To be presented on 4th ACCP and 18th APPS conference Darwin; 27-29 April 2011
The work was facilitated by ACIAR-funded projects no. CP 2004/034 and CP 2005/136.
Catur Hermanto et al.Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research InstituteJl. Raya Solok – Aripan km 8, PO Box 5 Solok 27301West Sumatera – [email protected]
• Land potency for banana development and extension
• No irrigated land needed• Pioneer/cash crop for land
conservation• Staple food alternative
O
• Second crop• Varietal diversity• Low Info-tech come to farmers • Low quality• Low sharing price to farmer,
consequently, no incentive for additional input bared for technologies
• Loose in quarantine enforcement
• Pest complex • Competition for global market• Genetic depletion due to
deforestation
• High Genetic Diversity• Center of origin of banana
and the pests’ diversity• Adaptive• Multi function• Easy to growth
T
S W
BANANA IN INDONESIA
Riau Islands
Maluku
Gorontalo
Bangka Belitung
Central Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi
Jambi
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
West Sumatera
Yogyakarta Special Area
South Kalimantan
East Nusa Tenggara
Bali
North Sumatera
South Sumatera
Lampung
West Java
Mangosteen 72,634 (0%)
Mango, 1,621,997 (10%)
Durian, 747,848 (5%)
Citrus, 2,565,543 (16%)
Other fruits 6,125,636 (38%)
Banana, 5,037,472 (31%)
Banana production in Indonesia 2006 (ton)
East Java
Central Java
Banten
South Sulawesi
West Kalimantan
Methodology
• Field observation• Survey/interview• Sample collection• Isolation, characterization• conservation
Province
Province
ProvinceProvince
Province
Province
Province
Province
Regency
Regency Location
Location
15 – 25 respondents 15 – 25 samples
Survey and sample collection
MAJOR CONSTRAINT OF BANANA PRODUCTION
Pest13%
Drainage6%
Drought3%
Flood8%
Climate5%
Others2%
Weed10%
Labor3%
Information2%Cost6%
Technology5%
Price2%
Wind0%
Disease35%
FARMER PERCEPTION
MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES
Fusarium31%
None9%
Others1%
Stem rot0%
BDB23%
Moko0%
Sigatoka12%
Nematod1%
BBTV2%
Weevil borer15%
Leaf eater caterpillar
3%Xanthomonas0%
Muntaber0%
Tinasi3%
FARMER PERCEPTION
Banana Pests and Diseases 5 main islands of IndonesiaNo Pests and Diseases Sumatera Java Kalimantan Sulawesi Papua1 Fusarium wilt ++ to +++ ++ to +++ + ++ +2 Sigatoka leaf spot ++ ++ + ++ ++3 Cordana leaf spot + + + ++ +++4 Black cross disease - + - ++ +++5 Giant banana leaf
spot+
6 Blood disease +++ +++ +++ ++ ++7 Bacterial corm rot + + + pe +8 BBTV ++ +++ + + +9 Mosaic disease + pe - + +10 Nematode + + pe + pe11 Leaf roll + to +++ + to +++ + to +++ + to +++ n12 Thrips + + pe + +13 Fruit scab + to ++ + to ++ + to ++ + to ++ -
Banana Pests and Diseases 5 main islands of IndonesiaNo Pests and Diseases Sumatera Java Kalimantan Sulawesi Papua14 Fruit fly + pe - pe -15 Stem borer + to +++ + to ++ + + to ++ pe16 Corm borer + + + + pe17 Leaf eater weevil - + - - -18 Red and white ctpl - + - - -19 Plant hopper - - - - +20 Hemiptera - - + - -21 Mites Pe + - - +22 Termites - - + - -23 Nutrient deficiency Pe pe + pe -24 Herbicide phytotoxic - - pe - +25 Soil inundation - + + pe +
Remark: +, ++, +++ = consecutively from rare to frequently found- = not found during surveype = pest or case was not found during survey but predicted exist in the area
yellowing Vascular discoloration
Splitting
Malformation and pale of newly emerged leaf
Shortening internode
Corm discoloration
FUSARIUM WILT Incidence varied from 0.08 – 100%; average 23.99 + 14.41; Predicted annual loss 1.21 T IDR = 121 M USD
DISTRIBUTION OF FUSARIUM WILT IN INDONESIA
01213/160121801200124/5
01213/16012180123
01213/1601218 01213/16
01218
0126
012601230120
01213/1601219
01213/160126
01213/16
0126
VCG Diversity
01213/16
0121801219012101213/16
Wallace lineWeber line
Java and Sumatera:• 75% isolates originated• more VCG variation• Main banana population• High cultivar diversity
Eastern Indonesia:• Less VCG variation• Banana movement by people• Threat for PNG
• 8 VCGs, TR4 is everywhere• Difficult to judge biological lines due to free
movement of planting materials
Blood disease
Blood disease
Distribution map of BDB in Indonesia 2005
• Thoroughly distributed in almost all of production centers
• Leaf yellowing from the younger, fruit rot, male flower rot and wringkle, vascular discoloration
Sigatoka Leafspot(Mycosphaerella musicola/fijiensis)
• Distributed throughout of Indonesia• Mainly causes problem on banana cv. Manis, Mas, Muli and other desert
banana such as Amboh Hijau, Ambon Kuning, dll
• Distribution: Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara
• Transmission: infected seedling, Aphids• Dwarf, bunchy, narrow leaves, shortened internode, dark
green streak or dots on the minor vein on the lower portion of lamina, and form hook as they enter the midrib
BBTV
bacterial corm rot
• Was found in West Sumatera, Yogyakarta, Central Kalimantan, Papua on pisang Panjang, Kepok, Raja
• Wilting on candle leaf, soft rot and smelly on the central stem and pseudostem,
• No symptom on fruit,• Most probably associated with banana crom and stem borer
Cordana leafspot (Cordana musae)• Large, pale brown, oval to fusiform-shaped• Dark brown border surrounded by bright yellow halo• Associated with black cross disease• Problem in humid area of Papua• Mainly hit pisang Kepok (ABB Saba), and Raja (AAB)
• Endemic in Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Moluccas, Papua), recently found in East Java
• Mainly found on pisang Kepok (ABB Saba type), and pisang Raja (ABB)
A
B
C
Black cross disease(Phyllacora musicola)
Mozaic virus• Was found on pisang
‘Barangan’ • In Arso – Papua – Indonesia,
April 2007
North Sulawesi
Papua
Nematode• Was found in almost all banana production centers but not
complained by farmer. • Rotten root, restricted growth and unproductive
A B
C
A. Chlorosis of upper surface, B. dusty due to mite’s exufe, and C. massive mites on lower surface of banana leaf cv. ‘Barangan’, Arso – Papua – Indonesia, April 2007
Mites
Termite • Similar damage as caused by weevil borer• Has been found on Pisang Awak in swamp areas of
Central Kalimantan
Leaf blight on banana cv ‘Barangan’ found in Arso – Papua – Indonesia, suspected affected by soil inundation, April 2007
Soil inundation
Necrosis, chlorosis and malformation on banana leaves caused by intensive application of herbicides, Arso – Papua –Indonesia, April 2007
Herbicide phytotoxic
CONCLUSION
• Fifty eight percent of banana farmer respondents complained that pests , in general, as were the major constraint for banana farm;
• Fusarium wilt, blood disease and banana weevil borer were the top three pest/disease problems among 14 pests and diseases mentioned by the farmers;
• Actual field observation found 27 pests, diseases, and disorders associated with banana cultivation;
• Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), and bacterial corm rot in association with weevil were considered as serious potential threats for banana industry in Indonesia after hit of blood disease and Fusarium wilt.