coelomate Animals (Fig. 32.8)

• Also known as Eucoelomate animals

Coelom Functions

• Cushions organs (prevents injury)

• Organs can grow and move independently of outer body wall

• Acts as a hydrostatic ‘skeleton’ in some organisms

Protostome / Deuterostome (Fig. 32.9)