Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New …...carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new...

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015

Information paperMarch 2016

Information paperMarch 2016

ISBN: 978-1-921604-91-1

© National Transport Commission 2016

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015

Page 2 | Carbon DIoxIDe emIssIons IntensIty for new australIan lIght VehICles 2015

ExECutIVE summAry

This information paper provides detailed data on the carbon dioxide emissions intensity performance of new passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in Australia during 2015. The data is broken down by vehicle make, model and segment and by fuel and buyer type.

This report focuses on vehicle emissions performance, measured in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km). This is a measure of vehicle efficiency or intensity rather than a measure of actual vehicle emissions, which depends on many factors such as distance travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic conditions.

Fleet-wide vehicle emissions depend on many factors including consumer preference (for example, vehicle type, engine size and power, fuel type and transmission type). Consumer preferences can also be influenced by government policies and regulations, industry influence and fuel prices.

Key findings

• In 2015 the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity from new passenger and light commercial vehicles was 184 g/km. this is a 1.9 per cent reduction from 2014.

• Consumer preferences are an important factor affecting the national average of carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new vehicles. If all australians who purchased new vehicles in 2015 had purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions, the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity would have been reduced to 82 g/km, a 55 per cent reduction.

• about 90 per cent of all new vehicle sales in 2015 were from 15 makes. of these 15 makes, audi and bmw had the lowest corporate average emissions intensity (149 g/km), and Jeep had the highest (223 g/km).

• the average emissions intensity for all australian-made vehicles was 208 g/km in 2015. this is a 1.1 per cent reduction when compared with 2014.

• Private buyers purchased vehicles with the lowest average emissions intensity (178 g/km), followed by business buyers (190 g/km) and government buyers (204 g/km).

• ‘green’ cars made up 4.7 per cent of total sales in 2015, compared with 2.8 per cent in 2014. a ‘green’ car is defined as a vehicle that does not exceed 120 g/km.

• the average emission intensity for new passenger vehicles in european countries was 124 g/km in 2014. In the same year, australia’s average emissions intensity for passenger vehicles was 177 g/km, 43 per cent higher.

• there are many reasons why australian light vehicle emissions intensity are higher than in europe. some of the reasons include:

- australian consumer preferences for heavier vehicles with larger and more powerful engines, for example, suV medium, suV large and suV upper large segments made up 30% of all passenger vehicle sales in 2014.

- a lower proportion of diesel-powered engines

- fewer government incentives for lower emissions vehicles

- lower fuel prices.

InformatIon PaPer – 2016 | Page 3

Executive summary 2

Key findings 2

Abbreviations 7

1 Introduction 8

2 Methodology 9

3 Australian emissions intensity 13

Vehicle manufacturers 13

Australian-made vehicles 15

Segment type 19

Buyer type 23

Fuel type 28

Green vehicles 29

4 Comparison of Australian and European data 30

Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by country 31

Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by make 32

Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by country 34

Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by make 35

References 37

Appendix 38

CoNtENts


LIst of fIgurEs

Figure 1: Average emissions intensity for top 10 selling vehicles in Australia plus other selected models, 2015 12

Figure 2: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2015 13

Figure 3: Corporate average emissions intensity for the top 15 makes by volume, 2015 14

Figure 4: Change in corporate average emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015 for the top 15 makes by volume 14

Figure 5: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015 15

Figure 6: Change in average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles between 2014 and 2015 16

Figure 7: Range and average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015 16

Figure 8: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles by model, 2015 17

Figure 9: Change in average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2014 and 2015 18

Figure 10: Average emissions intensity by segment, 2015 19

Figure 11: Change in average emissions intensity by segment between 2014 and 2015 20

Figure 12: Range and average emissions intensity by segment, 2015 21

Figure 13: Average emissions intensity by buyer type, 2015 23

Figure 14: Change in average emissions intensity by buyer type between 2014 and 2015 23

Figure 15: Average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type, 2015 24

Figure 16: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014 and 2015 25

Figure 17: Average emissions intensity by detailed government buyer type, 2015 26

Figure 18: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014 and 2015 27

Figure 19: Average emissions intensity by fuel type, 2015 28

Figure 20: Change in average emissions intensity by fuel type between 2014 and 2015 28

Figure 21: ‘Green’ vehicles sales as a percentage of total new light vehicles sold, 2008–2015 29

Figure 22: ‘Green’ vehicle model availability, 2008–2015 29

Figure 23: Average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by country, 2014 31


Figure 24: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by make for Europe and Australia, 2014 32

Figure 25: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014 33

Figure 26: Average emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles by country, 2014 34

Figure 27: Differences in average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014 35

Figure 28: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014 36


LIst of tAbLEs

Table 1: Motor vehicle classifications and definitions 10

Table 2: Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity 11

Table 3: Best-in-class vehicle for carbon dioxide emissions intensity for each segment, 2015 22

Table 4: European measures that have reduced carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles 30

Table 5: Average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2014 and 2015 31

Table 6: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2015 38

Table 7: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2014 – 2015 39

Table 8: Average emissions and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2014 and 2015 41

Table 9: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models, 2014 and 2015 41

Table 10: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by segment, 2014 and 2015 42

Table 11: Top selling models within segments, 2015 43

Table 12: Average emissions intensity for models with sales volume greater than 1,000 vehicles, 2015 49

Table 13: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by buyer type, 2014 and 2015 54

Table 14: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2014 and 2015 54

Table 15: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed government buyer type, 2014 and 2015 55

Table 16: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by fuel type, 2014 and 2015 55

Table 17: ‘Green’ vehicle average emissions intensity and sales by segment, 2015 56

Table 18: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations* for new passenger vehicles by country, 2013 and 2014 59

Table 19: Equivalent manufacturer for new passenger vehicles in Europe and Australia 60

Table 20: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles for Europe and Australia by make, 2014 60

Table 21: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations for new light commercial vehicles by country, 2013 and 2014 61

Table 22: Average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles for Australia and Europe by make, 2014 62


FCAI Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries

g/km grams per kilometre

GVM gross vehicle mass

LPG liquefied petroleum gas

NTC National Transport Commission

SUV sports utility vehicle

AbbrEVIAtIoNs


Every year since 2009, the National Transport Commission (NTC) has published an information paper about carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new Australian light vehicles. This information paper is the latest in this series and provides data for 2015.

The paper focuses on vehicle emissions intensity, which is a measure of vehicle efficiency. It is not a measurement of actual vehicle emissions, which depends on many ‘real world’ factors such as distance travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic conditions.

This paper is prepared using data provided by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI), and the European Environment Agency.

This information paper is divided into three main sections:

• Section2describesthemethodologyused

• Section3presentstheresultsoftheanalysis

• Section4comparesAustraliandatawithEuropeandata.

1. INtroDuCtIoN


2. mEthoDoLogy

The FCAI is the peak industry organisation representing the manufacturers and importers of passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles and motorcycles in Australia. The FCAI collates carbon dioxide emissions intensity data from vehicle manufacturers. We entered the FCAI data into a database and analysed it. The data contains the full records of annual sales for 2005–2015 comprising nearly 890,000 records representing more than 10.6 million vehicles. These records consisted of:

• vehicle attributes: make, model, vehicle generation, body style, engine capacity, number of cylinders, engine power, transmission type, gears, number of seats, gross vehicle mass (GVM), driven wheels, country of origin, fuel type, carbon dioxide emissions intensity and fuel economy

• vehicle category: consistent with the classifications and definitions as described in Table 1

• sales data: sales by state and region and by type of buyer (that is, government, business or private).

Carbon dioxide emissions intensity for vehicles is calculated using the method described in Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 81/02 – fuel consumption labelling for light vehicles) and expressed in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km).

We note that the FCAI data does not include sales data for vehicles manufactured by Tesla.

The NTC calculated the sales weighted average for vehicle emissions for different vehicle attributes, categories and buyer types. A weighted average calculation is similar to an arithmetic average (the most common type of average), but instead of each data point contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. In this case, the average was weighted to vehicle sales.

Electric vehicles with emissions of 0 g/km have been excluded when calculating sales weighted averages. Although electric vehicles have no tailpipe emissions, the electricity that fuels these vehicles may produce emissions depending on how it is generated.

The light vehicles are classified into three main classes by the FCAI: passenger motor vehicles, sports utility vehicles (SUVs) and light trucks. These classes are then broken down into segments. For example, the segments of SUVs are small, medium, large and upper large. Table 1 presents the classifications and definitions. The FCAI introduced a new segment called ‘micro’ in 2014.

This information paper uses the following definitions:

• passenger vehicles: passenger motor vehicles and SUVs

• light commercial vehicles: light trucks.


Table 1: motor vehicle classifications and definitions

Passenger motor vehicles Sports utility vehicles (SUVs) Light trucks

Passenger vehicles are classified dependent on size, specification and average retail pricing. Vehicle size is based on wheelbase × track, but it is not an exclusive criteria for determining segmentation. Passenger and SUV sub-segments based on price banding (weighted average recommended retail price including factory-fitted options) have been introduced to further define the passenger vehicle market into competitive sets.

Vehicles classified as SUVs meet the FCAI criteria for classifying SUV vehicles based on a 2/4 door wagon body style and elevated ride height. Vehicles typically will feature some form of 4WD or all-wheel drive; however, where a 2WD variant of a model is available it will be included in the appropriate segment to that model.

Vehicles designed principally for commercial use but may include designs intended for non-commercial use.

Micro

Hatch, sedan or wagon with a footprint < 6,300

Small

< 8,100

Light bus (< 20 seats)

8+ seats, but less than 20 seats

Light

Hatch, sedan or wagon with a footprint range 6,301–7,500

Medium

8,101–8,800

Light bus

20+ seats

Small


Large

8,801–9,800

Van/cab chassis ≤ 2.5t

Blind/window vans and cab chassis ≤ 2.5 t GVM

Medium


Upper large

> 9,801

Van/cab chassis > 2.5–3.5t

Blind/window vans and cab chassis 2.5–3.5 t GVM

Large


Pick-up/chassis 4×2

Two driven wheels, normal control (bonnet), utility, cab chassis, one and a half cab and crew cab

Upper large

Hatch, sedan or wagon with a footprint range > 9,501


Four driven wheels, normal control (bonnet), utility, cab chassis, one and a half cab and crew cab

People movers

Wagon for passenger usage, seating capacity > 5 people

Sports

Car, coupe, convertible or roadster

Note: These parameters are indicative only; exceptions do occur based on market focus and other subjective criteria. They are largely based on the specifications listed and are reflective of the volume-selling variant where crossover occurs.

Source: FCAI 2016


To help get a frame of reference for carbon dioxide emissions intensity from vehicles, Figure 1 shows carbon dioxide emissions from the top 10 selling vehicles in Australia during 2015. Figure 1 also contains the six lowest emitting vehicle models (two electric vehicles have zero carbon dioxide tailpipe emissions but may contribute carbon dioxide emissions elsewhere depending on the nature of their source power) and the highest emitting model.

During 2015 the Volkswagen Group confirmed when reporting carbon dioxide emissions intensity in Europe data on some models was incorrectly stated (European Environment Agency 2015). Volkswagen Group Australia has confirmed no Australian vehicles are affected by this issue (Volkswagen Group Australia 2015).

Carbon dioxide emissions intensity per kilometre is directly related to vehicle fuel consumption values. Table 2 provides fuel consumption figures and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity for petrol and diesel.

Another way to relate carbon dioxide emissions intensity to fuel is per litre of fuel consumed. For example, 1 L of petrol will produce about 2.3 kg of carbon dioxide and 1 L of diesel will produce about 2.7 kg of carbon dioxide.

Table 2: fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity

Fuel consumption (litres per 100 kilometres)

average emissions intensity (g/km)

Petrol Diesel

3 68 80

4 91 107

5 114 134

6 137 160

7 160 187

8 182 214

9 205 240

10 228 267

11 251 294

12 274 321

13 297 347

14 319 374

15 342 401

16 365 427

17 388 454

18 411 481

19 433 508

20 456 534

CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre.

Source: Department of Climate Change 2009.


Figure 1: average emissions intensity for top 10 selling vehicles in australia plus other selected models, 2015

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Top 5 models for lowest emissions Top 10 models Model with highest emissions


Across all new passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in 2015, the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity was 184 g/km (Figure 2). This is a 1.9 per cent reduction from 2014. Since 2002 there has been an overall reduction of 27 per cent in carbon dioxide emissions intensity. Additional data on the annual average emissions intensity is provided in Table 6 in the appendix.

Vehicle manufacturers

In 2015 there were 50 makes of new vehicles available to Australian consumers. Ninety per cent of all new vehicle sales were from 15 makes. The average corporate carbon dioxide emissions intensity of these market-leading makes largely determines the national average emissions intensity. Table 7 in the appendix contains more detail on average emissions intensity for all makes sold in Australia.

Figure 3 shows the corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the top 15 makes in 2015 (data for all vehicle makes is provided in Table 7 in the appendix). Audi and BMW had the lowest corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensity (149 g/km), and Jeep had the highest (223 g/km).

“Average corporate carbon dioxide emissions” refers to the average intensity of emissions determined through testing conducted by manufacturers and reported in line with corporate reporting protocols.

3. AustrALIAN EmIssIoNs INtENsIty

Figure 2: national average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2015

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Figure 4 shows the change in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015 for the highest selling 15 makes. Nissan had a 5.5 per cent reduction in average corporate emissions intensity. Ford’s average carbon dioxide emissions intensity increased by 2.5 per cent.

Figure 3: Corporate average emissions intensity for the top 15 makes by volume, 2015

Figure 4: Change in corporate average emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015 for the top 15 makes by volume

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australian-made vehicles

Ford Australia, GM Holden and Toyota Australia are Australia’s three car manufacturers. In 2015 the average carbon dioxide emissions value for all Australian-made light vehicles was 208 g/km. This is a 1.1 per cent reduction when compared with 2014.

Figure 5 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the Australian-made light vehicles by make in 2015. Toyota had the lowest emissions intensity (176 g/km), followed by Holden (220 g/km) and Ford (233 g/km).

The average carbon dioxide emissions for Toyota’s Australian-made vehicles is below the overall national average of 184 g/km. Additional data on Australian car manufacturers is provided in Table 8 in the appendix.

Figure 5: average emissions intensity for new australian-made vehicles, 2015

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Figure 6 shows that in 2015 both Ford and Toyota improved their average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for their Australian-made vehicles at 2.5 per cent and 0.6 per cent respectively. Holden’s average emissions for its Australian-made vehicles increased by 1.5 per cent. Additional data on Australian-made light vehicle makes and models is provided in Table 9 in the appendix.

Figure 6: Change in average emissions intensity for new australian-made vehicles between 2014 and 2015

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The range and average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles by make are presented in Figure 7. The average emissions are represented by the horizontal lines, and the ranges are represented by the vertical lines.

Figure 7: range and average emissions intensity for new australian-made vehicles, 2015

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Figure 8: average emissions intensity for new australian-made vehicles by model, 2015

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Figure 8 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity from Australian-made models in 2015. The best performing Australian-made model was the Toyota Hybrid Camry (121 g/km), followed by the Holden Cruze (173 g/km). The Holden Caprice (261 g/km) had the highest average emissions intensity.

Additional data on Australian car models is provided in Table 9 in the appendix.


Figure 9 shows the change in average emissions intensity for new Australian made vehicle models between 2014 and 2015. The Ford Falcon showed the greatest decrease in emissions intensity (5.3 per cent), while the emissions intensity of the Holden Commodore increased by 1.6 per cent.

Figure 9: Change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new australian-made vehicle models between 2014 and 2015

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segment type

A segment analysis was conducted using the categories shown in Table 1.

Figure 10 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by segment during 2015. The lowest emitting segment was ‘micro’ (121 g/km). ‘SUV upper large’ (277 g/km) was the highest. Additional segment data, including the top 10 selling models for each segment, is provided in Tables 10 and 11 in the appendix.

SUVs as a segment grouping had a reduction of 3.5 per cent in average emissions intensity (193 g/km) between 2014 and 2015.

Figure 10: average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by segment, 2015

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Figure 11: Change in average emissions intensity by segment between 2014 and 2015

Figure 11 shows the change in average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by segment between 2014 and 2015. In 2015 the ‘SUV small’ segment had the greatest improvement of 6.2 per cent, while the ‘light buses’ segment had the largest increase of average emissions intensity at 1.1 per cent.

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If Australian consumers had purchased vehicles with best-in-class carbon dioxide emissions in 2015, the national average carbon dioxide emissions would have been reduced to 82 g/km, a 55 per cent reduction. This shows the potential emissions reduction that current vehicles and technology could achieve. It is important to note that fully electric vehicles with zero tailpipe emissions were excluded from this analysis to prevent the results being distorted.

Table 3 shows the best-in-class vehicles for carbon dioxide emissions intensity available for each segment.

Figure 12 shows the average and the range in carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the segments during 2015. The average emissions are represented by the horizontal lines and the ranges are represented by the vertical lines.

The ‘small’ segment had the lowest emissions intensity with the two fully electric vehicle models at 0 g/km: the BMW i3 and the Nissan Leaf.

Figure 12: range and average emissions intensity by segment, 2015M

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Table 3: best-in-class vehicles for carbon dioxide emissions intensity for each segment, 2015

Segment Make and model (fuel source)

Best-in-class vehicle emissions intensity

(g/km)

Micro Fiat 500 (petrol) 90

Light Toyota Prius C (petrol–electric hybrid) 90

Small BMW i3 and Nissan Leaf (electric) 0

BMX i3 REX (extended range electric) 13

Holden Volt 27

Medium Mercedes-Benz C350E (petrol–electric hybrid) 56

Large Audi A6 (petrol) 110

Upper large Mercedes-Benz S300 BT (diesel–electric hybrid) 118

Sports BMW i8 (petrol–electric hybrid) 49

BMW 220D coupe (diesel) 107

People mover Citroën C4 Grand Picasso (diesel) 120

SUV small Peugeot 2008 (diesel) 103

SUV medium

Mitsubishi Outlander (petrol–electric hybrid) 44

Land Rover Range Rover Evogue (diesel) 113

SUV large BMW X5 xDrive 40e (petrol–electric hybrid) 77

SUV upper large Land Rover Range Rover 169

Pick-up/chassis 4×2 Nissan Navara NP300 (diesel) 166

Pick-up/chassis 4×4 Nissan Navara NP300 (diesel) 172

Vans/cab chassis Fiat Professional Doblo (diesel) 138

Light buses Toyota Hiace 228

Additional data comparing the top 10 highest selling models in each segment against best-in-class vehicles is provided in Table 11 in the appendix. Additional average emissions intensity data for all models that sold more than 1,000 vehicles is provided in Table 12 in the appendix


buyer type

Figure 13 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by buyer type. Vehicles bought by private buyers had the lowest average carbon dioxide emissions intensity (178 g/km), followed by business buyers (190 g/km) and government buyers (204 g/km). Additional data on buyer types is provided in Table 13 in the appendix.

Figure 14 shows the change in average emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015. Private buyers purchased vehicles representing a 2.2 per cent reduction in average emissions.

Figure 13: average emissions intensity by buyer type, 2015

Figure 14: Change in average emissions intensity by buyer type between 2014 and 2015

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Business Private Government

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The three buyer types can be broken down further:

• private:localdeliveryandoverseasdelivery

• government:Australian,stateandlocal

• business:companycapitalisation,dealerdemonstrator,diplomatic,fleet,largefleet,not-for-profitorganisation, rental and taxi.

Figure 15 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for these buyers. The change in average emissions intensity from 2014 to 2015 is shown in Figure 16. Additional data on the detailed buyer types is provided in Table 14 in the appendix.

Figure 15: average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type, 2015

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Taxi

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Gov

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ent0

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143

176 178 180 181 181188 193

201 201 202 205 209


Figure 16: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014 and 2015

Dip

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The average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for the detailed government buyers is shown in Figure 17. The Australian Capital Territory government showed the lowest average emissions intensity (181 g/km) and the Northern Territory local governments had the highest average emissions intensity (217 g/km).

The change in average emissions intensity from 2014 to 2015 is shown in Figure 18. The Australian Capital Territory Government showed a reduction of 8.9 per cent, while the Tasmanian local governments were the only jurisdictions to show an increase (0.6 per cent). Government buyers accounted for 3.7 per cent of new vehicle sales in 2015. Additional data on government buyer types is provided in Table 15 in the appendix.

Figure 17: average emissions intensity by detailed government buyer type, 2015

Ave

rage

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nsity

(g/k

m)

AC

T go

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loca

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0

50

100

150

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181

195 195 196 197 200 202 204 205 206 207 209 211 212 215 217


Figure 18: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed government buyer type between 2014 and 2015

AC

T go

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TAS

gov

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VIC

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0.00.0


fuel type

Figure 19 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by fuel type for 2015. Electric vehicles (fully electric and range extended electric) had the lowest average emissions intensity (41 g/km), followed by petrol vehicles (173 g/km), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles (205 g/km) and diesel vehicles (210 g/km). There were 942 fully electric vehicles sold in 2015, making up about 0.1 per cent of total light vehicles sold.

Figure 20 shows that electric vehicles had the largest decrease in emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015 (3.0 per cent). Petrol and diesel vehicles decreased by 2.0 and 1.5 per cent respectively. LPG vehicle emissions intensity increased by 0.5 per cent. Additional data on fuel types is provided in Table 16 in the appendix.

Figure 19: average emissions intensity by fuel type, 2015

Figure 20: Change in average emissions intensity by fuel type between 2014 and 2015

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205 210

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Petrol LPGDieselElectric

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green vehicles

As in previous reports, a ‘green’ vehicle has been defined as a vehicle with a carbon dioxide emissions intensity not exceeding 120 g/km. In Australia, the proportion of green cars sold in 2015 was 4.7 per cent of total sales (compared with 2.8 per cent in 2014). Figure 21 shows the growth of ‘green’ vehicle sales as a proportion of total new light vehicle sales between 2008 and 2015.

There were 72 green car models available in Australia in 2015 (compared with 59 in 2014). Figure 22 shows the growth in the number of green vehicle models available for sale between 2008 and 2015.

Table 17 in the appendix provides more detail on green vehicles sold in Australia in 2015

Figure 21: ‘green’ vehicles sales as a percentage of total new light vehicles sold, 2008–2015

0.0

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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2.8

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Figure 22: ‘green’ vehicle model availability, 2008–2015

Num

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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20150

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4. CompArIsoN of AustrALIAN AND EuropEAN DAtA

This section compares Australian and European data. There are different methods used worldwide to calculate vehicle emissions. The three main methods are from Europe, Japan and the United States. Each method can give a different emissions result when applied to the same vehicle.

Australia uses the European method. This makes the Australian data directly comparable with European data. However, the published data from Europe separates passenger vehicles from light commercial vehicles. The Australian information presented in section 3 is combined data covering passenger and light commercial vehicles.

To enable comparisons between Australian and European data, we separated the Australian data into passenger vehicle and light commercial vehicle groups as defined in section 1. The Australian groupings are consistent with the European Commission Regulation (No 443/2009, Annex II).

We sourced the European data from the European Environment Agency.

As the data illustrates, emissions from new vehicles in the European countries analysed are lower than Australia. There are a number of reasons for this including fewer measures in Australia to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and emissions intensity. The European measures are shown in Table 4. A summary of the European measures was published by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2007).

Table 4: european measures that have reduced carbon dioxide emissions intensity from motor vehicles

european measure effect of measure

High fuel prices through higher fuel taxes Encourages consumers to purchase fuel-efficient vehicles to lower running costs

European consumers purchase more small vehicles compared with Australian consumers

European consumers prefer manual transmission vehicles, whereas Australian consumers prefer automatic transmissions

Low diesel taxes compared with petrol taxes Encourages consumers to purchase diesel vehicles to reduce running costs

Regulating carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles (passenger vehicle standards are being phased in from 2012, with full implementation from 2015)

Provides manufacturers with targets for emissions reductions

Vehicle excise duties Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide–emitting vehicles

Direct cash incentives for consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide vehicles

Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide vehicles as it lowers the purchase price of the vehicle

Consumer information on vehicles Provides information to consumers about relative carbon dioxide efficiency and the annual running costs of new vehicles

Consumer information in printed advertisements Provides information to consumers about relative carbon dioxide efficiency and the annual running costs of new vehicles


Table 5 gives separated emissions data for passenger and light commercial vehicles. The average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles sold in Australia during 2015 was 175 g/km and 229 g/km respectively.

Table 5: average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2014 and 2015

groupings

average emissions intensity (g/km)

Annual change (%)2014 2015

Passenger vehicles 177 175 –1.5

Light commercial vehicles 235 229 –2.5

The rest of this section compares Australian and European carbon dioxide emissions intensity data for passenger and light commercial vehicles separately. As the latest European Environment Agency data is from 2014, this is the year we used to do the comparisons.

Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by country

The breakdown for average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by country for 2014 is shown in Figure 23. The average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in Europe was 124 g/km compared with Australia’s average of 177 g/km – 43 per cent higher than the European average. In 2014 European emissions intensity ranged from 107 g/km in the Netherlands to 140 g/km in Estonia (65 per cent and 26 per cent lower than Australia respectively).

European average emissions intensity reduced by 2.4 per cent between 2013 and 2014. For the same period, Australia’s average emissions intensity fell by 2.8 per cent (see Table 18 in the appendix). The European countries that showed the highest annual reductions were Croatia (9.5 per cent) and Cyprus (7.3 per cent). Additional European data is provided in Table 18 in the appendix.

Figure 23: average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by country, 2014

Net

herla

nds

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ece

Por

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Figure 24: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by make for europe and australia, 2014

Ren

ault

Peu

geot

Citr

oën

Toyo

ta

Hyu

ndai

Nis

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Fiat

Ško

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Ford

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All

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Australia

Europe

Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by make

Figure 24 shows corporate average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by make for Europe and Australia in 2014. Vehicles have been grouped in a way that makes comparisons possible. The groupings are shown in Table 19 in the appendix.

Corporate average emissions intensity in European countries range from 108 g/km for Renault to 178 g/km for Jaguar Land Rover. The range of corporate average emissions in Australia was from 153 g/km for BMW and Škoda to 202 g/km for Jaguar Land Rover. Additional data is provided in Table 20 in the appendix.


Figure 25 shows the differences between the corporate average emissions intensity for passenger vehicle makes sold in Australia compared with Europe. The smallest difference in corporate average emissions was for Jaguar Land Rover (13 per cent higher in Australia), while the largest difference was for Renault (69 per cent higher in Australia).

Figure 25: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in australia compared with europe by make, 2014

Jagu

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Figure 26: average emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles by country, 2014

Por

tuga

l

Bul

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Fran

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Den

mar

k

Spa

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Gre

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Italy

Cyp

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Latv

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Aus

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light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by country

Figure 26 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles in Europe was 171 g/km in 2014. The average Australian emissions intensity was 235 g/km – 37 per cent higher than Europe. Additional data is provided in Table 21 in the appendix.


light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by make

Figure 27 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions intensity by make for Europe and Australia. Citroën and Peugeot had the lowest corporate average emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles in both Europe and Australia. Peugeot’s average emissions intensity was 147 g/km in Europe and 176 g/km in Australia, while Citroën’s were 148 g/km in Europe and 157g/km in Australia.

Mercedes-Benz had the highest average emissions intensity in Europe and Australia at 200 g/km and 199 g/km respectively. Ford and Nissan had the highest average emissions intensity in Australia with 241 g/km. Additional data is provided in Table 22 in the appendix

Figure 27: Differences in average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in australia compared with europe by make, 2014

Peu

geot

Citr

oën

Ren

ault

Fiat

Gen

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Mot

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Ford

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Europe


Figure 28 shows the difference in the emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles between Europe and Australia for 2014. When comparing Australia with Europe, Mercedes-Benz had average emissions that were 1 per cent lower, and Ford’s average emissions were 38 per cent higher.

Figure 28: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in australia compared with europe by make, 2014

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

Citr

oën

Volk

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geot

Fiat

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Ford

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36 37 38


rEfErENCEs

Department of Climate Change (2009). National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors, June, Canberra.

European Environment Agency (EEA) 2015, Monitoring CO2 emissions from new passenger cars and vans in 2014, EEA, Copenhagen.

European Conference of Ministers of Transport 2007, Cutting transport CO2 emissions. What progress?, Paris.

Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) 2016, FCAI segmentation criteria, viewed 28 January 2016, <www.fcai.com.au/sales/segmentation-criteria>.

Volkswagen Australia Group 2015, Media release (No: 432/2015), viewed 22 February 2015, <http://volkswagendieselinfo.com.au/Content/Document/Volkswagen-CO2-Release.pdf>.


AppENDIx

This appendix provides tables containing the data used in this report. Due to rounding, actual rates of annual change may vary slightly from the values presented in tables in this section.

Table 6: national average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2015

Yearaverage emissions intensity

(g/km)annual change (%)

2002 252.4 n/a

2003 249.5 –1.1

2004 246.5 –1.2

2005 240.5 –2.4

2006 230.3 –4.2

2007 226.4 –1.7

2008 222.4 –1.8

2009 218.6 –1.7

2010 212.6 –2.7

2011 206.6 –2.8

2012 199 –3.7

2013 192.2 –3.4

2014 187.8 –2.3

2015 184.2 –1.9


Table 7: average carbon dioxide emissions intensity and annual sales by australian-made makes, 2014 and 2015

Make

average emissions intensity (g/km) Change

from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Toyota 201 199 –1.1 203,274 206,005

Mazda 164 157 –4.3 100,704 114,024

Holden 214 217 1.1 106,092 102,951

Hyundai 175 177 1.1 100,011 102,004

Mitsubishi 191 190 –0.3 68,637 71,743

Ford 205 210 2.5 79,051 69,659

Nissan 202 191 –5.5 65,852 65,926

Volkswagen 159 155 –2.5 54,480 59,806

Subaru* 178 178 –0.4 40,502 43,600

Honda 168 162 –3.6 32,998 40,100

Kia 179 182 2.0 28,005 33,736

Mercedes-Benz 160 154 –3.5 28,017 32,727

BMW 151 149 –1.5 22,713 24,975

Jeep 222 223 0.5 30,408 24,418

Audi 155 149 –3.7 19,227 23,088

Isuzu Ute 219 216 –1.3 16,674 20,984

Suzuki 156 153 –1.3 17,422 19,086

Land Rover 207 198 –4.1 10,106 11,885

Renault 174 153 –12.3 8,923 10,014

Lexus 185 181 –1.9 7,000 8,691

Volvo Car 193 172 –10.4 4,693 4,943

Škoda 144 139 –3.2 3,853 4,750

Porsche 200 195 –2.7 2,812 4,090

Peugeot 163 145 –11.1 4,394 4,000

Fiat 156 158 0.9 5,758 3,945

MINI 138 131 –5.4 2,570 3,342

Alfa Romeo 135 139 3.2 2,498 1,577

Jaguar 198 164 –16.7 1,167 1,292

Dodge 242 242 0.0 1,547 1,184

Citroën 158 144 –9.2 1,307 1,106


Make


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Foton Light 218 218 0.0 537 1,065

Ssangyong 203 206 1.5 1,280 1,000

Chrysler 244 248 1.8 1,657 925

LDV 233 250 7.1 214 767

Infiniti 211 213 0.7 441 574

Maserati 266 256 –3.8 401 519

Proton 178 188 5.5 814 421

Fiat Professional 195 170 –13.2 303 293

Chery 190 191 0.6 592 201

Ferrari 352 288 –18.0 113 167

Bentley 280 278 –0.7 135 158

Great Wall 231 236 2.2 2,637 142

Aston Martin 331 319 –3.5 107 130

Lamborghini 331 309 –6.5 27 84

Smart 113 112 –0.3 108 76

Lotus 198 191 –3.2 61 48

McLaren* 278 278 –0.2 26 36

Rolls-Royce 329 330 0.2 39 30

Morgan 181 193 6.6 16 21

Caterham 170 144 –15.5 3 1

Opel 167 – n/a 746 –

Total 188 184 –1.9 1,080,952 1,122,309

* Due to rounding, average emissions intensity appear the same for 2014 and 2015. However, the percentage change considers the unrounded figure.


Table 8: average emissions and annual sales by australian-made makes, 2014 and 2015

Make


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Holden 217 220 1.5 54,299 47,989

Toyota 177 176 –0.6 27,207 31,960

Ford 239 233 –2.5 18,962 17,494

Australian-made 210 208 –1.1 100,468 97,443

Table 9: average emissions intensity and annual sales by australian-made vehicle models, 2014 and 2015

Make and model


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Holden Commodore 236 239 1.6 30,203 27,770

Toyota Camry 183 183 0.0 16,758 21,773

Holden Cruze 174 173 –0.5 17,282 13,959

Ford Territory 229 228 –0.5 9,828 8,902

Ford Falcon 247 234 –5.3 6,349 5,938

Toyota Hybrid Camry 121 121 0.0 5,286 5,881

Holden Utility 237 235 –0.7 5,596 4,936

Toyota Aurion 215 215 0.0 5,163 4,306

Ford Falcon Utility 256 247 –3.5 2,785 2,654

Holden Caprice 266 261 –2.1 1,218 1,324

Total 210 208 –1.1 100,468 97,443


Table 10: average emissions intensity and annual sales by segment, 2014 and 2015

Segment


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Small 155 153 –1.3 250,354 232,939

SUV medium 182 179 –1.2 125,222 144,937

SUV large 225 220 –2.3 127,820 139,734

Pick-up/chassis 4x4 236 230 –2.4 133,566 134,003

Light 144 138 –4.6 108,546 111,954

SUV small 179 168 –6.2 87,237 111,275

Medium* 162 162 –0.3 71,405 78,123

Large* 227 227 0.2 47,387 43,940

Pick-up/chassis 4x2 238 230 –3.1 41,807 40,657

Sports 173 174 0.7 23,805 22,905

Vans/cab chassis 220 216 1.9 19,203 20,993

SUV upper large 281 277 –1.7 12,068 12,525

People movers 217 218 0.1 10,220 11,946

Micro 124 121 –1.9 15,828 10,717

Upper large 242 242 0.0 3,869 2,976

Light buses 257 260 1.1 2,615 2,685

Total 188 184 –1.9 1,080,952 1,122,309

* Due to rounding, average emissions intensity appear the same for 2014 and 2015. However, the percentage change considers the unrounded figure.

NOTE: Due to segment criteria changes, 2014 data published in the Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2014 varies to the 2014 data listed in this table.


Table 11: top selling models within segments, 2015

Segment

Selling rank

within segment Make Model Sales

average emissions

intensity (g/km)

Difference in average emissions

intensity compared with

best-in-class model (%)

Best-in-class emissions

(g/km)*

Micro 1 Mitsubishi MIRAGE 3,882 110 22 90

2 Fiat 500 2,040 122 36

Fiat 500 (petrol)

3 Holden BARINA SPARK 1,450 136 52

4 Suzuki CELERIO 1,399 111 24

5 Nissan MICRA 1,243 151 68

6 Suzuki ALTO 275 119 32

7 Fiat PANDA 230 100 11

8 Fiat ABARTH 118 154 72

9 Smart C451 71 112 24

10 Smart A451 5 116 29

Light 1 Mazda 200 14,511 121 34 90

2 Toyota YARIS 14,457 145 62

Toyota Prius C (petrol–electric

hybrid)

3 Suzuki SWIFT 10,921 145 61

4 Hyundai ACCENT 10,912 147 64

5 Hyundai I20 9,930 149 66

6 Honda JAZZ 9,845 144 60

7 Volkswagen POLO 9,694 114 27

8 Kia RIO 7,096 146 62

9 Holden BARINA 5,999 168 87

10 Ford FIESTA 4,526 133 48

Small 1 Toyota COROLLA 42,073 153 1078 13

2 Mazda 300 38,644 138 963

BMW i3 REX (range extended

electric).

Fully electric BMW i3 and

Nissan Leaf are also available at

0 g/km

3 Hyundai I30 32,306 165 1171

4 Volkswagen GOLF 22,092 133 921

5 Holden CRUZE 15,222 173 1231

6 Kia CERATO YD 10,157 170 1210

7 Mitsubishi LANCER 8,527 180 1284

8 Nissan PULSAR 8,505 164 1162

9 Hyundai ELANTRA 8,346 168 1193

10 Ford FOCUS 7,112 153 1075


Segment

Selling rank


average emissions

intensity (g/km)





(g/km)*

Medium 1 Toyota CAMRY 21,773 183 227 56

2 Toyota CAMRY HYBRID 5,881 121 116

Mercedes-Benz C350E

(petrol–electric hybrid)

3 Mazda 600 5,276 152 171

4 Subaru LIBERTY 4,097 182 226

5 Mercedes-Benz C250 3,286 138 146

6 Mercedes-Benz C200 3,100 138 146

7 Audi A4 2,376 146 162

8 Volkswagen PASSAT 2,292 148 164

9 Škoda OCTAVIA 2,128 135 142

10 Ford MONDEO 2,120 157 180

Large 1 Holden COMMODORE 27,770 239 112 113

2 Ford FALCON 5,938 234 107

Mercedes-Benz E300BTH

(diesel–electric hybrid)

3 Toyota AURION 4,306 215 90

4 Hyundai GENESIS 540 261 131

5 Jaguar XF 487 180 59

6 Audi A6 485 139 23

7 Mercedes-Benz E250 464 148 31

8 BMW 520D 432 115 2

9 Maserati GHIBLI 345 225 99

10 Peugeot 508 341 150 33

Upper large

1 Holden CAPRICE 1,324 261 137 110

2 Chrysler 300 LX 880 248 126

Audi A6 (petrol)

3 Mercedes-Benz S350 BLUETEC 107 159 45

4 Mercedes-Benz S400L 75 184 67

5 Maserati QUATTROPORTE 59 238 116

6 Porsche 970 56 195 77

7 Audi A8 51 162 47

8 Bentley FLYING SPUR 50 297 170

9 BMW 740I 48 175 59

10 Jaguar XJ 47 199 81


Segment

Selling rank


average emissions

intensity (g/km)





(g/km)*

People movers

1 Kia CARNIVAL YP 3,480 242 102 120

2 Honda ODYSSEY 2,836 181 51

Citroën C4 Grand Picasso

(diesel)

3 Hyundai IMAX 1,939 253 111

4 Toyota TARAGO 907 215 79

5 Volkswagen MULTIVAN 819 218 82

6 Ssangyong STAVIC 360 209 74

7 CitroënC4 GRAND

PICASSO254 120 0

8 Mercedes-Benz VALENTE 240 182 52

9 Kia RONDO RP 204 179 49

10 Mercedes-Benz V-CLASS 201 166 38

Sports 1 Toyota 86 3,006 173 184 61

2 Hyundai VELOSTER 2,685 169 177

BMW i8 (range extended

electric)

3 Mazda MX5 917 150 147

4 Holden ASTRA 763 182 198

5 Mercedes-Benz C180 COUPE 694 160 162

6 Audi A3 691 122 99

7 Subaru BRZ 607 174 184

8 Audi TT 599 148 143

9 Mercedes-Benz E250 592 146 139

10 Audi A5 562 150 146

SUV small 1 Hyundai IX35 15,227 206 100 103

2 Mitsubishi ASX 13,557 173 68

Peugeot 2008 (diesel)

3 Mazda CX3 12,656 148 44

4 Honda HR-V 10,899 156 52

5 Nissan QASHQAI 10,556 157 53

6 Subaru XV 7,168 163 58

7 Holden TRAX 6,350 175 70

8 Volkswagen TIGUAN 6,334 183 78

9 Audi Q3 3,415 148 43

10 Nissan JUKE 2,614 149 44


Segment

Selling rank


average emissions

intensity (g/km)





(g/km)*

SUV medium

1 Mazda CX5 25,136 159 261 44

2 Toyota RAV4 18,435 182 314

Mitsubishi Outlander


3 Nissan XTRAIL 17,971 184 318

4 Subaru FORESTER 12,029 182 314

5 Mitsubishi OUTLANDER 10,884 154 249

6 Honda CR-V 8,608 188 327

7 Kia SPORTAGE SLE 7,578 198 351

8 Jeep CHEROKEE 6,156 216 390

9 Holden CAPTIVA 5 5,628 217 393

10 Hyundai TUCSON 5,390 182 315

SUV large 1 Toyota PRADO 15,255 222 188 77

2 Toyota KLUGER 13,955 241 213

BMW X5 xDrive 40e


3 JeepGRAND

CHEROKEE11,964 230 198

4 Subaru OUTBACK 10,927 177 130

5 Holden CAPTIVA 7 10,239 229 197

6 Ford TERRITORY 8,902 228 196

7 Hyundai SANTA FE 6,760 193 150

8 Nissan PATHFINDER 6,433 234 203

9 Isuzu Ute MU-X 6,344 218 184

10 Mitsubishi PAJERO 5,046 239 210

SUV upper large

1 Toyota LANDCRUISER 9,202 274 62 169

2 Nissan PATROL 1,875 314 86

Land Rover Range Rover

Evogue (diesel)

3 Mercedes-Benz GL350 BT 620 199 18

4 Land Rover RANGE ROVER 396 242 43

5 Lexus LX570 193 346 105

6 Mercedes-Benz GL500 54 269 59

7 Mercedes-Benz GL63 AMG 53 288 70

8 Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 41 322 91

9 Infiniti QX80 37 350 107

10 Mercedes-Benz GL500 BE 29 269 59


Segment

Selling rank


average emissions

intensity (g/km)





(g/km)*


1 Toyota HILUX 4×2 9,222 249 50 166

2 Ford RANGER 5,749 219 32

Nissan Navara NP300 (diesel)

3 HoldenHOLDEN

UTILITY4,936 235 42

4 Mitsubishi TRITON 4,543 225 36

5 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 3,339 215 30

6 Mazda B32 2,827 232 40

7 Ford FALCON 2,654 247 49

8 Holden COLORADO 2,557 238 44

9 Mazda B22 1,993 211 27

10 Nissan NP300 NAVARA 1,499 186 12


1 Toyota HILUX 4×4 25,939 223 30 172

2 Ford RANGER 23,436 240 39

Nissan Navara NP300 (diesel)

3 Mitsubishi TRITON 20,795 216 26

4 Holden COLORADO 15,963 236 37

5 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 11,301 215 25

6 Mazda B32 8,680 242 41

7 Volkswagen AMAROK 7,630 216 26

8 Nissan NP300 NAVARA 6,943 181 5

9 Toyota LANDCRUISER 6,544 308 79

10 Nissan NAVARA 5,329 253 47

Vans/cab chassis

1 Toyota HIACE 7,351 240 74 138

2 Hyundai ILOAD 4,597 247 79

Fiat Professional

Doblo (diesel)

3 Volkswagen CADDY VAN 1,755 150 9

4 Volkswagen TRANSPORTER 1,346 207 50

5 Renault KANGOO 1,177 169 22

6 Renault TRAFIC 1,070 177 28

7 FordTRANSIT CUSTOM

1,059 188 36

8 Mercedes-Benz VITO 977 185 34

9 Suzuki APV 527 190 38

10 LDV V80 390 233 69


Segment

Selling rank


average emissions

intensity (g/km)





(g/km)*

Light buses

1 LDV V80 BUS 51 233 2 228

2 Toyota HIACE 2,634 261 14Toyota Hiace

(diesel)

* Best-in-class excludes fully electric vehicles and is not average sales weighted emissions.

Note: For all segments except light buses, the top 10 selling vehicles are shown.


Table 12: average emissions intensity for models with a sales volume greater than 1,000 vehicles, 2015

Rank Make Modelaverage emissions

intensity (g/km) Sales

1 Toyota COROLLA 153 42,073

2 Mazda 3 138 38,644

3 Hyundai I30 165 32,306

4 Holden COMMODORE 239 27,770

5 Toyota HILUX 4×4 223 25,939

6 Mazda CX5 159 25,136

7 Ford RANGER 240 23,436

8 Volkswagen GOLF 133 22,092

9 Toyota CAMRY 183 21,773

10 Mitsubishi TRITON 216 20,795

11 Toyota RAV4 182 18,435

12 Nissan XTRAIL 184 17,971

13 Holden COLORADO 236 15,963

14 Toyota PRADO 222 15,255

15 Hyundai IX35 206 15,227

16 Holden CRUZE 173 15,222

17 Mazda 2 121 14,511

18 Toyota YARIS 145 14,457

19 Toyota KLUGER 241 13,955

20 Mitsubishi ASX 173 13,557

21 Mazda CX3 148 12,656

22 Subaru FORESTER 182 12,029

23 Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE 230 11,964

24 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 215 11,301

25 Subaru OUTBACK 177 10,927

26 Suzuki SWIFT 145 10,921

27 Hyundai ACCENT 147 10,912

28 Honda HR-V 156 10,899

29 Mitsubishi OUTLANDER 154 10,884

30 Nissan QASHQAI 157 10,556

31 Holden CAPTIVA 7 229 10,239

32 Kia CERATO YD 170 10,157




33 Hyundai I20 149 9,930

34 Honda JAZZ 144 9,845

35 Volkswagen POLO 114 9,694

36 Toyota HILUX 4×2 249 9,222

37 Toyota LANDCRUISER 274 9,202

38 Ford TERRITORY 228 8,902

39 Mazda B32 242 8,680

40 Honda CR-V 188 8,608

41 Mitsubishi LANCER 180 8,527

42 Nissan PULSAR 164 8,505

43 Hyundai ELANTRA 168 8,346

44 Volkswagen AMAROK 216 7,630

45 Kia SPORTAGE SLE 198 7,578

46 Toyota HIACE 240 7,351

47 Subaru XV 163 7,168

48 Ford FOCUS 153 7,112

49 Kia RIO 146 7,096

50 Nissan NP300 NAVARA 181 6,943

51 Hyundai SANTA FE 193 6,760

52 Toyota LANDCRUISER 308 6,544

53 Nissan PATHFINDER 234 6,433

54 Holden TRAX 175 6,350

55 Isuzu Ute MU-X 218 6,344

56 Volkswagen TIGUAN 183 6,334

57 Jeep CHEROKEE 216 6,156

58 Holden BARINA 168 5,999

59 Ford FALCON 234 5,938

60 Toyota CAMRY HYBRID 121 5,881

61 Ford RANGER 219 5,749

62 Holden CAPTIVA 5 217 5,628

63 Hyundai TUCSON 182 5,390

64 Nissan NAVARA 253 5,329

65 Mazda 6 152 5,276

66 Subaru IMPREZA 158 5,221




67 Mitsubishi PAJERO 239 5,046

68 Holden HOLDEN UTILITY 235 4,936

69 Hyundai ILOAD 247 4,597

70 Mitsubishi TRITON 225 4,543

71 Ford FIESTA 133 4,526

72 Ford KUGA 175 4,344

73 Toyota AURION 215 4,306

74 Subaru LIBERTY 182 4,097

75 Mitsubishi MIRAGE 110 3,882

76 Audi A3 117 3,823

77 Audi Q5 173 3,724

78 Subaru WRX 216 3,551

79 Kia CARNIVAL YP 242 3,480

80 Audi Q3 148 3,415

81 Mazda CX9 258 3,384

82 Isuzu Ute D-MAX 215 3,339

83 Mercedes-Benz C250 138 3,286

84 Mercedes-Benz C200 138 3,100

85 Holden COLORADO 7 252 3,044

86 Toyota 86 173 3,006

87 Land Rover DISCOVERY 230 2,915

88 Land Rover RR SPORT 202 2,861

89 Honda ODYSSEY 181 2,836

90 Mazda B32 232 2,827

91 Renault CLIO 125 2,767

92 Mitsubishi CHALLENGER 253 2,741

93 Hyundai VELOSTER 169 2,685

94 MINI COOPER 122 2,682

95 Ford FALCON 247 2,654

96 Toyota HIACE 261 2,634

97 Nissan JUKE 149 2,614

98 Volkswagen TOUAREG 197 2,568

99 Holden COLORADO 238 2,557

100 Volkswagen JETTA 149 2,541




101 Jeep COMPASS 195 2,516

102 Honda CITY 133 2,471

103 Ford ECOSPORT 150 2,453

104 BMW X5 XDRIVE30D 162 2,411

105 Audi A4 146 2,376

106 Honda CIVIC 4D 163 2,333

107 Land Rover RR EVOQUE 152 2,321

108 Volkswagen PASSAT 148 2,292

109 Suzuki GRAND VITARA 223 2,249

110 Škoda OCTAVIA 135 2,128

111 Land Rover DISCOVERY SPORT 158 2,123

112 Ford MONDEO 157 2,120

113 Jeep WRANGLER 267 2,106

114 Audi Q7 177 2,045

115 Fiat 500 122 2,040

116 Porsche 95B 187 2,004

117 Mazda B22 211 1,993

118 Honda CIVIC 5D 153 1,989

119 Hyundai IMAX 253 1,939

120 Nissan PATROL 314 1,875

121 Kia SORENTO UM 182 1,815

122 Audi A1 122 1,805

123 Lexus NX200T 182 1,778

124 Volkswagen CADDY VAN 150 1,755

125 Hyundai I40 166 1,743

126 Volvo Car XC60 183 1,716

127 Hyundai SONATA 204 1,629

128 Renault CAPTUR 124 1,614

129 Audi S3 159 1,500

130 Nissan NP300 NAVARA 186 1,499

131 Peugeot 308 120 1,491

132 Nissan ALTIMA 178 1,488

133 BMW X3 XDRIVE20D 138 1,469

134 Holden BARINA SPARK 136 1,450




135 Toyota FJ CRUISER 267 1,427

136 Renault MEGANE 130 1,426

137 Renault KOLEOS 222 1,419

138 Suzuki CELERIO 111 1,399

139 Kia SORENTO 203 1,387

140 Jeep PATRIOT 196 1,385

141 Mercedes-Benz C250 BT 116 1,358

142 Volkswagen TRANSPORTER 207 1,346

143 Suzuki S-CROSS 138 1,336

144 Holden CAPRICE 261 1,324

145 Mercedes-Benz GLA250 4M 162 1,290

146 Fiat FREEMONT 231 1,273

147 Alfa Romeo GIULIETTA 139 1,272

148 Mitsubishi MIRAGE 116 1,272

149 Porsche CAY 200 1,263

150 Ford EVEREST 224 1,245

151 Nissan MICRA 151 1,243

152 Toyota PRIUS C 90 1,227

153 Dodge JOURNEY 242 1,184

154 Renault KANGOO 169 1,177

155 Volvo Car V40 144 1,145

156 Lexus NX300H 132 1,144

157 Toyota FORTUNER 226 1,138

158 Mercedes-Benz CLA45 AMG 164 1,119

159 Suzuki VITARA 140 1,109

160 Suzuki JIMNY 171 1,098

161 Renault TRAFIC 177 1,070

162 BMW 328I 147 1,063

163 Ford TRANSIT CUSTOM 188 1,059

164 Holden MALIBU 191 1,027


Table 13: average emissions intensity and annual sales by buyer type, 2014 and 2015

Buyer type


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Private 182 178 –2.2 585,228 606,659

Business 193 190 –1.6 453,799 474,321

Government 207 204 –1.3 41,925 41,329

Total 188 184 –1.9 1,080,952 1,122,309

Table 14: average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2014 and 2015

Buyer type


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Private – local delivery 182 178 –2.2 584,894 606,343

Fleet 207 201 –3.2 145,842 154,406

Dealer demonstrator 181 181 0 136,663 148,433

Large fleet 206 202 –2.0 60,612 59,137

Rental 180 180 –0.1 56,068 56,930

Company capitalisation 185 181 –2.3 36,064 37,495

State government 207 205 –0.9 28,658 28,595

Not-for-profit organisation 187 188 0.5 16,731 16,065

Local government 206 201 –2.6 9,542 9,240

Australian government 211 209 –0.9 3,725 3,494

Taxi 136 143 5.0 1,429 1,522

Private – overseas delivery 200 193 –3.3 334 316

Diplomatic 186 176 –5.4 78 72

Total 188 184 –1.9 1,080,640 1,122,048


Table 15: average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed government buyer type, 2014 and 2015

Buyer type


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

NSW government 205 202 –1.4 9,932 9,579

Vic. government 207 206 –0.0 6,499 6,217

Qld government 209 209 0 5,222 5,698

NSW local governments 201 197 –2.1 3,376 3,528

Australian government 211 207 –1.9 3,725 3,494

SA government 204 200 –1.8 2,416 2,792

WA government 207 205 –1.1 2,619 2,164

Vic. local governments 205 196 –4.5 1,957 1,973

Qld local governments 218 211 –3.3 1,598 1,431

WA local governments 205 204 –0.1 1,588 1,319

Tas. government 205 195 –5.1 894 994

NT government 218 215 –1.6 869 971

SA local governments 213 212 –0.5 719 566

Tas. local governments 194 195 0.6 179 290

ACT government 198 181 –8.9 216 189

NT local governments 220 217 –1.7 116 124

Total 207 208 0.4 41,925 41,329

Table 16: average emissions intensity and annual sales by fuel type, 2014 and 2015

Fuel type


from 2014 to 2015 (%)

Sales

2014 2015 2014 2015

Petrol 177 173 –2.7 746,489 785,780

Diesel 213 210 –1.4 330,583 333,543

LPG 204 205 0.5 2,932 2,061

Electric 42 41 –2.4 948 925

Total 188 184 –2.0 1,080,952 1,122,309


Table 17: ‘green’ vehicle average emissions intensity and sales by segment, 2015

Segment Make Modelaverage emissions


Micro Fiat 500 100 463

Fiat PANDA 102 378

Suzuki ALTO 105 127

Mitsubishi MIRAGE 110 799

Suzuki CELERIO 110 611

Smart C451 113 97

Volkswagen UP! 114 55

Light Toyota Prius (petrol–electric hybrid) 90 4,345

Alfa Romeo MITO 99 41

Citroën C3 104 123

Peugeot 208 104 470

Audi A1 110 1,031

Škoda FABIA 111 828

Volkswagen POLO 111 1,776

Ford FIESTA 113 525

MINI COOPER 113 3,204

Mazda 2 114 3,658

Renault CLIO 114 1,359

Mitsubishi MIRAGE 116 1,951

Small BMW i3 (electric) 0 312

Nissan LEAF (electric) 0 630

BMW i3 REX (range extended electric) 13 210

Holden VOLT (range extended electric) 27 27

Audi A3 85 2,514

Toyota PRIUS (petrol–electric hybrid) 94 4,675

Lexus CT200H (petrol–electric hybrid) 95 2,484

BMW 118D 100 330

BMW 218D AT 111 359

BMW 118i 112 178

Alfa Romeo GIULIETTA 119 68

Citroën C4 115 140

Honda CIVIC (petrol–electric hybrid) 104 28




Small (con’t)

Honda CIVIC 105 212

Hyundai I30 119 107

Mercedes-Benz A200 CDI 105 440

Mercedes-Benz B200 CDI 114 856

Peugeot 308 109 1,713

Renault MEGANE 118 533

Škoda RAPID 116 87

Volvo Car V40 115 378

Medium Mercedes-Benz C350 58 2

Mercedes-Benz C300 BTH 105 690

Honda ACCORD 107 155

Volvo S60 109 66

Jaguar XE 111 402

Lexus IS300H 113 285

BMW 420D GRAN COUPE 114 14

Mercedes-Benz C250 BT 116 308

BMW 320D 117 364

Mercedes-Benz CLA200 CDI 117 123

Volvo V60 117 112

Mercedes-Benz C200 BT 119 130

Škoda OCTAVIA 120 56

Large Audi A6 110 224

BMW 520D 114 217

Mercedes-Benz E300 BTH 113 662

Peugeot 508 115 179

Upper large

Mercedes-Benz S300 BT (diesel–electric hybrid) 118 119

Sports BMW i8 (diesel–electric hybrid) 49 25

BMW 220D COUPE 108 1,388

Honda CR-Z (petrol–electric diesel) 110 251

Audi A3 114 2,325

BMW 420D COUPE 114 473




People mover

Citroën C4 GRD PICASSO 120 548

SUV small

Peugeot 2008 103 1,708

Renault CAPTUR 113 292

BMW X1 SDRIVE18D 114 497

MINI COOPER 115 370

SUV medium

Mitsubishi OUTLANDER (petrol–electric hybrid) 44 2,383

Land Rover RR EVOQUE 113 3

SUV large

BMW X5 XDRIVE40E (petrol–electric hybrid) 77 21

Porsche CAYENNE 79 99


Table 18: average emissions intensity and annual registrations* for new passenger vehicles by country, 2013 and 2014

Country


from 2013 to 2014 (%)

Sales (thousands)

2013 2014 2013 2014

Netherlands 109 107 –1.9 416 384

Greece 112 108 –3.5 58 71

Portugal 112 109 –2.9 105 142

Denmark 113 110 –2.4 184 188

France 117 114 –2.9 1,827 1,838

Croatia 127 115 –9.5 28 35

Malta 119 115 –3.1 6 6

Ireland 121 117 –3.1 74 96

Italy 121 118 –2.6 1,304 1,351

Spain 122 119 –2.8 732 895

Belgium 124 121 –2.4 490 485

Slovenia 126 121 –3.7 51 54

Europe 127 124 –2.4 11,825 12,500

United Kingdom 128 124 –3.4 2,254 2,467

Austria 132 128 –2.7 319 303

Finland 132 127 –3.6 100 103

Romania 132 128 –3.1 57 70

Luxembourg 133 129 –3.3 46 49

Cyprus 139 129 –7.3 7 8

Sweden 133 131 –1.7 252 297

Czech Republic 135 131 –2.7 162 179

Slovakia 135 131 –3.0 66 74

Germany 136 132 –3.0 2,930 3,012

Poland 138 132 –4.4 288 304

Hungary 134 133 –1.0 55 68

Lithuania 140 135 –3.4 12 14

Bulgaria 142 135 –4.7 15 16

Latvia 147 140 –4.8 10 12

Estonia 147 140 –4.9 20 21

Australia 182 177 –2.8 900 884

* New car sales


Table 19: equivalent make for new passenger vehicles in europe and australia

Manufacturer in european Union Combed makes in australia

BMW BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce

Daimler Mercedes-Benz and Smart

General Motors Holden and Opel

Hyundai Hyundai and Kia

Volkswagen Group Volkswagen, Audi, Škoda, Porsche, Bentley and Lamborghini

Toyota Toyota and Lexus

Nissan Nissan and Infiniti

Table 20: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles for europe and australia by make, 2014

Make

average emissions intensity (g/km)Percentage

difference (%)europe australia

Renault 108 182 69

Peugeot 110 165 50

Citroën 111 173 56

Toyota 113 185 71

Hyundai 113 183 62

Nissan 115 189 64

Fiat 116 180 55

Škoda 121 153 26

Ford 121 187 55

Volkswagen 124 161 30

Kia 125 184 47

Volvo 126 193 53

Mazda 128 160 25

Opel 130 196 51

BMW 131 150 15

Audi 131 159 21

Daimler 131 172 31

Jaguar Land Rover 178 202 13

All Makes 124 177 43


Table 21: average emissions intensity and annual registrations* for new light commercial vehicles by country, 2013 and 2014

Country


from 2013 to 2014 (%)

Sales (thousands)

2013 2014 2013 2014

Portugal 151 145 –4.0 17 24

Bulgaria 156 149 –4.5 7 8

France 153 152 –0.7 300 348

Denmark 169 155 –8.3 17 25

Spain 163 156 –4.3 70 90

Greece 161 157 –2.5 3 5

Italy 164 157 –4.3 92 107

Cyprus 171 158 –7.6 1 1

Latvia 172 167 –2.9 2 2

Netherlands 173 167 –3.5 49 46

Ireland 177 169 –4.5 10 16

Poland 176 169 –4.0 34 61

Sweden 167 170 1.8 20 26

Europe 175 171 –2.3 1,216 1,423

Romania 172 172 0.0 6 8

Lithuania 180 176 –2.2 2 2

Estonia 182 178 –2.2 3 3

Hungary 182 178 –2.2 10 15

Belgium 183 179 –2.2 51 52

Luxembourg 179 179 0.0 3 3

Finland 182 180 –1.1 10 10

United Kingdom 185 181 –2.2 262 307

Austria 186 184 –1.1 27 30

Slovenia 188 185 –1.6 6 5

Germany 193 190 –1.6 199 212

Czech Republic 189 191 1.1 10 12

Slovakia 196 193 –1.5 5 5

Australia 236 235 –0.4 204 197

* New car sales


Table 22: average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles for australia and europe by make, 2014

Make

average emissions intensity (g/km)Percentage

difference (%)europe australia

Peugeot 147 176 19

Citroën 148 157 6

Renault 149 205 37

Fiat 158 195 24

General Motors 173 235 36

Ford 175 241 38

Volkswagen 180 204 13

Nissan 184 241 31

Mercedes-Benz 200 199 -1

National Transport Commission Level 15/628 Bourke Street Melbourne VIC 3000

Ph: +61 3 9236 5000 Fax: +61 3 9642 8922

[email protected] www.ntc.gov.au

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