CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMACHMAD AMINUDDIN

PERICARDIUMFIBROUS PERICARDIUM.SEROUS PERICARDPARIETAL LAYER lines fibrous pericardium.VISCERAL LAYER become outermost layer of wall of heart the epicardium.PERICARDIAL CAVITY.

HEARTWALL OF THE HEARTEPICARDIUM.MYOCARDIUM.ENDOCARDIUM.FOUR CHAMBERATRIA - receiving chamber.Right.Left.VENTRICLES - discharging chamber.Right.Left.

THE FIBROUS SKELETON OF THE HEARTKEEP THE ORIFICES OF THE A.V AND SEMILUNAR VALVES PATENT.PROVIDES ATTACHMENTS FOR THE LEAFLETS AND CUSPS OF THE VALVES.PROVIDES ATTACHMENTS FOR THE MYOCARDIUM.FORM AN ELECTRICAL INSULATOR.

RIGHT ATRIUMFORM THE RIGHT BORDER.RIGHT AURICLETHE INTERIOR OF THE R. ASINUS VENARUM.PECTINATE MUSCLES.OPENING OF S.V.C. I.V.C.CORONARY SINUS.RIGHT A.V ORIFICE.FOSSA OVALIS.

RIGHT VENTRICLEFORM THE LARGEST PART OF THE ANTERIOR SURFACE.CONUS ARTERIOSUS PULMONARY TRUNK.TRABECULAE CARNEAE.SUPRAVENTRICULAR CREST.RIGHT A.V. ORIFICE.TRICUSPID VALVEINTER VENTRICULAR SEPTUMMEMBRANOUS PART.MUSCULAR PART.SEPTO MARGINAL TRABECULACARRIES PART OF THE RIGHT A.V. BUNDLE.

THE PULMONARY VALVEAT THE APEX OF THE CONUS ARTERIOSUS.AT THE LEVEL OF THE LEFT 3rd COSTAL CARTILAGE.THREE VALVESANTERIOR.RIGHT.LEFT.PULMONARY SINUS.

LEFT ATRIUMFORM MOST OF THE BASE OF THE HEART.LEFT AURICLEFORM THE SUPERIOR PART OF THE LEFT BORDER OF THE HEART.ITS WALL TRABECULATED WITH PECTINATE INTERIORPECTINATE M.PULMONARY VEINS.INTER ATRIAL SEPTUM.LEFT A.V. ORIFICE.

LEVT VENTRICLEFORM THE APEX OF THE HEART.INTERIRITS WALLS THAT ARE TWO TO THREE TIMES AS THICK AS THAT OTHE R.V.TRABECULAE CARNEAE.PAPILLARY MANTERIOR POSTERIOR.AORTIC VESTIBULUM AORTIC ORIFICE.CUSPS OF THE AORTIC VALVE RIGHT POSTERIOR LEFT.

MITRAL VALVEHAS TWO CUSPSANTERIOR POSTERIOR.TENDINOUS CORD PAPILLARY M.LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE STERNIM AT HE LEVEL OF THE 4 th COSTAL CARTILAGE.

THE AORTIC ORIFICEAORTIC VALVE OBLIQUALLY PLACED, IS LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE LEFT SIDE OF THE STERNUM AT THE LEVEL OF THE 3rd intercostal space.AORTIC SINUS

AORTIC SINUSRIGHT AORTIC SINUS.THE MOUTH OF THE RIGHT CORONARY A.POSTERIOR AORTIC SINUSLEFT AORTIC SINUSTHE MOUTH OF THE LEFT CORONARY A.

VASCULATURE OF THE HEARTCORONARY ARIGHT CORONARY A.LEFT CORONARY A.CARDIAC VDraining into the CORONARY SINUS.

RIGHT CORONARY A.ARISE FROM THE RIGHT AORTIC SINUS.ITS BRANCHESSINUATRIAL NODAL BRANCH.RIGHT MARGINAL BRANCH.ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL BRANCH.POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR BRANCH.

TYPICALLY THE R.C.A. SUPPLIESTHE RIGHT ATRIUM.MOST OF RIGHT VENTRICLE.PART OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE ( diaphrag matic surface ).PART OF THE I.V. SEPTUM (posterior 3 rdTHE S.A. NODE ( 60 0/0 OF PEOPLE ).THE A.V. NODE ( 80 0/0 OF PEOPLE ).

THE LEFT CORONARY ARTERYARISES FROM THE LEFT AORTIC SINUS.BRANCHESANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR BRANCHLATERAL BRANCH.CICUMFLEX BRANCHLEFT MARGINAL ARTERY.

TYPICALLY THE L.C.A. SUPPLIESTHE LEFT ATRIUM.MOST OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE.PART OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE.MOST OF THE I.V.S. ( ANTERIR 2/3 ), THE A.V. BUNDLE.THE S.A. NODE ( 40 0/0 )

VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE HEARTBY VEINS THAT EMPTY INTO CORONARY SINUS, receives blood fromGREAT CARDIAC V.LEFT POSTERIOR VENTRICULAR V.LEFT MARGINAL V.MIDDLE CARDIAC V ( POSTERIOR I.V. VEIN ).SMALL CARDIAC V.OBLIQUE VEIN OF LEFT ATRIUM.ANTERIOR CARDIAC VSMALLEST CARDIAC V

CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEARTTHE SINUATRIAL ( S. A ) NODE.THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR ( A.V.) NODE.THE A.V. BUNDLE.SUBENDOCARDIAL BRANCHES.

THE SINUATRIAL NODELOCATED ANTEROLATERALLY JUST DEEP TO THE EPICARDIUM AT THE JUNCTION OF THE S.V.C.AND RIGHT ATRIUM, NEAR THE SUPERIOR END OF THE SULCUS TER MINALIS.A SMALL COLLECTION OF NODAL TISSUETHE PACEMAKER OF THE HEART.REGULATED THE IMPULSES FOR CONTRACTION APPROXIMATELY 70 TIMES PER MINUTE.SUPPLIED BY SINUATRIAL NODE ARTERYR.C.A. ( 60 0/0 ).L.C.A. ( 40 0/0 ).STIMULATED BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODESMALLER COLLECTION OF NODAL TISSUELOCATED IN THE POSTEROINFERIOR REGIO OF THE INTERATRIAL SEPTUM NEAR THE OPENING OF THE CORONARY SINUS.STIMULATED BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLEPASSES FROM THE A.V. NODE THROUGH THE INSULATING FIBROUS SKELETON OF THE HEART.DIVIDES INTO RIGHT AND LEFT BUNDLES AT THE JUNCTION OF THE MEMBRANOUS AND MUSCULAR PART OF THE SEPTUM.SUBENDOCARDIAL BRANCHES ( PURKINJE FIBERS ).

INNERVATION OF THE HEART

INNERVATION OF THE HEARTCARDIAC PLEXUS.LIESANTERIOR TO BIFURCATION OF THE TRACHEA.POSTERIOR TO THE ASCENDING AORTA.SUPERIOR TO THE BIFURCATION OF THE PULMONARY TRUNK.AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMSYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC

THE SYMPATETHIC SUPPLYPRESYNAPTICCELL BODIES ARE LOCATED IN THE LATERAL HORN OF THE SUPERIOR 5 OR 6 THORACIC SEGMEN OF THE SPINAL CORD.POSTSYNAPTICCELL BODIES ARE LOCATED IN THE CERVI-CAL AND SUPERIOR THORACIC PARAVERTE-BRAL GANGLIA OF THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK.SYMPATHETIC STIMULATIONINCREASE HESRT RATE.INCREASE IMPULSE CONDUCTION.INCREASE FORCE OF CONTRACTION.INCREASE BLOOD FLOW ( B2 RECEPTOR ).

THE PARASYMPATHETIC SUPPLYPRESYNAPTIC FIBERSFROM THE VAGUS N.POSTSYNAPTIC CELLS BODIESLOCATED IN THE ATRIAL WALL AND INTER ATRIAL SEPTUM NEAR THE S.A. AND A.V. NODES AND ALONG THE CORONARY ARTERIES.POSTSYNAPTIC PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERSRELEASE ACETYLCHOLINE, WICH BINDS WITH MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR.STIMULATIONSLOW THE HEART RATE.REDUCE THE FORCE OF THE CONTRACTION.CONSTRICS THE CORONARY A.SAVING ENERGY BETWEEN PERIODS OF INCREASED DEMAND.

SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE HEART