Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes Science meets Dharma Sibylle Menet translated by Tenzin Choekyi Page 6 Causes of Earthquake – The Drifting Continents Å-»ô¤-HÛ-Aïmü JÀÛP-Vïm-D-xôGÅ-‚ô ¾ -zü The Earthʼs crust is made up of plates º ² ¤-JÀÛP-Å-Á Ý m-mÛ-Å- ¼ Û¤-HÛ-Oæz-q- ¼ ïhü The Earth’s crust is made up of moving plates which carry the continents. The plates only move about 1cm a year. JÀÛP-Vïm-n¤Å-mÛ-º²¤-JÀÛP-Å-ÁÝm-ºGݾ-zŸÛm-»ôh-qºÛ-Å-¼Û¤-HÛ-Oæz-q-¼ïhü ¾ô-ŸÛG-mP-Å-¼Û¤-G»ô- ºGݾ- Åm-=Û-¤Û-=¼-GTÛG-®¤- ‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü The continents once formed a single, huge land mass JÀÛP-Vïm-n¤Å-Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-m-Å-GŸÛ-GôP-z Þ -ŸÛG-GÛ-Oæz-q- ¼ ïhü It is thought that, about 200 million years ago, the continents were all joined together in one enormous land mass. Gradually, it began to break apart. First, the piece of land, which was to become Europe, broke away from the piece, which was to become North America. Later, South America and Africa began to split apart. Between them, The Atlantic Ocean formed. ¾ô- Å-»- 200 ÇSôm-¾-JÀÛP-Vïm-n¤Å-Å-GŸÛ-GôP-zÞ-È- TP-Vïm-qô-±P-¤-¿Ëm-GTÛG-hÝ-¤fÞh-q-»Ûm-qºÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-‚ãP-»ôhü ¼Û¤-q-zŸÛm-hï-hݤ-zÞ¼-f-hh-hÝ- ºfô¼-z-¼ïhü hݤ-zÞ-hï-fïP-hP-qôºÛ-»ô-¼ôz-M¾-Dz-VGÅü hï-mÅ-hݤ-zÞ-VGÅ-q-hï-mÛ-‚P-Í-¤Û-¼Û;- VGÅü XïÅ-ÅÞ-¿Ëô-Í-¤Û-¼Û;-hP-Í-w-¼Û;-GZÛÅ-f-hh-hÝ-D-ºGG-VGÅ-q-¼ïhü hïºÛ-hz¼-hÝ-Í-=-¾m- =Û;-M-¤±ô-Oæz-q-¼ïhü The continents are still moving today JÀÛP-Vïm-n¤Å-hïP-ÅP-h-h Ý P-G»ô-ºG ݾ -‚ïh-zŸÛm-»ôhü The continents are still moving. They move very slowly – around 1 centimetre per year. This movement is called the Continental Drift. America is moving away from Europe and Africa. India is moving northwards, pushing into Asia. The forces generated by this movement are pushing up the Himalayan Mountains. Africa is swinging slowly clockwise. Eventually, it may swing right up to touch Spain, closing off the Straits of Gibraltar. This movement is also widening the Rift Valleys in the north and east of Africa. Geologists predict that these valleys will get wider and wider, eventually becoming new oceans. JÀÛP-Vïm-»ôPÅ-ôGÅ-h-hÝP-ºGݾ-Bôh-‚ïh-zŸÛm-»ôhü hï-±ôºÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-mÛ-È-TP-VßP-PÞ-hP-¾ô-¼ï¼-mP- Åm-=Û-¤Û-=¼-GTÛG- ®¤-HÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-¾-JÀÛP-Vïm-D-xôGÅ- ‚ô ¾ -z- ¸ï¼ü Í-¼Û-mÛ-»ô-¼ôz-hP-Í-w-¼Û;-mÅ-ºGݾ-mÅ-fG-¼ÛP-ºIô-zŸÛm-»ôhü M-G¼-mÛ-Íï-ÁÛ-»-
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Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
Causes of Earthquake – The Drifting Continents Å -» ô ¤ -H Û - A ï m ü J À Û P - V ï m - D - x ô GÅ - ‚ ô¾ - z ü The Earthʼs crust is made up of plates º²¤ -J À Û P - Å - Á Ým - m Û - Å -¼ Û ¤ - H Û - O æ z - q -¼ ï h ü The Earth’s crust is made up of moving plates which carry the continents. The plates only move about 1cm a year. JÀÛP-Vïm-n¤Å-mÛ-º²¤-JÀÛP-Å-ÁÝm-ºGݾ-zŸÛm-»ôh-qºÛ-Å-¼Û¤-HÛ-Oæz-q-¼ïhü ¾ô-ŸÛG-mP-Å-¼Û¤-G»ô-ºGݾ- Åm-=Û-¤Û-=¼-GTÛG-®¤- ‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü The continents once formed a single, huge land mass J À Û P - V ï m - n¤Å -Ç + zÅ - Á Û G - m - Å -GŸ Û - G ô P - z Þ - Ÿ Û G -G Û - O æ z - q -¼ ï h ü
It is thought that, about 200 million years ago, the continents were all joined together in one enormous land mass. Gradually, it began to break apart. First, the piece of land, which was to become Europe, broke away from the piece, which was to become North America. Later, South America and Africa began to split apart. Between them, The Atlantic Ocean formed. ¾ô- Å-»- 200 ÇSôm-¾-JÀÛP-Vïm-n¤Å-Å-GŸÛ-GôP-zÞ-È-
TP-Vïm-qô-±P-¤-¿Ëm-GTÛG-hÝ-¤fÞh-q-»Ûm-qºÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-‚ãP-»ôhü ¼Û¤-q-zŸÛm-hï-hݤ-zÞ¼-f-hh-hÝ-ºfô¼-z-¼ïhü hݤ-zÞ-hï-fïP-hP-qôºÛ-»ô-¼ôz-M¾-Dz-VGÅü hï-mÅ-hݤ-zÞ-VGÅ-q-hï-mÛ-‚P-Í-¤Û-¼Û;-VGÅü XïÅ-ÅÞ-¿Ëô-Í-¤Û-¼Û;-hP-Í-w-¼Û;-GZÛÅ-f-hh-hÝ-D-ºGG-VGÅ-q-¼ïhü hïºÛ-hz¼-hÝ-Í-=-¾m-=Û;-M-¤±ô-Oæz-q-¼ïhü The continents are still moving today J À Û P - V ï m - n¤Å - h ï P - ÅP - h - h ÝP -G» ô - ºG Ý ¾ - ‚ ï h - zŸ Û m -» ô h ü The continents are still moving. They move very slowly – around 1 centimetre per year. This movement is called the Continental Drift. America is moving away from Europe and Africa. India is moving northwards, pushing into Asia. The forces generated by this movement are pushing up the Himalayan Mountains. Africa is swinging slowly clockwise. Eventually, it may swing right up to touch Spain, closing off the Straits of Gibraltar. This movement is also widening the Rift Valleys in the north and east of Africa. Geologists predict that these valleys will get wider and wider, eventually becoming new oceans. JÀÛP-Vïm-»ôPÅ-µμôGÅ-h-hÝP-ºGݾ-Bôh-‚ïh-zŸÛm-»ôhü hï-±ôºÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-mÛ-È-TP-VßP-PÞ-hP-¾ô-¼ï¼-mP- Åm-=Û-¤Û-=¼-GTÛG- ®¤-HÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-¾-J À Û P - V ï m - D - x ô GÅ -‚ ô¾ - z - ¸ï¼ü Í-¼Û-mÛ-»ô-¼ôz-hP-Í-w-¼Û;-mÅ-ºGݾ-mÅ-fG-¼ÛP-ºIô-zŸÛm-»ôhü M-G¼-mÛ-Íï-ÁÛ-»-
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
¾-ºwÞ¾-mÅ-‚P-xôGÅ-¾-ºGݾ-Bôh-ˆÛ-»ôhü G»ô-ºGݾ-ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-ÁÝGÅ-Aïm-HÛ-ÈÛ-¤-¾»ºÛ-¼Û-Mãh-n¤Å-»¼-ºzÞh-MG-q-¼ïhü Í-wÛ-¼Û;-mÛ-h¾-qôºÛ-PP-mÅ-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-D-xôGÅ-G»Å-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-ºHã¼-HÛ-»ôhü ¤fº-¤ºÛ-ºƒÅ-zÞ-hï-¾-ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-D-xôGÅ-G»Å-ÅÞ-ºHã¼-mÅ-ÅÛ-qm-¾-fÞG-mÅ-Gibraltar-ºfÞh-»Þ¼-ÇKô-Mz-ºIô-»Û-»ôhü ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-HÛ-‚P-Á¼-Í-wÛ-¼Û;- ¼ôP-GÁôPÅ-M-Vï-¼Þ-GbôP-HÛ-»ôhü Å-GÁÛÅ-hrh-ŸÛz-qÅ-¾ÞP-Çeôm-mÛ-¾ÞP-ÁôPÅ-M-Vï-¼Þ-ºIô-mÅ-¤fº-¤ºÛ-ºƒÅ-zÞ-¾-M-¤±ô-Gż-q-ŸÛG-VGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïh-¸ï¼-»ôhü World plate boundaries: The arrows show the direction of movement of the plates. º²¤-JÀÛP-Å-¼Û¤-HÛ-Å-¤±¤Åü ¤hº-dGÅ-n¤Å-ˆÛ-Å-¼Û¤-G»ô-ºGݾ-D-xôGÅ-Çeôm-HÛ-»ôhü
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
Todayʼs Movements in the Earth h ï P - Ç + zÅ - º²¤ -J À Û P - m P -¾ - G» ô - ºG Ý ¾ ü The shape and surface of the Earth is altered by movements in its crust. The movement causes earthquakes and volcanoes and pushes up mountain ranges. The map shows where there are volcanoes and major earthquakes. You can see that they appear in certain places a lot but not at all in others. º²¤-JÀÛP-xÛºÛ-PôÅ-hP-G¸ÞGÅ-h‚ÛzÅ-mÛ-Å-ÁÝm-G»ô-ºGݾ-HÛ-zXï-Nå¼-GbôP-HÛ-»ôhü G»ô-ºGݾ-HÛ-Aïm-Å-»ô¤ü ¤ï-¼Û-hP-¼Û-Mãh-n¤Å-»¼-ºwÞ¾-MG-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü Å-FÅ-mP-¤ï-¼Û-hP-Å-»ô¤-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-z-n¤Å-Çeôm-»ôhü Eïh-ˆÛ-Å-V-PïÅ-Tm-D-ÁÅ-¾-Å-»ô¤-hP-¤ï-¼Û-n¤Å-¤P-qô-»ôh-q-Gž-z-¤fôP-fÞz-q-hP-»Ûm-m-»P-±P-¤-¾-hï-±ô-¤Ûm-q-¼ïhü
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
Plate boundaries Å -¼ Û ¤ - H Û - Å - ¤±¤Å ü The map shows that most earthquakes and volcanoes appear where two plates meet or at the plate boundaries. When two plates join, enormous forces may be generated. This can create earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains and trenches. There are three types of plate boundaries: Plates are moving apart, plates are colliding head on and plates sliding past each other. Å-F-mP-Å-»ô¤-hP-¤ï-¼Û-w¾-Vï-z-n¤Å-mÛ-Å-¼Û¤-GZÛÅ-¤fÞG-qºÛ-Å-V-»P-mÛ-Å-¼Û¤-Å-¤±¤Å-¾-»ôh-q¼-Çeôm-HÛ-ºhÝGü Å-¼Û¤--GZÛÅ-Çkïz-hÝÅ-È-TP-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-zCæm-HÛ-»ôhü ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-Aïm-HÛ-Å-»ô¤ü ¤ï-¼Ûü ¼Û-hP.ü Å-hôP-VGÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-¼ïhü Å-¼Û¤-Å-¤±¤Å-¼ÛGÅ-GÅÞ¤-»ôh-¼ïhü Å-¼Û¤-n¤Å-f-hh-hÝ-G»ô-ºGݾ-zü Å-¼Û¤-n¤Å-GhôP-fÞG-MG-qü Å-¼Û¤-n¤Å-wm-±ßm-ÁÝh-ºIôÅ-‚ïh-qü A) Plates are moving apart Å -¼ Û ¤ - n¤Å - f - h h - h Ý - G» ô - ºG Ý ¾ - z ü Running the whole length of the Atlantic Ocean is a junction between two plates. These plates are moving apart in the middle of the oceans. Hot liquid magma from inside the Earth pours out through the gap. It solidifies on the sea bed and forms new oceanic crust. Í-=-¾m-=-M-¤±ô-¼ÛP-±h-»ôPÅ-µμôGÅ-mÛ-Å-¼Û¤-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-¤fÞh-¤±¤Å-»Ûmü M-¤±ô-hˆÛ¾-hÝ-Å-¼Û¤-f-hh- hÝ-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü ÇeôP-V-mÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-mP-ºôG-mÅ-GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-ƒG-lô-ŸÝm-¥G-±-zô-xÛ-¾-ºhôm-HÛ-»ôhü ƒG-lô-ŸÝm-¥G-¤FïGÅ-lô-M-¤±ôºÛ-¤fÛ¾-ŸzÅ-¾-VGÅ-q-hP-M-¤±ôºÛ-Å-ÁÝm-Gż-q-Oæzü
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
B) Plates are colliding head on Å -¼ Û ¤ - n¤Å -Gh ô P - f ÞG -MG - q ü Collision between an oceanic and continental plate M -¤± ô º Û Å -¼ Û ¤ - h P - J À Û P - V ï m - Å -¼ Û ¤ - n¤Å - hz¼ - G h ô P - f ÞG -q ü
As the oceanic plates move outwards, they collide with the continental plates. So when they collide, the oceanic crust is forced below the continental crust. Places where this happens are often found along the west coast of South America. M-¤±ôº-ÛÅ-¼Û¤-xÛ-¾ôGÅ-ºGݾ-Bôh-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü hï-±ô-JÀÛP-Vïm-HÛ-Å-¼Û¤-¤Z¤-hÝ-GhôP-fÞG-HÛ-»ôhü hï-ºi-ÅôP-®P-hï-GZÛÅ-¤fÞG-hÝÅ-M-¤±ôºÛ-Å-ÁÝm-mÛ-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-JÀÛP-Vïm-HÛ-Å-ÁÝm-ºôG-bà-Áô¼ü hï-¿e-zÞ-º‚ãP-Å-mÛ-¿Ëô-Í-¤ï-¼Û;-mÝz-xôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤±ô-ºI¤-hÝ-»P-ÆÛh-½‰ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü The forces produced by these enormous masses of rock pushing under one another can generate earthquakes. Earthquakes happen when a force builds up to a point where one body of rock suddenly moves past another. Many of the world’s earthquakes happen here. lô-GôP-zÞ-È-TP-Vïm-qô-GTÛG-GÛ--GTÛG-¾-ºwÞ¾-z¼-‚Å-mÅ-ÁÝGÅ-z¸ô-zCæm-qºÛ-Aïm-Å-»ô¤-º‚ãPü Å-Çoï-ŸÛG-¾-ÁÝGÅ-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-lô-G¸ÞGÅ-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-GŸm-ŸÛG-¾-ºyh-mÅ-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚Å-qºÛ-Aïm-Å-»ô¤-»ôPü º²¤-JÀÛP-Å-»ô¤-¤P-z-mÛ-hï-¾-º‚ãP-HÛ-»ôhü
West Coast of South America
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
The continental crust above is pushed upwards. It folds and crumples, forming mountain chains. This is how the Andes were formed. GôP-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-JÀÛP-Vïm-Å-ÁÝm-mÛ-»¼-ºwÞ¾-MG-‚ïhü JÀÛP-Vïm-Å-ÁÝm-¿eïz-¯ïG-hP-ºDÞ¤-mÅ-¼Û-Mãh-n¤Å-VGÅü AndesŸïÅ-qºÛ-¼Û-Mãh-ºhÛ-¿e¼-VGÅ-q-¼ïhü The Andes Mountains
When the oceanic crust is pushed below the continental crust, it becomes very hot. The rocks melt. When they melt, they expand and push their way up to the surface. This is how volcanoes are formed. M-¤±ôºÛ-Å-ÁÝm-JÀÛP-Vïm-Å-ÁÝm-ºôG-¾-ºwÞ¾-MG-hÝÅ-M-¤±ôºÛ-Å-ÁÝm-hï-Ÿï-iG-±-zô-VGÅü lô-n¤Å-zŸÝ¼ü hï-±ô-zŸÝ¼-mÅ-M-Bïh-xÛm-q-hPxÛ-PôÅ-¾-»¼-ºwÞ¾-z¼-‚ïhü ¤ï-¼Û-n¤Å-ºhÛ-¿e¼-OæzÅü
Mount Saint Helens, erupted 1980
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
Collision between continental plates J À Û P - V ï m - H Û - Å -¼ Û ¤ - h z¼ - G h ô P - f ÞG -q ü
If two plates of continental crust collide, one does not sink deeply under the other. But if they keep moving towards each other, one may push under the other. An example of two continental plates colliding is the movement of India into Asia. India has moved northwards, ramming into Asia and pushing beneath its surface. The force of this collision has pushed up the Himalayas. G¾-ÆÛh-JÀÛP-Vïm-HÛ-Å-ÁÝm-Å-¼Û¤-GZÛÅ-hGôP-fÞG-Mz-mü GTÛG-hï-GTÛG-GÛ-ºGô-¾-GbÛP-¸z-qô-ºfÛ¤-ˆÛ-¤ïhü G¾-ÆÛh-hï-±ô-wm-±ßm-¤Þ-¤fÞh-G»ô-ºGݾ-ºIô-GÛ-»ôh-mü GTÛG-hï-GŸm-ŸÛG-ºôG-¾-ºwÞ¾-z¼-‚Å-ÆÛhü hqï-mü JÀÛP-Vïm-HÛ-Å-¼Û¤-GZÛÅ-GhôP-fÞG-q-mÛ-M-G¼-Íï-Á»-xôGÅ-¾-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚Å-qÅ-¤±ômü M-G¼-mÛ-ºGݾ-Bôh-‚P-xôGÅ-‚Å-Íï-Á»-mP-hÝ-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-Çoôm-q-hP-xÛ-PôÅ-ºôG-m-ºwÞ¾-z¼-º‚ãPü ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-GhôP-fÞG-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÈÛ-¤-¾»-»¼-ºwÞ¾-MG-q-¼ïhü Mount Everest Himalaya
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
C) Plates sliding past each other - Å -¼ Û ¤ - n¤Å - wm - ± ß m - Á Ýh - ºI ôÅ - ‚ ï h - q ü
Some plates are moving sideways past one another. One place where this is happening is in California. Here, the Pacific Plate is sliding past the North American Plate. The boundary between them forms the San Andreas Fault. Å-¼Û¤-D-ÁÅ-wm-±ßm-ºyïh-¾-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü ;ï-¾Û-wô¼-mÛ»-Å-V-ŸÛG-¾-hï-ºi-º‚ãP-HÛ-»ôhü Å-V-hï-¾-qï-ÅÛ-wÛG-Å-¼Û¤-mÛ-‚P-Í-¤ï-¼Û;-Å-¼Û¤-wm-±ß¾-ÁÝh-ºIôÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü Å-¤±¤Å-hï-GZÛÅ-hz¼-hÝ-San Andreas¸ï¼-zºÛ-Å-lÛz-º‚ãPü San Andreas Fault
The plates do not move smoothly and steadily. Friction stops them moving. Then the forces build up to such strength that the plates suddenly jerk past each other. This causes an earthquake. There have been several large earthquakes in California caused by movement along this plate boundary. Å-¼Û¤-n¤Å-Mãm-zdïm-qô-hP-ºW¤-qôºÛ-PP-mÅ-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¤ïhü l¼-ÁÝh-ˆÛ-hï-±ô-G»ô-ºGݾ-¤±¤Å-GTôhü hï-mÅ-ÁÝGÅ-n¤Å-ˆÛ-hqÞP-ÁÝGÅ-ŸÛG-z¸ôÅ-qºÛ-Å-¼Û¤--wm-±ßm-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-zlz-ºFâG-º‚ãPü hïºÛ-Mã-Aïm-mÛ-Å-»ô¤- ‚ãP-q-¼ïhü ;ï-¾Û-wô¼-mÛ»-mP-¾-Å-»ô¤-Vïm-qô-D-ÁÅ-º‚ãP-»ôhü hï-±ô-Å-¼Û¤-Å--¤±¤Å-G»ô-ºGݾ-HÛ-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïhü
Earthquake in San Francisco 1906, (California, United States)
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused when the crust moves suddenly Å-»ô¤-n¤Å-mÛ-źÛ-Gô¾ºÛ-ÁÝm-q-¾-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-ºGݾ-zºÛ-Aïm-HÛ-‚ãPü Movements of the Earth’s crust are not smooth and steady. If parts of the Earth’s crust are moving past one another, something has to give. Usually, forces build up until something suddenly gives. The sudden movement causes an earthquake. º²¤-JÀÛP-HÛ-Å-ÁÝm-qºÛ-G»ô-ºGݾ-n¤Å-ºW¤-qô-hP-Mãm-zdïm-¤ïhü G¾-ÆÛh-º²¤-JÀÛP-HÛ-Å-ÁÝm-V-ÁÅ-n¤Å-ºGݾ-hÝÅ-GTÛG-GÛ-GTÛG-ºyh-hÝÅ-G-¼ï-»Ûm-mºP-vôh-hGôÅü uÛ¼-zbP-mÅ-TÛ-ŸÛG-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-¤-‚ãP-z¼-hÝ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-z¸ôÅ-zŸÛm-»ôhü hï-ºiºÛ-JÀô-zÞ¼-G»ô-ºGݾ-Aïm-HÛ-Å-»ô¤-‚ãPü
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
Major Earth quake may strike Himalayan region Å -» ô ¤ - Á ÝGÅ -V ï - Ÿ Û G - Ç À¼ - »P - È Û - ¤ -¾ - »º Û - Å - D Þ ¾ - h Ý - zMz -Æ Û h ü
Hyderabad: There is a strong possibility of another major earthquake, with a magnitude of over 8 on the Richter scale, striking the Himalayan region, a leading Seismologist warned. Hyderabad: Å-»ô¤-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-GŸm-ŸÛGü RichterfïG-ÁÛP-ÇKP-¾-Vï-VßP- 8 ¾Å-¤fô-z-ŸÛG-ÈÛ-¤-¾-»ºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-hÝ-lïG-ÆÛh-q-¼ïhü hï-mÛ-Å-»ô¤-zdG-ŸÛz-¤DÅ-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-Zïm-zl-‚Å-q-¼ïhü "An earthquake with a magnitude of over 8 is due and can happen anywhere as enough energy has accumulated over years," B K Rastogi, scientist at Hyderabad based National Geophysical Research Institute said. ¾ô-¤P-qôºÛ-ÇSôm-mÅ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-GÅôG-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛ-Å-»ô¤-Vï-VßP- 8 ¾Å-¤fô-z-ŸÛG-vôh-hÝÅ-¼m-qºÛ-GP-hÝ-»P-zMz-ÆÛh-q-¼ïhü M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-Å-GŸÛºÛ-hPôÅ-D¤Å-±m-¼ÛG-q-B K Rastogi- hrh-ŸÛz-±ôGÅ-Çkï-Hyderabad-mP-»ôh-q-hï-mÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q-¼ïhü Since the 1950 Assam temblor, which has a magnitude of 8.6, no major earthquake has occurred in the region though there is an enormous accumulation of strain due to tectonic activity, he revealed. xÛ-¾ô- 1950 Í-Ť-ºh¼-ºGݾ-hï-¾-Vï-VßP- 8.6 »ôhü Å-DÞ¾-hïºÛ-mP-tectonic activityÈ-TP-Vïm-qô-GÅôG-Aïm-G®ô-zô-mÛ-ºfïm-¿YÛh-»ôh-ˆP-Å-»ô¤-Vïm-qô-GP-»P-‚ãP-¤ïhü DôP-GÛÅ-Gž-zÁh-‚Å-q-¼ïhü The Himalayan zone is a highly active seismological region and has been devastated by four major earthquakes in the last 100 years. Of the 10 'hot spots' in the region from seismological point of view, earthquakes measuring over 8 on Richter scale struck at three places during the last 100 years. ÈÛ-¤-¾-»ºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-mÛ-Å-ºGݾ-È-TP-yâG-qô-»ôh-qºÛ-Å-GmÅ-ŸÛG-¼ïhü ¾ô-zM-yG-GTÛG-mP-Å-»ô¤-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-zŸÛÅ-Å-DÞ¾-ºhÛ-¯-Gbô¼-GbôP-z-¼ïhü Å-ºGݾ-hrh-¼ÛG-GÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-¾ü Å-V-Gmh-DG-Vï-z-zTß-mP-Richter scalefôG-±h-ºW¾-hÝÅ-Å-»ô¤-Vï-VßP-zMh-¾Å-zL¾-z-±¼-GÅÞ¤-Å-DÞ¾-hï¼-¾ô-zM-yG-GTÛG-mP-hÝ-lïG-q-¼ïhü The first one with a magnitude of 8 at Kangra in Himachal Pradesh has claimed 20,000 lives in 1905, the second one with 8.4 on the Bihar-Nepal border killed 34,000 people in 1934 and the third one measuring 8.6 in Assam in 1950 in which 1,500 people perished. fïP-hP-qô-hï-mÛ-ÈÛ-¤-T¾-ÇS-¿kïºÛ-mP-IôP-ºEï¼-Kangra¸ï¼-z-mP-Å-»ô¤-Vï-VßP- 8 xÛ-¾ô- 1905 ¾ô¼-MzÅ-q¼-zdïm-¤Û-ÇeôP-yG-GZÛÅ-zÁÝ-®¤-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅôP-z-¼ïhü GZÛÅ-q-hï-mÛ-xÛ-¾ô- 1934 ¾ô¼-ÇS-¿kï-zÛ-ȼ-hP-mï-q¾-Å-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-Å-»ô¤-Vï-VßP- 8.9 MzÅ-bï-¤Û-ÇeôP-yG-GÅÞ¤-zTß-GÅô-zŸÛ-
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
T¤-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïhü fïP-GÅÞ¤-q-hï-mÛ-xÛ-¾ô- 1950 ¾ô¼-Í-Ť-ÇS-¿kï¼-Å-»ô¤-Vï-VßP- 8.6 º‚ãP-Aïm-¤Û-ÇeôP-yG-GTÛG-hP-¿S-zM-®¤-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïhü "The Indian plate is moving northward creating stress inside Earth. Of the 5 cm that the Indian plate is moving northward, 2cm is in the Himalayan region," Rastogi stated. M-G¼-Å-¼Û¤-mÛ-º²¤-JÀÛP-źÛ-mP-ºôG-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-‚P-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü M-G¼-mÛ-Å-¼Û¤-Åm-=Û-¤Û-=¼- 5 ‚P-xôGÅ-¾-G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-q-hP-hï-mÅ-Åm-=Û-¤Û-=Û¼- 2 mÛ-ÈÛ-¤-¾-»ºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-G»ô-ºGݾ--‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü ºhÛ-mÛ-±m-¼ÛG-q-RastogiGÅÞPÅ-hôm-¼ïhü The recent earthquake that rocked Pakistan and parts of Jammu and Kashmir measured 7.6 on Ritcher scale and had released energy equivalent to 1,000 atom bombs. Zï-V¼-q-;ÛÅ-fm-hP-Jammu and Kashmir -ÇS-¿kïºÛ-V-ÁÅ-ÅÞ-Å-»ô¤-MzÅ-q-ºhÛ-mÛ-Ritcher scaleÇKP- 7.6 ºW¾-±h-»Ûmü hï-atom bombs. The destruction caused by the quake measuring over 8 can have disastrous impact and can flatten several cities. ÇeôP-yG-GTÛG-®¤-HÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-JÀôh-q-hP-¤±ßPÅü Å-»ô¤-±h-zMh-¾Å-¤fô-zºÛ-Gbô¼-zÁÛG-mÛ-Gbô¼-zÁÛG-iG-qôºÛ-Aïm-Pm-HÛ-M¾-Å-D-ÁÅ-¾ïz-¾ïz-z¸ôÅ-q-»P-‚ãP.ü Keeping in view the threat of major earthquakes facing millions of people living in Himalayan region and the Gangetic plains, the governments should step in to ensure usage of earthquake -resistant building material mandatory, the scientist stressed. Å-»ô¤-Vï-z-¤P-qôºÛ-ÈÛ-¤-¾-»ºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-hP- Gangetic plains¤Û-Å-»-¤P-qô-¾-Zïm-D-»ôh-qºÛ-¤fôP-ÇoP-zŸG-hGôÅü GŸÝP-HÛ-PôÅ-mÅ-Å-»ô¤-ºGôG-q¼-‚ïh-fÞz-¤Dm-HÛ-DP-q-z¯ïG-zdïm-HÛ-Mã-V-n¤Å-ºGm-ºDÞ¼-‚Å-mÅ-zïh-uôh-‚ïh-hGôÅ-q-ºhÛ-±m-¼ÛG-qÅ-mm-bm-GÅÞPÅ-q-¼ïhü There was also a need to deploy digital equipment in the North ad North Eastern states to provide early warning to citizens in vulnerable areas, he signed off. ‚P-hP-‚P-Á¼-ÇS-¿kïºÛ-mP-digital»ô-VÅ-ˆÛ-z;ôh-OÛG-GbôP-hGôÅ-q-hP-hï-mÛ-Å-»ô¤-Zïm-D-Vï-zºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-HÛ-»Þ¾-¤Û-n¤Å-¾-Zïm-zl-vôh-qºÛ-Vïh-hÝ-»Ûm-q-¼ïhü
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
1. Can scientists predict earthquakes according to this article? ±¼-ÁôG-hôm-±m-GŸÛ¼-z¸ÞP-±m-¼ÛG-qÅ-Å-»ô¤-ÇSôm-hqGÅ-‚ïh-fÞz-z¤ü
2. What is a seismologist? Å-»ô¤-zdG-ŸÛz-q-¸ï¼-m-ÅÞ-¼ïh-h¤ü
3. What is meant by ‘enough energy has accumulated over years’? ¾ô-¤P-qô-ÇSôm-mÅ-mÝGÅ-ÁÝGÅ-GÅôG-q-¸ï¼-m-G-hôm-GP-¼ïh-h¤ü
4. What is tectonic activity? Tectonic activity ¸ï¼-m-GP-¼ïh-h¤ü
5. Why is the Himalayan zone a highly active seismological region? ÈÛ-¤-¾-»ºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-mÛ-Å-ºGݾ-È-TP-yâG-qô-»ôh-qºÛ-Å-GmÅ-ŸÛG-¼ïh-¸ï¼-hGôÅ-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-GP-¼ïh-h¤ü
6. Where in the Himalayan region have major earthquakes happened during the last 100 years? ¾ô-zM-yG-GTÛG-mP-ÈÛ-¤-¾-»ºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-GP-hÝ-Å-»ô¤-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-MzÅ-ºhÝG-G¤ü
7. What should the government do against earthquakes? GŸÝP-PôÅ-mÅ-Å-»ô¤-ºGôG-q¼-‚ïh-fzÅ-ÅÞ-GP-‚ïh-hGôÅ-Ťü
Jangchub Choeling Nunnery October 2005 Earthquakes
Summary Earthquake Ç ‰ Û P - zÇ k ÝÅ ü Å -» ô ¤ ü Plate boundaries Å -¼ Û ¤ - Å - ¤±¤Å ü
Place Å -V ü
Effect ºƒÅ - z Þ ü
Handouts ºƒ Û - Á ô G ü
1) Plates are moving apart Å-¼Û¤-n¤Å-f-hh-hÝ-G»ô- ºGݾ-‚ïh-qü
Atlantic Ocean Íï-=-¾m-=Û;-M-¤±ôü
Mountains ¼Û-Mãhü Volcanoes ¤ï-¼Ûü
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2) Collision GhôP-fÞGü a) between two continental plates JÀÛP-Vïm-HÛ-Å-¼Û¤-GZÛÅ- hz¼ü b) between an oceanic and continental plate M-¤±ôºÛ-Å-¼Û¤-hP-JÀÛP-ym- HÛ-Å-¼Û¤ü
Himalaya (North India) ÈÛ-¤-¾-»ü(M-G¼-‚P-xôGÅü The Andes (West Coast of South America) The Andes (¿Ëô-Í-¤Û-¼Û-;-mÝz-xôGÅ-¤±ô-ºI¤ü)
Earthquake: a sudden, violent shaking of the earth’s surface. Earthquakes are happening at the plate boundaries, and are caused by the sudden
breaking and shifting of large sections of the rocky plates. Å-»ô¤ü º²¤-JÀÛP-PôÅ-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qô-h=âG-q-»P-m-ºGݾ-z-¾-Å-»ô¤-¸ï¼ü Å-»ô¤-n¤Å-Å-¼Û¤-Å-¤±¤Å-¾-‚ãP-HÛ-»ôhü hï-º‚ãP-zºÛ-Mã-¤±m-mÛ-ƒG-lô-Tm-HÛ-Å-
¼Û¤-hݤ-zÞ-Vïm-qô-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-VG-q-hP-GmÅ-Çtô-‚ïh-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛ-»Ûmü Volcano: a mountain with a large opening at the top through which gases and lava (hot
liquid rock) are forced out into the air, or have been in the past. ¤ï-¼Ûü ¼ÛºÛ-fôG-¾-ÍÛ-DÞP-Vïm-qô-»ôh-q-hï-mÅ-½ÀPÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-hP-ƒG-lô-ŸÝm-¥G-(GÁï¼-
G¸ÞGÅ-lô-±-zô)ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-xÛ-¾-Çeôm-q-hPü »P-m-ÇSôm-‚ãP-»ôh-q-ŸÛG-¾-¸ï¼ü Fault: a place where there is a break in the layer of rocks within the earth’s crust. Å-lÛzü º²¤-JÀÛP-Å-ÁÝm-HÛ-lôºÛ-¼Û¤-q-mP-¾-Åï¼-D-VGÅ-q-ŸÛG-¾-¸ï¼ü
