CASES AND MATERIALS ON

VIRGrNIA REMEDIES

Professor Mark D. Cummings

CHAPTER 1

REMEDIES AS PART OF THE SYSTEM OF JUSTICE

1. Brief Outline of the Types of Remedies; 2. Ancient Rule of Binding Election.

Standard Products Company, Inc. vs. Wooldridge & Co., Ltd., 201 S.E.2d 801, 214 Va. 476 (1974}.

3. The Concept of· the Indivisible Claim. Jones vs. Morris Plan Bank of Portsmouth, 191 S.E. 608, 168 Va. 284 (1937} . Flora, Flora & Montague, Inc. vs. Mary Board Saunders, et al, 367 S.E.2d 493, 235 Va. 306 (1988}.

4. The Choice Between Law and Equity. Worrie [ Worrie II J vs. Boze, 198 va. 533 95 S.E.2d 192 (1956}. Stanardsville Volunteer Fire Company, Inc. vs. David F.Berry, et al., 331 S.E.2d 466, 229 Va. 578 (1985}.

5. The Equitable Approach. Bond vs. Crawford, 193 Va. 437, 69 S.E.2d 470 (1952).

1. Setoff.

CHAPTER 2CM SWORDS AND SHIELDS

a. Liquidated or Unliquidated Claims? Dexter Portland Cement Co. v. Acme Supply Co., Inc., 147 Va. 758, 133 S.E. 788 (1926}. Reheard June 24, 1926.

b. Mutuality and Same Right. Broaddus vs. Gresham, 181 Va. 725, 26 S.E.2d 33 (1943).

i

. Supply Corp., 523 F. Supp. 201 (1~~1).

2. Counterclaim. a. Rule 3:8. b. Piland Corp. vs. League Construction Company, Inc., 238 Va. 187, 380 S.E.2d 652 (1989).

3. Cross-Bills. a. Rule 2:13 - Against Plaintiff. b. Relation Between Rules and Practice.

Brewer vs. Brewer, 199 Va. 626, 101 S.E.2d 516 (1958). c. Rule 2:14. Against Codefendants or Third Parties.

4 . Recoupment. a. Elements at Common Law.

City of Richmond vs. C & P Telephone Co. of Virginia, 205 Va. 919, 140 S.E.2d 683 (1965).

b. Equitable Recoupment. Reid vs. Reid, 12 Va. App. 1218, 409 S.E.2d 155 (1991).

c. Statutory Recoupment. § 8.01-422. Pleading Equitable Defenses.

5. Assignees and Aggressive Pleadings. First National Bank of Louisville vs. Master Auto Service Corp., 693 F.2d 308 (4th Cir. 1982).

6. Crossclaim. a. Rule 3:9. Cross-Claim. b. Dependency on Basic Claim.

Iliff vs. Richards and Stark, 221 Va. 644, 272 S.E.2d 645 . (1980).

c. § 8.01-380. Dismissal of Action by Nonsuit. 7. Rule 3:10 -- Other Third Party Practice· .. 8. Aggressive Pleadings and Affirmative Defenses.

City of Hopewell vs. William R. Cogar, et al., 237 Va. 264, 377 S.E.2d 385 (1989).

CHAPTER 3CM LAW AND EQUITY ARE SEPARATE, BUT RELATED

1. The Merger of Law and Equity, Briefly. a. The English Experience. b. Experiences in the United States.

2. Merger by Increments. a. Equity Does Law.

Dobie v. Sears Roebuck Co., 164 Va. 464, 180 S.E. 289 (1935).

b. Law Does Equity. Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-422. Sup. Ct. Rule 1:4(k).

ii

Wright vs. Castles, 232 Va. 218, 349 S.E.2d 125 (1986). CHAPTER 4 CM

JURISDICTION AND VENUE ~ EQUITY

1. Original Jurisdiction. a. U. s. Const. Art. III, Section 2: b. Story. c. Va. Code § 17-123. Jurisdiction of circuit courts. d. Applicability of the Common Law.

§ 1-10. The Common Law. § 1-11. Acts of Parliament.

2. When the Chancellor Will Not Act. Ewing v. Dutrow, 128 Va. 416 (1920).

3. Potential and Actual Jurisdiction. Iron City Savings Bank vs. Isaacsen, 158 Va. 609, 164 S.E. 520 (1932).

CHAPTER SCM

PARTIES AND MAXIMS

1. Review Virginia Practice Notes on Parties and Standing. 2. Necessary Parties.

a. Virtual Representation. NationsBank of Virginia, N.A. vs. Estate of Ann L. Grandy, 450 S.E.2d 140, 248 Va. 557 (1994).

3. Adding Parties. Rule 3:14. New Parties. Rule 3:15. SubStitution of Parties.

4. Maxims. a. Equity Will Treat as Done that Which Ought to be Done.

Robert B. Pleasants vs. Gertrude L. Ple.asants, 221 Va. 1017, 277 S.E.2d 170(1981).

b. One Must Come Into Equity With Clean Hands. Bond vs. Crawford, 193 Va. 437, 69 S.E.2d 470(1952).

c. Equity Aids Only the Vigilant. Puckett, Trustee, vs. Jessee, 195 Va. 919, 81 S.E.2d 425 (1954).

d. He Who Seeks Equity Must Do Equity.

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~. .l:!iqu~t:.y I"'J.J...L ......... ,. ........... ~ - • ~--~----.

Repass v. Moore, 98 Va. 377 (1900).

iv

PLEADINGS IN EQUITY

1. Review. 2. The Bill of Complaint.

Ould & Carrington v. Myers, 64 Va. (23 Gratt.) 535 (1873). Johnson v. Buzzard Island Shooting Club, Inc., 232 Va. 32, 348 S.E.2d 220 (1986) ..

3. Tradition in Equity. Rule 2:19. Matters Not Covered by These Rules. See Chappell, infra. Mathieson Alkali v. Virginia Banner Coal Co., 140 Va. 89, 124 S.E. 470 (1924).

4. Amendment of Pleadings -- Law and Equity. Powell vs. Sears, Roebuck & Company and Roper, Inc., 344 S.E.2d 916, 231 Va. 464 (1986). Johnson v. Buzzard Island Shooting Club, Inc., 232 Va. 32, 348 s:E.2d 220 (1986).

5. Proceedings on Default. a. At Law.

Rule 3:17. Judgment by Default. Chappell vs. Smith, 156 S.E.2d 572, 208 Va. 272 (1967).

CHAPTER 7

THE BASES FOR DEFENSIVE· REMEDIES

1. Accident. Byrne v. Edmonds, 64 Va. (23 Gratt.) 200 (1873). 2. Consideration, Lack of.

(a). The "Peppercorn Rule." (b). Unilateral Contracts.

Bond vs. Crawford, 193 Va. 437, 69 S.E.2d 470 (1952). (c). Family Settlements.

Weade vs. Weade, 153 Va. 540, 150 S.E. 238 (1929). 3. Duress and Undue Influence.

(a). Undue Influence. Cook vs. Hayden, 183 Va. 203, 31 S.E.2d 625 (1944).

(b). Emotional Distress. Norfolk Division of Social Services vs. Unknown Father, 2 Va. App. 420, 345 S.E.2d 533 (1986).

(c). Economic Suasion. Bond vs. Crawford, 193 Va. 437, 69 S.E.2d 470 (1952).

4. Equitable Estoppel.

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(b). Estoppels by Conduct. Emrich vs. Emrich, 9 Va. App. 288, 387 S.E.2d 274 (1989).

(c). Parties and Mutuality. Brown vs. Lawson Transportation Corp., 7 Va. App. 679, 377 S.E.2d 136 (1989).

(d). Change of Position. Lataif vs. Commercial Industrial Construction, Inc., 223 Va. 59, 286 S.E.2d 159 (1982).

(e). Remedy. Webb vs. Webb, 16 Va. App. 486~ 431 S.E.2d 55 (1993).

(f). Note on Promissory Estoppel. 5. Fraud.

(a) . Actual and Constructive Fraud. Trust Company of Norfolk vs. Fletcher, 152 Va. 868; 148

S.E. 785 (1929). 6. Hardship and Unconscionability.

(a). Seller's Remorse. Beckett vs. Kornegay, 150 Va. 636, 143 S.E. 296 (1928).

(b). Unconscionability -- Willful Ignorance. Pillow vs. Pillow, 13 Va. App. 271, 410 S.E.2d 407 (1991).

7. Laches. (a). Nature of the Equitable Defense.

Taylor vs. Taylor, 14 Va. App. 642, 418 S.E.2d 900 (1992).

(b). Laches and the Law. United States of America vs. Lomas Mortgage, USA, Inc., 742 F. Supp. 936 (W.O. Va. 1990).

8. Mistake. (a). Effect of After-Discovered Facts.

Seaboard Ice Company, Inc. vs. Lee, 199 Va. 243, 99 S.E.2d 721 (1957).

(b) The Mistake Must be Mutual. Fox-Sadler Company, Inc. v. Earl E. Norris Roofing Company, 229 Va. 106, 327 S.E.2d 95 (1985).

(c). Mistake of Law. Pillow vs. Pillow, 13 Va. App. 271, 410 S.E.2d 407 (1991).

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1. Tradition in Equity. Raiford vs. Raiford, 193 Va. 221, 68 S.E.2d 888 (1952). ·

2. Appointment. a. §8.01-608. How Accounts Referred. b. Rule 2:18. Proceedings Before a Commissioner in Chancery c. §8.01-611. Notice of Time and Place of Taking Account. d. Timing of the Reference. Mathieson Alkali v. Va. Banner Coal Co., 140 va. 89, 124 S.E. 470 (1924). Raiford vs. Raiford, 193 Va. 221, 68 S.E.2d 888 (1952).

3. The Commissioner's Relation to the Court. French vs. Pobst, Special Commissioner, 203 Va. 704, 127 S.E.2d 137 (1962).

4. Due Process. Sadler v. Whitehurst, 83 Va. 46, 1 S.E. 410 (1887).

5. The Commissioner's Hearing. a. §8.01-614. His Power to Adjourn His Proceedings. b. §8.01-612. Commissioner May Summon witnesses.

6. The Commissioner's Report. a. Rule 2:18. Proceedings Before a Commissioner in Chancery. b. Fact Finding Powers of Commissioner. Raiford vs. Raiford, 193 Va. 221, 68 S.E.2d 888 (1952). Brown vs. Brown, 11 Va. App. 231, 397 S:E.2d 545 (1990).

1. General Receivers.

CHAPTER 9 CM RECEJ:VERS

§ 8.01-582. Appointment of General Receivers; Their Duties; Audit of Funds.

2. When to Appoint Special Receivers. (a). Insolvent's Estates. Smith v. Butcher, 69 Va. (28 Gratt.) 144 (1877). Shannon v. Hanks, 88 Va. 338, 13 S.E. 437 (1891). (b). The Special Case of Corporations. Bethlehem Steel Corp., vs. Williams Industries, Inc., 245 Va. 38, 425 S.E.2d 484 (1993).

3. Powers and Duties of Special Receivers. (a). Sale of Jointly-Owned Assets.

Marefield Meadows, Inc., v. Regula Lorenz, 245 Va. 255, 427 S.E.2d 363 (1993).

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CHAPDR llCM

RESCISSION,CANCELATION & REFO~TION

1. Recission for Fraud. a. Fraud on a Party.

Linhart v. Foreman, 77 Va. 540 (1883). b. Fraud on a Creditor.

Glascock vs. Jones, 175 Va. 196, 7 S.E.2d 888 (1940}. 2. Rescission for Breach of Contract.

a. Non-trivial Matters. Bolling vs. King Coal Theaters, Inc., 185 Va. 991, 41 S.E.2d 59 (1947).

b. Use of a Trust. Sweeny v. Patton, 134 Va. 117, 113 S.E. 715 (1922}.

c. Executed Contracts. Stearns v. Beckham, 72 Va. (31 Gratt.) 379 (1879, on rehrn' g).

3. Choice of Remedy. Tennant v. Dunlop, 97 Va. 234, 33 S.E. 620 (1899}.

4. Cancelation. a. Errors of Law.

Brown (1st Adm'r) v. Rice's Adm'r., 67 Va. (26 Gratt.) 467 (1875).

b. Cancelation and Restoration. Home Building and Conveyance Co. v .. London, 98 Va. 152, 35 S.E. 362 (1900).

5. Reformation. a. Two Reasons.

Ward vs. Ward, 239 Va. 1, 387 S.E.2d 460 (1990).

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RESTITUTION & RESTITUTIONARY MEASURES.

1. Third Party Practice Reminder. § 8.01-281. Pleading in Alternative; Separate Trial on Motion of Party: (q. v.)

2. Restitution in Aid of Justice. a. Traditional Restitution -- Breach of Fiduciary Duty.

Bell vs. Routh Robbins Real Estate Corporation, 206 Va. 853, 147 S.E.2d 277 (1966).

b. Balancing the Equities: Inadvertence. c. Statutory Types of Restitution.

(1). Bad Check Law. (2). Consumer Finance and Usury. (3) . Judgments Reopened After Service by Publication. (4) . The Unfair Insurance Practices Act. (5). Motor Vehicle Cases. § 46.2-395. Eff.1/1/95. (6). Consumer Protection. § 59.1- 200 et seq. (7). Buyers Rights on Buyer's Breach Under UCC. {8)'. Va. Residential Prop. Disclosure Act. §55-517 et seq.

d. Domestic Relations Cases are not 11 Pure 11 Equity. Reid vs. Reid, 14 Va. App. 505, 419 S.E.2d 398 (1992 en bane). Reid vs. Reid, 245 Va. 409, 429 S.E,.2d 208 (1993) [REID II] .

3. Indemnity. a. Statutory Indemnity (examples): b. Indemnity Defined and Surety Distingushed.

First Virginia Bank-Colonial vs. Baker and Globe Indemnity Company, 225 Va. 72, 301 S.E.2d 8 {1983).

c. Who Sues Whom? Appalachian Power Company County-Stuart Chamber of Virginia Sanders, 232 Va.

4. Surety.

vs. Sanders; Patrick Commerce, Inc. v. Earline

189, 349 S.E.2d 101 (1986).

a. § 1-13.1:1. 11 Bond with Surety.n b. The General Rule.

Fidelity and Deposit Co. of Md. vs. Mason, 145 Va. 138, 133 S.E. 793 (1926).

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a. § 8.01-34. When Contribution Among Wrongdoers Enforced. b. Causes of Action and Rights of Action. .

Shiflet vs. Eller, 228 Va. 115, 319 S.E.2d 750 (1984). c. Contribution Among Tenants in Common.

Jenkins v. Jenkins, 211 Va. 797, 180 S.E.2d 516 (1971). 6. Subrogation.

a. By Surety. Webb vs. USF&G, 165 Va. 388,. 182 S.E. 557 (1935).

b. Relations Between Subrogees and Third Party. Ball vs. C.D.W. Ent. and Commercial Union Ins. Co., 13 Va. App. 470, 413 S.E.2d 66 (1992).

7 . Guaranty. Phoenix Ins. Co. vs. Lester Bros., 203 Va. 802, 127 S.E.2d 432 (1962) .

8. Excepts from Cos on Remedies --Quasicontract. a. Common Law Courts Apply Equitable Principles. b. The Contract Implied In Law. Raven Red Ash Coal Company, Inc., vs. Estil Ball,

185 Va. 534, 39 S.E.2d 231 (1946) c. Waive the Tort and Sue in Assumpsit. d. The "Common Counts" in Assumpsit.

The Action for Money Had and Received. The Action for Money Laid Out and Expended. The Action for Goods Sold and Delivered. The Action for Goods Had and Received. The Action for Use and Occupancy of Land.

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INJUNCTIONS

1. Jurisdiction. a. §8.01-620. General Jurisdiction of Circuit Court to Award Injunctions. b. The Province of the Law Courts.

Moorman v. Lynchburg, 113 Va. 90, 73 S.E. 987 (1912). c. Relation to Specific Performance.

Lanston Monotype Co. v. Times-Dispatch, 115 Va. 797, 80 S.E. 736 (1914).

2. Balancing the Equities. a. Ancient Lights -- The English Test Adopted.

Berkley v. Smith, 68 Va. (27 Gratt.) 732 (1876). b. The Federal Test Adopted (When to Issue an Injunction).

Ible v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. Cir. 130 (1987) Circuit Court of the City of Richmond.

c. Forced Sales. Akers v. Mathieson Alkali Works, 151 Va. 1, 144 S.E. 492 (1928).

Large vs. Clinchfield Coal Company, 239 Va. 144, 387 S.E.2d 783 (1990).

d. There is a Limit. McClellan vs. Ashley, 200 Va. 38, 104 S.E.2d 55 (1958).

3. Injunctions Look to the Future. Coalter v. Hunter, 25 Va. (4 Rand.) 58 (1826).

4. Invalid Injunctions, the Duty to Obey. Local 333B, United Marine Div. of Int'l. Longshoremen's Assc. vs. Com. of Virginia, at the relation of Virginia Ferry Corporation, 193 Va. 773, 71 S.E.2d 159 (1952).

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SPECIFIC PERFO~CE

1. Damages or Specific Perforrnan,ce? a. On the Superiority of the Equitable Remedy.

Duncan Rose v. Carter Nicholas, WYTHE, p. 268 (1794) Vol. 1, 2 & 21 V.R.R. 260). [In the High Court of Chancery.]

b. Equity Overrides Efficiency? Firebaugh vs. Hanback, 247 Va. 519, 443 S.E.2d 134 (1994).

2. The Court Will Not Make A Contract For A Party. Sale v. Swann, 138 Va. 198, 120 S.E. 870 (1924).

3. Contracts for Personal Services. a.Contracts For A Course of Conduct.

So. Ry v. F & PRy, 96 Va. 693, 32 S.E.485 (1899). b. Uncertainty of Value May Be A Factor.

Dominick vs. Vassar, 235 Va. 295, 367 S.E.2d 487 (1988). c. Contracts To Make A Will.

Adams vs. Snodgrass, 175 Va. 1, 7 S.E.2d 147 (1940). 4. (Not used.) 5. Statutory Actions.

a. U.C.C. § 8.2-306. Output, Requirements and Exclusive Dealings. § 8.2-716. Buyer's Right To Specific Performance Or Detinue.

b. Marketing Agreements. § 13.1-329. Marketing Contracts; Enforcement; Inducing Breach.

6. Nonspecific Performance. Chesapeake Builders, Inc. v. Lee, 254 Va. 294, 492 S.E.2d 141 (1997).

CHAPTER lSCM

CREDITOR'S BILLS, CONTEMPTS AND OTHER ENFORCEMENTS

1. Introduction. 2. Writ

{a) .

(b) .

(c) .

(d) .

(e) .

of Assistance. Rule 3:1. Matters Not Covered by These Rules. Lile, Writ of Assistance. § 8.01-426. "Judgment" Includes Decree. § 8.01-470. Writs on Judgments for Specific Property. § 8.01-127.1. Removal of Detainer Actions.

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\ .J.. J • 1•1UUC.L.L.L 1•1c 1..-llUU.-=> UJ. ft.~ ~.l.~ l.c:lllCe.

McClure Grocery Co. Inc. vs. Watson, 148 Va. 601, 139 S.E~ 288 (1927). Smith vs. Jones. Decided in 1995, but not designated for publication.

3. Contempts (Writ of Attachment). (a). Lile, Writ of Attachment; Process of Contempt. Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-11: Procedure in Contempt Cases. (b). Civil or Criminal? Local 333B, United Marine Div. of Int'l Longshoremen's Assc. vs. Com. of Virginia, at the relation of Virginia Ferry Corporation, 193 Va. 773, 71 S.E.2d 159 (1952). [FACTS IN CH. 13.] (c). Constitutional Issues. Kessler vs. Commonwealth, 18 Va~ App. 14, 441 S.E.2d 223 (1994) . (d). Contempt in Support of Commissioners and Receivers. Camden v. Virginia Safe Dep. Co., 115 Va. 20, 78 S.E. 596 (1913) . (e). How the Pressure Works. Bettius & Sanderson, P.C. v. National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA., 839 F.2d 1009 (4th Cir. 1988). (f) . A Command is Needed. French vs. Pobst, 203 Va. 704, 127 S.E.2d 137 (1962). (g). Invalid Orders. Local 333B, United Marine Div. of Int'l Longshoremen's Assc. vs. Com. of Virginia. (h). Punishment for Criminal Contempts.

4. Sequestration. (a). va. Code Ann. § 8.01-426. (b). Supreme Court Rule 2:19.

5. § 8.01-427. Persons entitled under decree deemed judgment creditors; execution on decree.

6. § 8.01-466. Clerk to issue fieri facias on judgment for money.

7. Order of Sale. (a). Lile: What is a judicial sale? (b). 8.01-462. Jurisdiction of equity to enforce lien of judgment; when it may decree sale. (c). Lile: By Whom Made. (d). 8.01-96. Decree for sale; how made; bond of commissioner.

(f). Upset B10S.

Moore v. Triplett, 96 Va. 603 (1899). (g). The Proceeds of Sale. Tyler v. Toms, 75 Va. 116 (1880).

8. Performance by Proxy. (a). §8.01-110. Appointment of Special Commissioner to Execute Deed, etc.; Effect of Deed. (b). Self Dealing by the Proxy. Hurt v. Jones, 75 Va. 341 (1881).

9. Asssignments for the Benefit of Creditors. (a). § 55-156. Recordation; Notice of Sale; Preferences Prohibited. (b). Typical Case. The Federal Land Bank of Baltimore vs. McCann, 174 Va. 30, 4 S.E.2d 742 (1939).

12.Creditor's Bills. (a). Lile § 423. Creditors' Bills, Proper Plaintiffs. (b). Lile § 424. The General Creditors' Bill. {c). § 8.01-463. Enforcement of Lien When Judgment Does Not Exceed Twenty Dollars. (d) . Lis Pendens. (e). The General Creditor's Suit is Sui Generis. Clark vs. George, 161 Va. 104, 170 S.E. 713 (1933).

13.Conveyances which Injure Creditors. (a). § 55-80. Void Fraudulent Acts; Bona Fide Purchasers Not Affected. [See Colonial Invest. Below.] (b). § 55-81. Voluntary Conveyances.

Abbott v. Willey, 253 Va. 88, 479 S.E.2d 528 (1997). {c). § 55-82. Creditor's Suits to Avoid Such Gifts, etc. (d). Burden of Proof. Colonial Investment Co., Inc. vs. Cherrydale Cement Block Co. Inc., 194 Va. 454, 73 S.E.2d 419 (1952).

CHAPTER 16CM

TRADITIONAL ANCILLARY REMEDIES

1. Accountings in Equity.

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b. Traditional Basis. Shield vs. Brown, 166 Va. 596, 186 S.E. 33 (1936) . c. Accounting at Law. Pereira vs. Moon, 146 Va. 225, 135 S.E. 672 (1926) . d. Fiduciaries. Simmons v. Simmons, 74 Va. (33 Gratt.) 451 (1880). Greenwood Asssoc. Inc. vs. Crestar Bank, 248 Va. 265, 448 S.E.2d 399 (1994).

2. Bill of Peace. Randolph's Administratrix v. Kinney, 24 Va. (3 Rand.) 394 (~825) .

4. Setting Up Lost Instruments. a. Statute on Lost Evidence. § 8.01-32. Action on Lost Evidences of Debt; Indemnifying Bond. b. Proving the Loss. Bickers vs. Pinnell, 199 Va. 444, 100 S.E.2d 20 (1957).

5. Equitable Mortgage (Vendee's Lien). Dulaney v. Willis, 95 Va. 606, 29 S.E.324 (1898).

6. Trusts. '· a. Express Trust.

Peal vs. Luther, 199 Va. 35, 97 S.E.2d 668 (1957). b. Resulting Trusts. Morris vs. Morris, 248 Va. 590, 449 S.E.2d 816 (1994). c. Constructive Trusts. Cooper vs. Cooper, 249 Va. 511, 457 S.E-.2d 88 (1995). Greenspan vs. Osheroff, 232 Va. 388, 351 S.E.2d 28 (198 [Correction of Misdeeds, the Trust de son tort.]

CHAPTER 17CM LIENS

1. Artisan's Liens and Security Interests. a. Example. § 43-33. Lien of Mechanic for Repairs. b. Secured Transactions and Liens. Checkered Flag Motor Car Company, Inc. vs. Grulke, 209 Va. 427, 164 S.E.2d 660 (1968).

2. Liens -- Attorneys: b. Common Law Lien - Regulatory Interpretation. LEO # 1544, (1993); Rule 1-16. Ending Representation.

XV

c . [NOT USED J d. Statutory Liens -- Perfecting Them. Fary vs. Aquino, 218 Va. 889, 241 S.E.2d 799 (1978). e. Statutory Liens -- Limitation. stevens vs. Sparks, 205 Va. 128, 135 S.E.2d 140 (1964). f. Contract Based Liens. univ. of Richmond vs. Stone, 148 Va. 686, 139 S.E. 257 (1927).

3. Mechanic•s Liens. a. Coverage. § ·43-33. Lien for Work Done and Materials Furnished; Waiver of Right to File or Enforce Lien. b. Strict Construction and Liberal Enforcement. American Standard Homes Corporation vs. Reinecke, 245 Va. 113, 425 S.E.2d 515 (1993). c. Remedy Against an Unlawful Lien. Rosser vs. Cole, 237 Va. 572, 379 S.E.2d 323 (1989).

CHAPTER 18CM

INJURIES TO REAL PROPERTY INTERESTS

1. Vindicating an Easement. (a). Necessary Parties.

Fairfax County Park Authority vs. Atkisson, 248 Va. 142, 445 S.E.2d 101 (1994). (b). Necessary Proofs.

Dillingham v. Hall, 235 Va. 1, 365 S.E.2d 738 (1988). (c). Negative Easements.

Prospect Development v. Bershader, 258/58, 515//291 (1999).

U.S. v. Blackman, 270 Va. 68 (2005). 2. Vindicating the Title and Regaining Possession.

(a). Ejectment Comes to Virginia. Suttle v. R.F.& P. Ry Co., 76 Va. 284 (1882). [In Chap. 3.]

(b). Modern Statutes: § 8. 01-131. Action of Ejectment Retained; When and by Whom Brought. § 8.01-132. What Interest and Right Plaintiff Must Have.

xvi

(1921). 3. Vindicating the Title.

(a). § 55-153. Removal of Cloud; Nature of Plaintiff's Title.

(b). Ancillary Remedies are Available. Bath Lumber Co. v. Back Creek Mountain Corp., 140 Va. 280, 125 S.E. 213 (1924).

4. Partition. (a). Compelling Partition.

§ 8. 01-81. Who May Compel Partition of Land; Jurisdiction; Validation of Certain Partitions of Mineral Rights.

(b). Practice in Divorce Follows Civil Code. Fitchett vs. Fitchett, 6 Va. App. 562, 370 S.E.2d 318 (1988).

(c). Partition Plus; Leonard vs. Boswell, 197 Va. 713, 90 S.E.2d 872 (1956).

xvii

"""..., ......... ,.... .. __ ..... _____ _ [Throughout the book.]

CHAPTER 20CM

DAMAGES

Substitutionary Remedies. a. The Goal in Tort Cases Between Individuals.

Edmund P. Naccash, M.D. vs. Joseph Burger, 223 Va. 406, 290 S.E.2d 825 (1992).

b. The Goal in Contract Cases. Kamlar Corporation vs. Jesse C. Haley, Jr., 224 Va. 699, 299 S.E.2d 514 (1983).

c. Emotionai Distress. Edmund P. Naccash, M.D. vs. Joseph Burger, 223 Va. 406, 290 S.E.2d 825 (1982).

Measurement of the Loss. a. Direct Damage -- Five Kinds in a Construction Contract.

C & P Telephone Co. of Va. vs. Sisson and Ryan, Inc., 234 Va. 492, 362 S.E.2d 723 (1987).

b. U.C.C. Positions. § 8.2-708. Seller's Damages for Nonacceptance or Repudiation. § 8.2-709. Action for the Price.

c. Executory Contract for Sale. Montauk Ice Cream Co. v. Daigger Co., 141 Va. 686, 695-705, 126 S.E. 681 (1925).

d. Direct Damage -- Breach of Warranty. Wharton, Aldhizer & Weaver v. Savin Corp., 232 Va. 375, 350 S.E.2d 635 (1986).

e. Direct Damage -- Lost Volume Sellers. Famous Knitwear Corp. v. Drug Fair, Inc., 493 F.2d 251 (4th Cir. 1974).

f. Trade Secrets and Breach of Confidence. American Sales Corp. vs. Adventure Travel, Inc., 862 F. Supp. 1476 (E.D.Va. 1994).

g. Direct Damages Proof of Market Price. Va. Code Ann. § 8. 2-723. Proof of Market Price; Time and Place. Williams vs. Snider, 190 Va. 226, 56 S.E.2d 63 (1949).

h. Lost Profits. Cancun Adventure Tours, Inc., vs. Underwater Designer Co., 862 F.2d 1044 (4th Cir. 1988).

xviii

j. ~COUO!ll.LC .i.JV::>::>t:::;:,.

Sensenbrenner vs. Rust, Or ling & Neale, Architects, ·Inc. and KDI Sylvan Pools, Inc., 374 S.E.2d 55, 236 Va. 419 (1988).

4. Consequential Damages. a. Va. Code Ann. § 8.2-710. Seller's Incidental Damages. b. Va. Code Ann. § 8.2-715. Buyer's Incidental and Consequential

Damages. c. Reprise to Hadley v. Baxendale.

Washington & Old Dominion Ry. v. Westinghouse Co., 120 Va. 620,91 S.E. 646 (on reh'ng 1917).

5. Prohibitions of and Formal Limitations on Damages. a. Contractual Prohibitions.

Envirotech Corp. v. Halco Eng'g, Inc, 234 Va. 583, 364 S.E.2d 215 (1988).

b. Legislative Restraints. Matthews v. Ford Motor Co., 479 F.2d 399 (4th Cir. 1973).

c. Liquidated Damages and Penalties. Taylor v. Sanders, 233 Va. 73, 353 S.E.2d 745 (1987). Va. Code Ann. § 8.2-718: Liquidation or Limitation of Damages; Deposits.

r Forseeability. a. In Contract Cases.

Richmond Medical Supply Co., Inc. vs. Robert W. Clifton 235 Va. 584, 369 S.E.2d 407 (1988).

b. Forseeability in Tort Cases (Proximate Cause). Tullock v. Hoops, 206 Va. 665, 145 S.E.2d 152 (1965). § 8.2-715. Buyer's Incidental and Consequential Damages.

The Duty to Mitigate Damages. Cancun Adventure Tours v. Underwater Designer Co., 862 F.2d 1044 (4th Cir. 1988) .] [Facts above.] Private Remedies and Public Law -- Punitive (Exemplary) Damages. a. Punitive Damages at Common Law.

Bowers vs. Westvaco Corporation, 244 Va. 139, 419 S.E.2d 661 (1992). O'Connell v. Bean, 263 Va. 176, 556 S.E.2d 741 (2002).

b. Punitive Damages in a Criminal Law Statute. Greenspan vs. Osheroff, 232 Va. 388, 351 S.E.2d 28 (1986).

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Town & Country Properties, Inc. vs. Riggins, 249 Va. 387, 457 S.E. 2d 356 (1995). § 38.2-1916.2. Penalties; Injunctive Relief; Restitution. d. Independent Tort in the Contract Case. [Worrie II from Ch. 1.] e. The Cap.

§ 8.01-38.1. Limitation on Recovery of Punitive Damages. 9. General Burdens of Proof.

a. Standard of Proof. Barnes v. Graham Virginia Quarries, Inc., 204 Va. 414, 132 S.E.2d 395 (1963).

b. Multiple Causation. Sachs vs. Hoffman, 224 Va. 545, 299 S.E.2d 694 (1983).

c. Shifting Burdens. Stohlman v. S & B Limited Partnership. [Facts below.]

d. Market Value and Contract Value. Stohlman vs. S&B Limited Partnership, 249 Va. 251, 454 S.E.2d 923 (1995).

10. Duty to Avoid Damages. a. Contributory Negligence.

Cody v. Norton Coal Co., 110 Va. 363, 66 S.E. 33 (1909). b. One Needn't Pour Good Money After Bad.

Stohlman vs. S&B Limited Partnership. [Facts above.] c. Contracting Away.

Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia vs. Sisson and Ryan, Inc. 234 Va. 492, 362 S.E.2d 723 (1987).

11. Avoiding Double Compensation. Tazewell Oil Company, Inc. vs. United Virginia Bank/Crestar Bank, 243 Va. 94, 413 S.E.2d 611 (1992).

12. Prejudgment Interest. (frm COSREM) § 21-11(a). Prejudgment.

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ATTORNEY FEE DISPUTES

1. Fee Awards. a. Statutory Sources. b. Fee Awards -- The American Plan.

City of Virginia Beach vs. Aetna Casualty and Surety Company, 426 F. Supp. 821 (E.D.Va. 1976).

c. Fee Awards -- Elements of Common Law Claim. Wood vs. Carwile, 231 Va. 320, 343 S.E.2d 346 (1986).

d. Fee Awards -- Elements and Limits. Tazewell Oil Co., Inc. vs. United Virginia Bank/Crestar Bank, 243 Va. 94, 413 S.E.2d 611 (1992). Conway vs. American National Bank of Danville, 146 Va. 357, 131 S.E. 803 (1926).

e. Fee Awards -- Proportionality. Grand Piano Co. v. Lewis, 179 Va. 281, 19 S.E.2d 86 (1942).

f. Fee Provisions in Private Contracts. Merchants and Planters Bank vs. Forney, 183 Va. 83, 31 S.E.2d 340 (1944).

g. Fee Awards -- Need for Proof. Wilson vs. Wilson, 18 Va. App. 193, 442 S.E.2d 694 (1994).

h. Fee Awards -- The "Common Fund" Rule. duPont vs. Shackelford, 235 Va. 588, 369 S.E.2d 673 (1988).

i. Fee Awards -- Standards and Burdens in Public Law Cases. Greenwald Cassell Associates, Inc. vs. Guffey, 19 Va. App. 179, 450 S.E.2d 181 (1994).

j. Collection Activities-- Intervention. Parten Paint and Drywall, Inc. v. Wells/Ashburn Venture, 29 Va.Cir. 117 (Loudoun 1992).

k. Know Who Is Your Client. Holland vs. Whitley, 158 Va. 115, 163 S.E. 349 (1932). 1. Statutory Liens -- Know Whether or Not You Are a Party.

McEwen Lumber Co. vs. Lipscomb Brothers Lumber Company, 234 Va. 243, 360 S.E.2d 845 (1987).

1. Interruption of Representation. Heinzeman v. Fine, Fine, Legum and Fine, 217 Va. 958, 234 S.E.2d 282 (1977).

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CHAPTER 22CM

BUSINESS TORTS

1. Common Law Injury to Business. a. Welcome to VA: Worrie and Baily, [ Worrie II ] vs. Boze, 198 Va. 533, 95 S.E.2d 192 (1956). [Facts in Chap. 1.] b. Adoption: Chaves v. Johnson, 230 Va. 112, 335 S.E.2d 97 (1985). c. Extension: Commercial Business Sys. v. Bellsouth Sers. Inc., 249 Va. 39, 453 S.E.2d 261 (1995). d. Distinctions. Richard Haigh and Norma· Haigh vs. Matsushita Electric Corporation of America, d/b/a Panasonic Co., et al., 676 F. Supp. 1332 (E.D. Va. 1987). e. Defenses. Cha v. Korean Preb. Church

2. Statutory Conspiracy to Injure a Business. a. Elements of the Statutory Tort.

Allen Realty and Tazewell Oil Co., Inc. vs. U.V.B.\Crestar Bank, 243 Va. 94, 413 S.E.2d 611 (1992).

b. Types of Conspiracies. Fedderman,

c. Type of Malice Required. Commercial Business Sys. v. Bellsouth Sers. Inc., 249 Va. 39,453 S.E.2d 261 (1995).

d. Damages. Commercial Business Sys. v. Bellsouth Sers. Inc., 249 Va. 39, 453 S.E.2d 261 (1995). [Facts above.]

e. Intracorporate Immunity Doctrine. Selman vs. American Sports Underwriters, Inc. , 697 F. Supp. 225 W.D.Va. 1988).

3. Interference with a Prospective Contract of Employment. Richard Haigh and Norma Haigh vs. Matsushita Electric Corporation of America,. d/b/a Panasonic Co., 676 F. Supp. 1332 (E.D. Va. 1987).

4. Covenants Not to Compete. a. Covenants Strictly Construed.

Clinch Valley Physicians, Inc. vs. Garcia, 243 Va. 286, 414 S.E.2d 599 (1992).

b. Tests for Enforcement of a Covenant.

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c. Proving the Claim is a must. J arne s v. Sa ks, 2 7 2 V a . 17 7 7 , ( 2 0 0 6) .

5. Breach of a Fiduciary Duty -- Corporate Officers and Directors. Giannotti vs. Hamway, 239 Va. 14, 387 S.E.2d 725 (1990).

6. Excessive Compensation. Giannotti vs. Hamway, 239 Va. 14, 387 S.E.2d 725 (1990). a. Related Party Transactions.

Giannotti vs. Hamway, 239 Va. 14, 387 S.E.2d 725 (1990). b. Inadequate Dividends.

Giannotti vs. Hamway, 239 Va. 14, 387 S.E.2d 725 (1990). c. Remedies.

Giannotti vs. Hamway, 239 Va. 14, 387 S.E.2d 725 (1990). d. A Final Word on Gianotti.

Retired Justice Gordon, dissenting. 7. Breach of A Fiduciary Duty-- Attorneys.

Pickus vs. Virginia State Bar, 232 Va. 5, 348 S.E.2d 202 (1986).

8. Breach of A Fiduciary Duty -- Employees. Avtec Systems, Inc. vs. Peiffer, 805 F. Supp. 1312 (1992).

9. Virginia Trade Secrets Act. Avtec Systems, Inc. vs. Peiffer, 805 F. Supp. 1312 (1992).

10.Respondeat Superior. Majorana v. Crown Pet. ll.Wrongful Discharge. Doss v. Jamco. 12.Negligence. Dudas and Skate America.

12a. Negligent Hiring or Retention. Simmons v. Baltimore Orioles, Inc., 712 F. Supp. 79, 81 (W.D. Va. 1989). 13.Business Invitees.

13a. Thompson ex rel. Thompson v. Skate America, 261 Va. 121, 128, 540 S.E.2d 123, 127 (2001).

13b. Taboada v. Daly Seven, 272 Va. 213, 636 S.E.2d 889 (2006) (Opinion on Sanctions). 14. 15 .Defenses to Tort Claims. Ponirakis v. Choi, 262 Va. 119, 125, 546 S.E.2d 707, 711 (2001).

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Chapter 23

PARTNERS AND PARTNERSHIP REMEDIES

[Paras. not numbered.] Changes to Remedial Structure and Appproach. Aggregates and Entities. Contract Remedies and Remedies Against Fiduciaries. Objective/Subjective Theories of Partnership. Constitution and Statute: Vested Interests.

A New Estate in 1918: Tenancy in Partnership. Types of Actions.

Actions Between and Among Partners. Actions on the Partnership Account. Actions for Indemnification and Other Reimbursements. Actions on Wrongful Dissociation.

Remedies on Breakup. New Remedies on Dissociation

Breach of A Fiduciary Duty. Agency Heritage.

Third Party Remedies Charging Orders

Successor Liability. Contracts. Torts.

Practice Aspects.

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