CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMThe Major Hydraulic system of the body.

By Paramjeet Singh Jamwal, M.Tech (ICE), 2nd Sem, SLIET, 2013-14

Cardiovascular Circulation

Heart Beat

• Average 75 beats/min• Range 60-85 beats/min• Person standing, it will increase• Person sitting , it will decrease• Higher in woman & decrease with age• In infant 140 beats/min

Blood volume

• 75-80% is in the vein• 20% is in the arteries• Remainder is in the capillaries

Blood Pressure

• Systemic 95-140 mm Hg, average 120 mm Hg• Diastolic 60-90 mm Hg, average 80 mm Hg

The Heart: Internal Structure

The heart is contained in the pericardium.

The two sides of the heart are separated by septum.

The Heart: Conduction System

Nervous of the sympathetic

• Quicken the heart rate

Vagus nervous of the parasympathetic

• Slow down heart rate.

Blood Pressure

Diseased Heart

• Ventricular Contractibility and rigid atherosclerotic arteries produce unwanted rise in blood pressure.

Blood Pressure in different vessel

• Aorta: 100 mm Hg• Terminal arteries: 40 mm Hg• Arterioles: 40-25 mm Hg• Capillaries: 25-12 mm Hg• Venules: 12-8 mm Hg, Terminal veins: <8 mm Hg• Vena cave: 3-2 mm Hg

Characteristics of Blood Flow

Stroke Volume=• Cardiac output/ the number of heart beats per min

Mean circulation time=• total amount of blood in circulation/cardiac output

Mean velocity=• blood flow through a vessel/cross sectional area of vessel

Blood Flow=• Blood Pressure/Flow Resistance

Nicotine• Reduce the blood flow through the skin by narrowing the capillaries.

Heart Attack• An obstruction of part of the coronary arteries.

Angina pectoris• A reduced flow in coronary vessels can cause severe chest pain.

Embolism• A blood clot in a vessel in the lung.

Heart Sounds

Auscultation

• The technique of listening to sounds produced by the organs and vessels of the body.

Lub-dub

• Lub is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves, occurs at QRS & 30-45 Hz in range.• Dub is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves, occurs at the end of the T wave & 50-70

Hz in range.• The third heart sound sometimes heard are at below 30 Hz.

Murmurs sounds in abnormal heart

• Caused either by improper opening of valves.• Valves do not close completely.• A small opening in the septum.• 100-600 Hz range.

Reference

Leslie Cromwell, Fred J. Weibell, Erich A. Pfeiffer, “Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements”

Thankyou

AN

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