Capstone Proposal

CAPSTONE PROJECT

Batch number : A14Academic Year : 2013 –

2014

Under the Guidance of Mr. Narayan D. G.

Theme: Networking: WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS

TEAM DETAILS

May 3, 2023 2

Roll Number Name USN

10 Anup Shanbhag 2BV10IS01929 Rahul Hosmani 2BV10IS072

35 Sana Chandsha 2BV10IS082

55 Vinayak Anegundi

2BV10IS124

CONTENTS

May 3, 2023 3Capstone

• Problem Statement

• Motivation

• Objectives

• Literature Survey

• Proposed System

• References

PROBLEM STATEMENT


To propose a cross layer rate adaptive

technique for video transmission in multi-channel

multi-radio wireless mesh networks based on a

new routing metric and evaluate the quality of

transmission with real-time video traces.

MOTIVATION


• Wireless mesh networks hold great promise in the wireless transmission of video flows, particularly if the problem of providing sufficient network capacity can be addressed.

• The routing metrics present which help decide the paths for transmissions have a lot of shortcomings.

• As the demand to deliver content to users on multiple screens continues to grow at a rapid pace, Video streaming has now become a challenging task. The video quality has not been so good in wireless networks.

• To bring about a high throughput under varying conditions, the

possible solution could be to adapt their transmission rate and thus Rate Adaptive Transmission came into picture.

OBJECTIVES


• To propose a new Routing metric for multi channel multi radio wireless mesh networks.

• To discover an optimal path for video transmission from source to destination in the network.

• To send video packets over the discovered path while continuously monitoring the link quality based on the proposed routing metric.

• If the link quality is below a certain threshold, then reduce the bit rate of the video stream dynamically to achieve high throughput, PSNR and minimize delay, jitter.

LITERATURE SURVEY:ROUTING METRICS


ETX [1]: Expected transmission count and retransmissions required to successfully deliver a packet over that link.

• ETX = 1 / (df . dr) • df : packet delivery ratio in forward direction • dr : packet delivery ratio in backward direction • To get Pf and Pr : sending one probe packet per

second. • ETX is an additive metric • Path cost = sum of link costs on that path

Poor performance in ETX is due to assumption that the channel conditions are static in nature. It does not measure load and interference on the network.



ETT [02]: Expected transmission time; It measures the transmission rate of individual link.

• ETT = ETX x (S / B) • S: average packet size • B: data rate

ETT is an improved version of ETX, but still has drawbacks of being unaware of traffic load, intra-flow interference and inter-flow interference.



WCETT –LB[03] : Extension of ETT which considers packet loss ratio and transmission rate of each link. It also provides load balancing to avoid congestion.

• n : total number of nodes, hops or links on the

path.• k: total number of available channels for multi

radio interface • β : tunable parameter [0, 1]. continue to next slide:



WCETT –LB[03] :

• L(path) : load balancing component• QLi : mean / average queue length• Bi : transmission rate which captures level of

congestion.• Ni : total number of child nodes using node i as

their next hop path on p.

It is the extension of ETT, it measures traffic concentration and traffic concentration at node level on particular path but still fails to capture interflow interference.



CATT[04]: Contention aware transmission time It predicts location dependent Contention and rate diversity in the links.Isotonic behavior of CATT makes it possible to work with link state routing protocols.

• Ni , Nj: Total number of links interfering in transmission on link I and link j respectively.

• Rk ,Rj : Packet size of link containing 1 and 2 hop neighbors respectively.

• Bk , Bj : Bandwidth of links 1 and 2 hop neighbors respectively.• Tj : packet transmission attempt rate on link j

It captures inter flow and intra flow interference simultaneously. But it assumes that all the neighboring nodes to participate in the interference ( which is an overestimate). It also uses active probing which has a overhead.



ILA[05]: Interference Load aware Routing Metric It is a hybrid metric based on load, interfering neighbors and transmission rates.

• P : path in the network.• MTI : Metric of Traffic interference.• CSC: (Channel Switching Cost) measures efficiency of flows

routed through path p.• Alpha (α): It is used to weigh the influence of interflow and

intra flow interference in the metric.

It measures inter flow, intra flow interferences, transmission rates and packet loss ratio. Continued to next slide:



ILA: Interference Load aware Routing Metric MTI measures quantity of traffic generated by interfering neighboring nodes.

• ETT : It measures the difference in transmission rate and packet loss ratio.

• AIL : Average interfering Load (when node i and node j are transmitting over the channel C)

• Nl (C) : set of interfering neighbor of node i and j• ILij : interference load of neighbors.

Continued to next slide:



ILA: Interference Load aware Routing Metric

• Alpha (α): It is used to weigh the influence of interflow and intra flow interference in the metric; which is a scaling factor to balance the effect of MTI and CSC.

• Nl : Set of interfering neighbors of nodes i and j.• min (ETT) : smallest ETT• min (AIL) : average load

ILA uses active probing (overhead high) which does not consider transmission delay in order to route the traffic efficiently.



MIND[07]: Metric for interference and channel diversity It captures interference and load aware parameters on the

basis of passive monitoring technique.

• INTERLOAD : captures interflow interference and load• CSC: captures intra flow interference• n : measures total number of wireless links• m: total number of nodes in the path p.




MIND: Metric for interference and channel diversity

• IR : Interference Ratio, it is used to measure interference between

links • SINR: Signal to noise plus interference ratio• SNR: Signal to noise ratio

• Total time : it is the measure of time form first attempt to the receiving of ACK.

• Idle Time: Back off time in radio nodes. MIND captures both inter flow and intra flow interference in a

intelligent manner by considering both physical and logical models.

It induces complexity in implementation in virtual Networks.



CWB[06]: Contention Window based Routing metric It consider channel utilization and average contention window. It is a load interference routing metric which guides the routing protocol to balance traffic loads on the links and increase throughput by routing towards less congested areas. Congestion level is measured by average value of contention

window on link.

• FER : Frame Error Rate• CW0 : Minimum contention window• r : maximum back off stage• β : (Channel utilization component )Channel Busy time CBT

It is the amount of time that a channel spends in transmitting, receiving and occupying states . Continued to next slide:



CWB: Contention Window based Routing metric

• β = 1 when channel utilization is small• β = βmax When channel utilization is maximum

CWB captures inter flow and traffic load but fail to capture intra flow interference. This metric is poor when network changes quickly.



C2WB [08]: Metric for interference and channel diversityC2WB is a routing metric that leverages real-time radio

channel quality information to maximize the achieved throughput of a WMN. It uses service time as a metric to approximate quality of the link without using any heuristic approaches.

• CWl : Average Contention window of the node link l• FER: Frame Error Rate.

• Tbac , l : Back off time of the link• Idle Time: Back off time in radio nodes.




C2WB: Metric for interference and channel diversity

C2WB measures intra flow interference, data rate and frame error rate to compute the most optimal path for transmission. The above mentioned C2WB metric calculates the optimal path for single radio.

PROPOSED SYSTEM


APPLICATION LAYER

TRANSPORT LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

MAC LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

PARAMETERACQUISTION

LOAD

intraflow interference

PATH DISCOVERY USING ROUTING

METRIC Link Quality and Optimum path

RATE ADAPTATIO

N NETWORK LAYERAPPLICATION

LAYER

interflow interference

REFERENCES


• [01] DSJD Couto, D Aguayo, J Bicket, R Morris, A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing. Wirel. Netw. 11, 419–434 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-005-1766-z

• [02] B Sadeghi, V Kanodia, A Sabharwal, E Knightly, Opportunistic media access for multirate ad hoc networks, in Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, MobiCom’02, ACM, New York, 2002, pp. 24–35.http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/570645.570650

• [03]L Ma, M Denko, A routing metric for load-balancing in wireless mesh networks, in 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2007, AINAW'07, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, 21-23 May 2007, vol. 2,pp. 409–414

• [04]. M Genetzakis, V Siris, A contention-aware routing metric for multi-rate multi-radio mesh networks, in 5th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor,Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2008. SECON'08, San Francisco,California, USA, 16-20 June 2008, pp. 242–250

REFERENCES


• [05]. DM Shila, T Anjali, Load aware traffic engineering for mesh networks. Comput.Commun.31(7),1460–1469(2008).http://www.sciencedirect.com/

science/article/B6TYP-4RP0MMN10/2/8d112fe4f3e25b28e71fb245e8f23b0e

• [06]. LT Nguyen, R Beuran, Y Shinoda, A load-aware routing metric for wireless mesh networks,in IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, ISCC, Marrakech, Morocco,6-9 July 2008, pp. 429–435

• [07]. V Borges, D Pereira, M Curado, E Monteiro, Routing metric for interference and channel diversity in multi-radio wireless mesh networks, in AdHoc, Mobile and Wireless Net-works, vol. 5793 , ed. by P Ruiz, J Garcia-Luna - Aceves, (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg,2009), pp. 55–68

• [08]. LT Nguyen, R Beuran, Y Shinoda, An interference and load aware routing metric for wireless mesh networks.

Capstone

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