Geological Sequestration of C

Carbon SequestrationCarbon Sequestrationin Sedimentary Basinsin Sedimentary Basins

Module VII: Weyburn, Module VII: Weyburn, Sask. Sask.

Maurice DusseaultDepartment of Earth Sciences

University of Waterloo

Geological Sequestration of C

Weyburn: COWeyburn: CO22 as EOR Agent as EOR Agent The Weyburn project started in 2000 and

is located in an oil reservoir discovered in 1954 in Weyburn, Southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada. The CO2 for this project is captured at the Great Plains Coal Gasification plant in Beulah, North Dakota which has produced methane from coal for more than 30 years. At Weyburn, the CO2 will also be used for enhanced oil recovery with an injection rate of about 2 million tonnes per year. (Quote)

http://www.engineerlive.com/european-process-engineer/17576/carbon-dioxide-capture.thtml#

Geological Sequestration of C

Weyburn, COWeyburn, CO22 Source, Source, Pipeline Pipeline 250 MCF/d CO2: -

coal gasification 95 MCF/d

contrac-ted for Weyburn CO2 EOR project

7000 t/d in 2006 320 km pipeline CO2 purity 95%

CO2 @ 15 MPa

CO2 RF ~ 0.16

Total RF ~42-43%

ReginaRegina

EstevanEstevan

BismarckBismarck

North DakotaNorth Dakota

MontanaMontana

ManitobaManitoba

SaskatchewanSaskatchewan CanadaCanada

USAUSA

WeyburnWeyburn

BeulahBeulah

>50 BCF injected to date

30-36 cm pipeline

Geological Sequestration of C

Weyburn Geological Weyburn Geological DispositionDisposition

k ~ 10-15 mDΦ ~ 15-30% Dan Olsen, GEUS, 2007

Geological Sequestration of C

Weyburn Field HistoryWeyburn Field History

Dan Olsen, GEUS, 2007

Geological Sequestration of C

Injection Strategy at Injection Strategy at WeyburnWeyburn

Dan Olsen, Geus, 2007

Geological Sequestration of C

Time-Lapse Seismic Time-Lapse Seismic MonitoringMonitoring

Geological Sequestration of C

Time-Lapse SeismicTime-Lapse Seismic

Take a survey at time t1

Take another survey at time t2

The difference in seismic velocities, reflection coefficients, and attenuation can be attributed to changes in CO2 distribution, thickness, SCO2…

This is a “snapshot” method used also in Sleipner, Permian Basin, etc.

Also, Δ(gravity, EM, resistivity, …)

Geological Sequestration of C

Permian Basin, USAPermian Basin, USA Largest CO2-

EOR region in the World

~150,000 b/d oil is produced from Permian Bsn using CO2

This requires about 30×106 tonnes/yr CO2

Geological Sequestration of C

Permian Basin COPermian Basin CO22 History History Permian Basin

fields are largely carbonate reefs

Seals generally excellent, the level of tectonic activity minor

O&G E&P Infra-structure exists

Anthropogenic CO2 sources

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

SACROC

Geological Sequestration of C

Permian Basin StratigraphyPermian Basin Stratigraphy

Geological Sequestration of C

SACROC LocationSACROC Location

Geological Sequestration of C

Reservoir Model ofReservoir Model ofNorthern Platform, Sacroc Northern Platform, Sacroc FieldField

F. Jerry Lucia, Charles Kerans, Fred Wang, Hongliu Zeng

Bureau of Economic GeologyJackson School of Geoscience

The University of Texas at Austin

Geological Sequestration of C

From oil atlas

Make small production table

Salt Creek356 MMBO

Cogdell264 MMBO

Sacroc1,264 MMBO

Geological Sequestration of C

Geological Sequestration of C

Structure Top of Sacroc North

Platform

Geological Sequestration of C

40-8 40-5 38-4 38-5 34-11 34-9 34-6 34-10 35-5 35-4 32-3 32-5 34-24 32-16

CN 1

CN 2

CN 3

EC 1Late Cisco

Three Miles

0

300

(ft)

Cross Section of Northern PlatformSacroc Field

West East

Geological Sequestration of C

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

104

105

0 1 10 100

Sacroc Northern Platform Reservoir

Per

mea

bilit

y (m

d)

Porosity (%)

Geological Sequestration of C

Approach•Calculate average apparent rock-fabric number from core data for each stratigraphic layer.

•Calculate permeability profile for each well using apparent rock-fabric number from stratigraphy and total porosity from logs as input into global permeability transform.

•Interpolate permeability between wells constrained by seismic stratigraphy.

Problem•Only porosity and gamma-ray logs available.•Highly variable rock fabrics typical of icehouse conditions.

Geological Sequestration of C

Apparent Rock Fabric

Number

Total Porosity (fraction)

Geological Sequestration of C

ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor)))

ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor)))

ARFNPhi Perm

0.11 0.3 3.060.128 0.6 3.070.123 1 2.630.174 14.9 2.250.187 3.2 3.11

0.2 4.1 3.140.167 7.4 2.450.15 1 3.20

0.178 3.3 2.980.123 1.1 2.580.028 0.01 121.620.033 0.01 113204.120.11 3.2 1.73

0.151 54.3 1.510.185 251.3 1.49

Core Data

ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor)))

Apparent Rock Fabric NumberAssuming total porosity = interparticle porosity

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 1 2 3 4 5

ARFN Profile

Dep

th

ARFN

ARFN = 2.8

ARFN = 1.6 Cycle 1

Cycle 2

Geological Sequestration of C

40-8 40-5 38-4 38-5 34-11 34-9 34-6 34-10 35-5 35-4 32-3 32-5 34-24 32-16

CN 1

CN 2

CN 3

EC 1Late Cisco

Three Miles

0

300

(ft)

Cross Section of Northern PlatformSacroc Field

West East

Geological Sequestration of C

Location of Core Analysis DataCanyon 2 and 3

17-5

18-5

19-6

20-120-15

27-7

32-5

34-634-8

37-2 37-4

56-2 56-4

New Core Analysis

Old Core Analysisand core

Legend

Old Core Analysisno core

49-2

CN 2

CN 3

Geological Sequestration of C

Geological Sequestration of C

SACROC Unit COSACROC Unit CO22-EOR-EOR Chevron & Shell

1970-1973 pro-ject collaboration

SACROC unit placed on large-scale CO2 flood

First SC-CO2 pipeline – 280 km

Generous tax breaks negotiated

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Geological Sequestration of C

Extensions – 1979-1990Extensions – 1979-1990 Natural CO2

discovered Infrastructure

extended to include many more fields

Tax credits (15%) provided + other tax breaks

Majors come in

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Geological Sequestration of C

Maturity - 1990 to 2005 Maturity - 1990 to 2005 Extension to

other fields in the basin

More pipelines, compression, etc.

Tax incentives remain in place

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Geological Sequestration of C

Permian Basin Statistics Permian Basin Statistics (2004)(2004) > 109 bbl produced using CO2-EOR 380×106 tonnes CO2 sequestered

However, only 30×106 t anthropogenic CO2

2500 km of CO2 pipelines, since 1973 70 fields under CO2 injection in 2005 Shell, Mobil, Amoco, Arco, Chevron plus,

more recently, Apache, Kinder-Morgan, etc., as the majors have largely left

Tax incentives exist

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Geological Sequestration of C

Comments…Comments… Without tax breaks + incentives, this

development would have been improbable One billion barrels of CO2-EOR oil

Natural CO2 is cheap Pure CO2 gas reservoirs CO2 separated from CH4 to meet pipelining

specifications Recycled, re-sequestered at the end of EOR

Anthropogenic amine-separated CO2 from power plants is far more expensive

Geological Sequestration of C

DOE-NETL Research?DOE-NETL Research?

Geological Sequestration of C

COCO22 Compression and Compression and TransportTransport Compression requires energy… Also, generated heat must be

dissipated Is there an optimum p, T for CO2

transport by pipeline? Are there other options?

Geological Sequestration of C

Issues in COIssues in CO22 Compression Compression and Transport (Pipelines)and Transport (Pipelines) Compression requires energy Heat of compression must be

dissipated Avoiding corrosion is necessary

Special grade of steel is required Avoiding hydrate formation is

necessary H2O + CO2 form solids at certain p & T