Causes of Blindness Worldwide

Carmen LeyvaVicki Herrin

Hampton Huddleston

48%

12%9%

5%

5%4%

4%

0%13%

Cataract

Glaucoma

AMD

Corneal Opacities

Diabetic retinopathy

Childhood blindness

Trachoma

Onchocerciasis

Others

Global causes of blindness as a percentage of totalblindness in 2002

CataractsA cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, which lies behind the iris and the pupil. The lens works much like a camera lens, focusing light onto the retina at the back of the eye. The lens also adjusts the eye's focus, letting us see things clearly both up close and far away.The lens is mostly made of water and protein. The protein is arranged in a precise way that keeps the lens clear and lets light pass through it.

Three Types:Subcapsular cataractNuclear cataractCortical cataract

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http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts.htm

An intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted in the eye in place of the clouded natural lens.

In India alone, there is a backlog of 9.3 million people waiting for cataract surgery.

http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/cata%20djib%2096.JPG

GlaucomaGlaucoma refers to a category of eye disorders often associated with a dangerous buildup of internal eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP), which can damage the eye's optic nerve that transmits visual information to the brain.

With untreated or uncontrolled glaucoma, you might eventually notice decreased ability to see at the edges of your vision (peripheral vision). Progressive eye damage could then lead to blindness.

Glaucoma creates at least some vision loss in more than half of the approximately 2.5 million Americans estimated to have the eye disease and is the second leading cause of blindness.

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http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma.htm

In ophthalmology, tonometry is the procedure eyecare professionals perform to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the fluid pressure inside the eye.

Tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

Macular DegenerationMacular Degeneration is the progressive deterioration of the macula, the light-sensitive cells of the central retina, at the back of the eye.

As the macular cells malfunction and die, central vision becomes gray, distorted and is eventually lost. Peripheral vision does not become affected.

The macula contains the highest concentration of photosensitive cells

Fine detail vision and critical color vision are located in the macula.

The macula depends on nutrient diffusion from the choroid layer. Anything that interferes with this nutrient supply can lead to MD

Macular Degeneration

Most CommonAge-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

It typically affects people age 50+

It is the 3rd cause of blindness in the world accounting for 9% of all blindness

Number of individuals affected is expected to double by the year 2020 as a result of ageing

Macular Degeneration

Causes of Age-Related Macular DegenerationAgingObesity and InactivityHeredityHigh Blood Pressure (Hypertension)SmokingLighter Eye ColorDrug Side Effects

Macular Degeneration DiagnosedAlthough vision loss is irreversible, early detection of MD may slow the progression of dry to wet AMD

Macular Degeneration

Tests used: Eye Exam Amsler Grid Test Fluorescein Angiography Indocyanine Green Angiography

(IGCA) Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Genetic Testing

Treatment For Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Anti-angiogenic Therapy (injectable drug treatment

Photocoagulation (laser surgery)Photodynamic Therapy (injectable

drug treatment)Submacular Hemorrhage Displacement Surgery

Cystoid Macular Degeneration

Retinal Pigment Epithelial

detachment

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and it is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retinaIn some people with diabetic retinopathy, blood vessels may swell and leak fluidIn other people, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina

Diabetic Retinopathy

Stages of Diabetic RetinopathyMild Nonproliferative RetinopathyModerate Nonproliferative RetinopathySevere Nonproliferative RetinopathyProliferative Retinopathy

Causes of Diabetic RetinopathyProliferative Retinopathy, the most advanced state of the diseaseMacular Edema, where fluid can leak into the center of the macula, causing swelling

Diabetic Retinopathy

How is Diabetic Retinopathy Treated

No treatment is needed during first 3 stages unless there is macular edema. Important to control levels of blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol to prevent progression

If Needed:

Laser SurgeryInjection of Triamcinolone into the eyeVitrectomy

Diabetic Retinopathy

•It is the 4th cause of blindness in the world accounting for 5% of all blindness (1.8 million persons)• At least 171 million people worldwide have diabetes and this number is likely to increase more than double by 2030 to 366 million•After 15 years about 2% of persons with diabetes will become blind and 10% will develop severe visual loss•After 20 years more than 75% will have some form of diabetic retinopathy

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Global estimate of visual Impairment, by WHO region, 2002

Population of African Region: 672.238 millionNo. Of Blind People: 6.782 millionNo. With low vision: 19.996 millionNo. With visual Impairment: 26.778 million

Population of the Americas: 852.551 millionNo. Of Blind People: 2.419 millionNo. With low vision: 13.116 millionNo. With visual Impairment: 15.535 million

Population of the Eastern Med. Region: 1717.536 millionNo. Of Blind People: 9.312 millionNo. With low vision: 32.481 millionNo. With visual Impairment: 41.793 million

Global estimate of visual Impairment, by WHO region, 2002

Population of European Region: 877.886 millionNo. Of Blind People: 2.732 millionNo. With low vision: 12.789 millionNo. With visual Impairment: 15.521 million

Population of Souteast Asia Region: 1590.832 millionNo. Of Blind People: 11.587 millionNo. With low vision: 33.496 millionNo. With visual Impairment: 45.083 million

Population of the Western Pacific Region: 502.823 millionNo. Of Blind People: 4.026 millionNo. With low vision: 12.444 millionNo. With visual Impairment: 16.469 million

Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002Serge Resnikoff,1 Donatella Pascolini,2 Daniel Etya’ale,3 Ivo Kocur,3 Ramachandra Pararajasegaram,4Gopal P. Pokharel,3 & Silvio P. Mariotti3

ReferencesMacular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.answers.com/topic/macular- degenerationAge-Related Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd.htmMacular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/macular-degeneration/Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy Facts About Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.aspWhat is Vision 2020? (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WHATVISION202010 facts about blindness and visual impairment (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_facts/en/index.htmlMacular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.answers.com/topic/macular-degenerationAge-Related Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd.htm

Referenceshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjaYUxZ9rSU&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k660bCERJXk&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZoVXG-3Ke4&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_FhSo5vNB4&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts.htmhttp://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma.htmMacular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.mayoclinic.org/macular-degeneration/Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy Facts About Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 fromhttp://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.aspWhat is Vision 2020? (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 fromhttp://vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WHATVISION202010 facts about blindness and visual impairment (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_facts/en/index.html

ReferencesAMD is the commonest cause of blindness in industrialized countries http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBAGERELMUSCDEGDiabetic retinopathy is responsible for 4.8% of the 37 million cases of blindness due to eye diseases http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBDIEBETIC