Carbohydrates

2009-2010

Carbohydrates:

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

H

H

H

OH

O

Energy molecules

Carbohydrates

Building block molecules =

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

sugars

sucrose

Carbohydrates

Function:

quick energy

energy storage

structure

cell wall in plants

Examples

sugars

starches

cellulose (cell wall)

glucose

C6H12O6

starch

Sugars = building blocks

Names for sugars usually end in

glucose

fructose

sucrose

maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

H

H

H

OH

O

glucose

C6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

Building carbohydrates

Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)

|

glucose

|

glucose

1 sugar =

monosaccharide

2 sugars =

disaccharide

|

maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugar

di = two

Building carbohydrates

Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)

|

fructose

|

glucose

1 sugar =

monosaccharide

|

sucrose

(table sugar)

2 sugars =

disaccharide

How sweetit is!

Condensation Reaction

Monomers are linked to form a polymer

Water is released

BIG carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

large carbohydrates starch energy storage in plants

potatoes

glycogen energy storage in animals

in liver & muscles

cellulose structure in plants

cell walls

chitin structure in arthropods & fungi

exoskeleton

poly = many

Building BIG carbohydrates

glucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch

(plant)

glycogen

(animal)

energy

storage

polysaccharide

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starch

easy to

digest

cellulose

hard to

digest

enzyme

enzyme

Example of digestion (Hydrolysis)

starch glucose

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATPATP

Starch is digested to glucose

Hydrolysis

Breaks down polymers by adding water

Cellulose

Cell walls in plants

herbivores can digest cellulose well

most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

that’s why they

eat meat

to get their energy

& nutrients

cellulose = roughage

stays undigested

keeps material

moving in your

intestines

Different Diets of Herbivores

Cow

can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorilla

can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Helpful bacteria

How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest

cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Eeeew…Chewingcud?

2009-2010

Let’s build some

Carbohydrates!

EAT

X

Activities

building starch by bonding together

paper glucose molecules

eat carrots, celery, cookies