1Flight Ops dept
Capt Cor Blokzijl, DFO Mandala Airlines
WATS, Orlando, 27 April 2010
The Impact of automation on Pilot Training
2Flight Ops dept
Statement :
Aircraft do seldom fall out of the sky due to a system or engine failure. Accidents involve a long chain of events before matters really go dramatically wrong. It is much more the complex systems and the man-machine interface (and dialogue), which are the starting point of matters going wrong, mainly because pilots are faced with situations which are difficult to comprehend or to understand.
3Flight Ops dept
Question :
”Should our pilot training, especially our recurrent training, be focussed on this comprehending and understanding?”
4Flight Ops dept
Background :
Flight training = teaching psychomotoric skills (RAF AP-129)
Increased technology = added technical knowledge
Highly Automated Cockpit is more cognitive challenge
HAC needs man-machine-interface + man-machine-dialogue
Cognitive adjustment is needed
Focus on comprehend and understand M-M-I & M-M-D
5Flight Ops dept
Tools for training :
Training tools:
• Documentation hard/soft
• Classroom training/interactive, on line modules
• Films, ppt’s, VACBI, etc.
• System trainers
• FFS
6Flight Ops dept
Effects of training tools :Effects of training tools :
• Time wise limited
• Has to be rehearsed regular
• Recurrent training = repeating items from original training
7Flight Ops dept
Exposure training :
• Exposed to a scenario = experienced the scenario
• Burned your fingers once = always remembered
• Chances to find useful information when needed is higher being exposed than learning in class, VACBI or sim exercise
• Create events which happened world wide (SR111, AF 447)
8Flight Ops dept
Exposure training:Exposure training:
Training tools not necessarily related to daily flying (ESSAI)
Do not require knowledge but understanding
By scenario teach system failures and the influence on the system interface
What does the pilot expect to see, what if this is not the case?
9Flight Ops dept
What do we train:
Initial training:
• Systems & system knowledge
• Operating these systems in normal, ab-normal & emergency conditions
• System interface
• Line-training
10Flight Ops dept
What do we train:
Recurrent training:
• Repetition of exercises
• Required performance by regulating authorities
• Minimum 5 “ab-normals “ or failures
• Minimum 3 emergencies
Typical one day LOFT and one day skill test
11Flight Ops dept
Conventional training:
Risk of conventional training in HAC:
• Training skills related to single event
• Training skills in isolated manner
• Training skills for a combination of other skills which:
- very unlikely combination- not become relevant at same moment
12Flight Ops dept
Exposure training:
Which events, incidents or accidents happened in last year?
Examples:
• Hudson river
• Sao Paulo
• Jamaica
• Toronto
• AF 447
13Flight Ops dept
Exposure training:
Exposure training is also Mind-map training
Mind-map is the behavioural strategy for DM, TM and SA
Mind-map training:
• Experience (exposure)
• Training cognitive skills in operational situations
• Training to understanding i.s.o knowledge per se
• System understanding major factor in TM and SA
14Flight Ops dept
Conclusion:
Exposure training enhances :
• Situation Awareness
• Understanding System Interface
• Understanding of dynamic of system failures
• Understanding of fleet accidents & incidents world wide
• Problem/situation recognition
15Flight Ops dept
Any Questions?