Carbon Cycling (Fig. 31.26)

Nitrogen Cycling (Fig. 31.24)

Biomes

Fish - one hundred

Beetles - one thousandDaphnia - hundreds of thousands

Protozoa - millions

Parasites and predators - tens of thousands

Insect herbivores - thousands

Oak tree - one

Parasites and predators - 100g

Herbivores - 5 kg

Oak tree - 30 tonnes

Primary carnivores (pelagic fish) - 1.8

Herbivores (zooplankton) -1.5

Producers (phytoplankton) - 0.4

Primary carnivores - 0.0016

Herbivores - 0.15

Producers - 0.4

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Alder,Alnus sinuata

Cottonwood,Populus trichocarpa

Mountain avens,Dryas drummondi

Willow,salix

LiverwortsLichensRiver beautyEpilobium (rare)HorsetailEquisetumBlue-green algae

Dryas

7.0

5.3

7.3

2.8

Alder

8.8

21.8

6.8

277

Pioneer

5.2

3.8

7.2

1.5

Soil depth (cm)

Soil N (gm )

Soil pH

-2

-2 -1

Spruce,Picea sitchensis

Western hemlock,Tsuga heterophylla

Seral stage

Litterfall (gm yr )

Spruce

15.1

53.3

3.6

261

5 40 60 200Time (years) since retreat of glacier

Global Plant Diversity

<100 species per 104 km >5000 species per 104 km

• Elton and Nicholson, 1942

• Lepp & Schmidt, 2004

Demographics - survivorship curve

Demographics - life table