Cavite’s Impending Water Crisis: An Analysis
Prof. Noel A. Sedigo
Chair, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science
Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite
2017 Philippine Golf Course Management
Conference
Legislative Map of Cavite
The Province of Cavite is subdivided into three geographical areas:
A. Lowland AreasB. Central Hilly AreasC. Upland Areas
Lowland Areas
Central Hilly Areas
Upland Areas
Population Forecasts
Year 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Cavite Province 3,406,037 3,909,526 4,820,324 5,822,156 6,877,928 7,955,369 9,015,368
District I 329,830 354,733 395,785 436,989 476,431 513,209 546,331
District II 580,991 678,400 854,845 1,047,494 1,247,588 1,447,241 1,637,818
District III 329,611 372,498 444,242 514,503 578,071 631,182 670,846
District IV 630,447 715,571 862,870 1,015,214 1,164,211 1,303,477 1,426,936
District V 459,278 509,078 594,594 683,684 772,566 858,748 939,477
District VI 664,398 823,290 1,135,685 1,512,454 1,947,933 2,433,496 2,953,932
District VII 411,483 455,956 532,302 611,818 691,129 768,016 840,029
Population Projection Summary (in persons)
The Six Major River Watersheds in Cavite
THE SIX MAJOR RIVER WATERSHEDS IN CAVITE
Name of Watershed: BACOOR RIVER
WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: MUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY IMUS CITYBACOOR CITY
Name of Watershed: IMUS RIVER WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY MUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL
TRIASIMUS CITYMUNICIPALITY OF KAWITMUNICIPALITY OF NOVELETA
Name of Watershed: SAN JUAN RIVER WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: MUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY MUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL
TRIASIMUS CITYMUNICIPALITY OF KAWITMUNICIPALITY OF ROSARIOMUNICIPALITY OF NOVELETA
Name of Watershed: CAÑAS RIVER WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF AMADEOMUNICIPALITY OF SILANGMUNICIPALITY OF INDANGMUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL
TRIASTRECE MARTIRES CITY MUNICIPALITY OF TANZAMUNICIPALITY OF ROSARIO
Name of Watershed: LABAC-ALEMANG RIVER
WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF
MENDEZMUNICIPALITY OF
INDANGTRECE MARTIRES CITYMUNICIPALITY OF TANZAMUNICIPALITY OF NAIC
Name of Watershed: MARAGONDON RIVER WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF MENDEZMUNICIPALITY OF ALFONSOMUNICIPALITY OF INDANGMUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDOMUNICIPALITY OF MAGALLANESMUNICIPALITY OF NAICMUNICIPALITY OF MARAGONDONMUNICIPALITY OF TERNATE
PROJECTED POPULATION OF CAVITE PROVINCE (2012-
2040)
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
RE-CHARGE ZONE
BUFFER ZONE
GROUNDWATER
• Rainfall in the Philippines ranges from 1000 to 4000 mm per year.
• 1000 to 2000 mm are collected as runoff by natural topography (Greenpeace, 2007)
THE WATERSHED CONCEPT
RE-CHARGE ZONE
AQUIFER
46.1 24.3 32.9890.06
250.62
397.92
501.54468.12
413.94
251.92
85.4460.98
JAN FEB MARCH APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Average rainfall in Labac-Alemang River Watershed from 2009 - 2012
RAINFALL (mm)
WATER QUALITY STATUS OF IMUS RIVER
Name of Watershed: IMUS RIVER WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF SILANGDASMARIÑAS CITY MUNICIPALITY OF GENERAL
TRIASIMUS CITYMUNICIPALITY OF KAWITMUNICIPALITY OF NOVELETA
Water Quality Status of Imus River
2012 2013 2014 2015 DENR Criteria (Class C Waters)
BOD 12.0 9.5 9.7 13 7 (10) mg/LChlorides 759.7 761.1 698.5 1813 350mg/LDO
4.5 6.0 5.7 5.70minimum of
5mg/LPhosphate 2.169 1.105 1.225 1.585 0.4mg/LTSS 13 27 27 14 80mg/LTotal Coliform 160,000 247,578 164,586 95,021
5000MPN/100mL
FecalColiform 160,000 104,722 72,073 55,825
*Exceeded DENR Criteria for Class C water
WATER QUALITY STATUSLabac-ALEMANG RIVER WATERSHED
Name of Watershed: LABAC-ALEMANG RIVER
WATERSHED
Covered Cities/Municipalities: TAGAYTAY CITYMUNICIPALITY OF
MENDEZMUNICIPALITY OF
INDANGTRECE MARTIRES CITYMUNICIPALITY OF TANZAMUNICIPALITY OF NAIC
STATION LOCATIONDRY SEASON
STREAMFLOW(lps)
WET SEASONSTREAMFLOW
(lps)
A. Western Rivers
Poblacion II Brgy. Poblacion, Indang 57 130
Bulbok Prinsa Brgy. Calumpang, Indang 524 697
Labac Brgy. Balsahan, Naic 800 1100
B. Eastern Rivers
Saluysoy Brgy. Katapos, Indang 60 146
Ilat III Brgy. Palangue II & III, Indang 12 30
Alemang Brgy. Balsahan, Naic 621 830
Streamflow of Labac-Alemang River Watershed for dry and wet season (2015)
Physico-chemical characteristics of Labac-Alemang River (2015)
1
2
3
4
5
STATIONAVERAGE TOTAL COLIFORM
(MPN/100ML)May 2014 August 2014
1 1.60 x 104 3.53 x 106
2 2.40 x 104 3.70 x 104
3 2.10 x 104 3.53 x 106
4 1.80 x 104 6.37 x 104
5 1.07 x 105 3.53 x 106
“Environmental Assessment and Water Quality of Balsahan and Kay-Alamang Rivers of the Labac River
System at Naic, Cavite, Philippines”(2015)
Amyel Dale L. CeroMS Environmental Science
UPLB - SESAM
All values exceeded the total coliform limit for Class C waters of 5,000 MPN/100 mL.
Barangay Sabang
Barangay San Roque
Kay-Alamang River at Barangay Balsahan
Balsahan River at Barangay Balsahan
Near the middle of the stream towards the estuary
Microbiological characteristics of Labac-Alemang River (2014)
WATER QUALITY STATUSCAÑAS RIVER WATERSHED
STATION NAME OF STATION BOD DO PH TSS TOTAL
COLIFORMFECAL
COLIFORM
1 Julugan Wawa Hanging Bridge 4.75 4.86 7.75 25.17 350889.77 179817.18
2 Tejero Bridge 6.92 5.28 7.87 37.83 1389908.99 579809.93
3 Paradahan Bridge 7.08 5.88 8.01 28.67 2882433.41 1460793.98
4 Mag-asawang Layon Bridge 3.58 7.57 8.10 65.58 92443.95 28170.61
5 Patda Bridge 5.83 7.22 8.17 83.67 375408.05 272047.70
6 Panaysayan Bridge 3.33 7.38 8.18 26.50 296696.43 105771.32
Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of Cañas River (2014)
Water Supply and Demand Analysis for Cavite
Groundwater Availability
• The country has an extensive groundwater reservoir with am aggregate area of about 50,000 sq km.
• Several ground water basins are underlaid by about 100,000 sq km. of various rock formation (Greenpeace, 2007).
These resources are located in:•Northeast Luzon •Negros Island
•Central Luzon •Northeast Leyte
• Laguna Lake Basin •Ormoc-Kananga basin
•Cavite-Batangas-Laguna Basin
•Agusan-Davao basin
•Southeast Luzon •Occidental Misamis basin
•Mindoro Island •Lanao-Bukidnon-Misamisbasin
• As cited by Green Peace (2007), groundwater resources are continuously recharged by rain and seepage from rivers and lakes (PEM,2003; EMB, 2006)– Groundwater contributes 14 % of the total water
resource potential of the country.– The Philippines’ total available freshwater resource is at
145,900 MCM/year, and groundwater recharge or extraction at 20,000 MCM/year (NWRB-SPM,2003; PEM, 2003; ASEAN, 2005)
• Master Plan on Water ResourceManagement in the Philippines estimatethat only 1,907 cubic meters of fresh waterwould be available to each person each year,making the Philippines second to the lowestamong Southeast Asian countries with freshwater availability. (PEM 2003)
• 58% of groundwater that was sampled by NWRB-NWIN Project is found to be contaminated with coliform bacteria (Greenpeace, 2007).
Projected Water Demand by All Sectors
Year 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Domestic Water Demand 525 538 669 838 1,063 1,297 1,549
Agricultural Demand 1,094 1,090 1,087 1,077 1,074 1,077 1,089
Industrial Water Demand 122 136 160 172 184 188 192
Recreational Water Demand 12.02 12.45 13.03 13.46 13.90 14.47 15.17
Total Water Demand (MLD) 1,753 1,777 1,929 2,100 2,335 2,576 2,845
Water Supply (MLD) 618
Water consumption of municipalities in Cavite
CITY/ MUNICIPALITY
Recoverable Ground Water
Domestic Demand
Industrial Demand
Recreation Demand
Agriculture Demand
Total Groundwater Withdrawal
Surplus (Deficit)
District I
Cavite City 2.42 23.16 6.27 - 0.01 29.43 (27.01)
Kawit 2.75 16.93 1.66 0.21 0.69 19.49 (16.74)
Noveleta 1.15 8.09 0.05 - 0.74 8.88 (7.74)
Rosario 0.74 19.28 20.16 - 0.76 40.20 (39.46)
District II
Bacoor 5.13 98.52 0.42 - 2.58 101.53 (96.40)
District III
Imus 18.26 59.85 10.86 - 7.95 78.66 (60.40)
District IV
Dasmariñas 27.73 95.19 14.22 1.61 15.45 126.47 (98.74)
District V
Carmona 12.37 10.53 12.39 3.21 1.74 27.87 (15.50) Gen.Mariano Alvarez 3.51 22.01 0.48 - 0.72 23.21 (19.70)
Silang 91.31 35.52 15.95 0.90 25.59 77.96 13.35
District VI
Trece Martires 16.05 16.91 7.00 1.78 12.06 37.74 (21.70)
Amadeo 30.87 4.63 - - 2.39 7.02 23.85
Gen. Trias 26.78 40.04 27.80 1.75 14.57 84.16 (57.39)
Tanza 14.86 22.01 2.57 - 17.92 42.50 (27.64)
District VII
Tagaytay City 65.00 13.72 0.08 1.39 4.09 19.29 45.71
Alfonso 56.74 6.57 0.16 0.54 26.25 33.51 23.23
Gen. E. Aguinaldo 20.97 2.20 - - 6.08 8.28 12.69
Indang 52.71 8.53 0.10 - 4.18 12.82 39.89
Magallanes 32.26 2.16 0.81 - 9.42 12.39 19.87
Maragondon 43.03 4.39 - - 2.59 6.98 36.05
Mendez 14.67 4.34 - 0.06 2.75 7.15 7.52
Naic 24.19 8.93 0.99 - 3.20 13.13 11.07
Ternate 8.93 1.04 - 0.58 0.77 2.39 6.54
TOTAL 572.43 524.57 121.98 12.02 162.50 821.06 (248.63)
• Total recoverable groundwater potential is about 572 MLD while the total surface water available is 45 MLD or a total of 617 MLD.
• This translates into a deficit of 51 MLD by 2020for domestic water alone.
• It is estimated that the current supply from groundwater will be sufficient only up to 2018.
“Mathematical Modeling and Simulations of Water Resources in Cavite”
Guillermo Q. Tabios IIIInstitute of Civil Engineering & National Hydraulic Research Center, UP Diliman
Groundwater Availability Map of Southwest Luzon, Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas
Golf Courses in Cavite
• Eagle Ridge Golf & Country ClubBarangay Javalera, Gen. Trias, Cavite
• Manila Southwoods Golf & Country Club1 Southwoods Avenue, Cabilang Baybay, Carmona, Cavite, Southern Luzon
• Puerto Azul Beach and Country ClubBarangay Sapang, Ternate, Cavite City, Southern Luzon
• Riviera Golf and Country Clubalong Aguinaldo Highway in Silang near Tagaytay, Cavite
• Royale Tagaytay Country ClubE. Aguinaldo Highway, Buck Estate Alfonso, Cavite
• Sherwood Hills Golf ClubBrgy. Cabezas and Lailana, Trece Martirez City
Golf Courses in Cavite
• Splendido Taal Residential Golf & Country ClubTagaytay City
• Tagaytay Highlands International Highlands CourseTagaytay Highlands, Tagaytay City, Cavite, Philippines
• Tagaytay Highlands International Midlands courseTagaytay Highlands, Tagaytay City, Cavite, Philippines
• The Orchard Golf & Country ClubKm 27 E. Aguilnado Highway Dasmariñas, Cavite, Southern Luzon
Water Consumption of Golf courses
• A typical golf course requires 100,000 to 1,000,000 gallons (378.5 m3 to 3,785 m3) of water per week in summer to maintain healthy vegetation.
Water Conservation in Golf Courses
• Improved Grasses that Require Less Water• New Irrigation System Technologies• Best Management Practices• Alternative Water Sources• Golf Course Design
• Best Management Practices Selecting low-water-use turfgrasses,
groundcovers, shrubs and trees for use on the course Providing adequate levels of nutrients to the
turfUsing mulches in shrub and flower beds to
reduce water evaporation losses Using soil cultivation techniques
Water Conservation on Golf Courses
• Best Management Practices Improving water drainage Cycling irrigation sessions to ensure good
infiltration and minimize runoff.
• Alternative Water Sources Storage ponds to collect storm runoff water
that might otherwise be lost and wasted. Use of tertiary treated effluent from municipal
sewage treatment facilities. Use of brackish waters or even ocean water to
supplement other water sources.
Water Conservation on Golf Courses
• Golf Course Design Use of innovative designs Careful earth shaping and good drainage design is used to
collect runoff and sub-surface drainage water in on-site storage lakes.
Water-demanding landscape areas are held to a minimum, resulting in water savings of 50% or more
Golf course sites with poor or inconsistent soils are capped with a 6-inch layer of sand to allow uniform water infiltration and a significant reduction in water use by reducing runoff and avoiding over-application of irrigation water.
(Source: USGA)
Water Conservation on Golf Courses
• Storm Water Collection and Use– Collecting the storm water or rainwater on the building site (roof,
parking lot, hardscape, landscape, etc.) is one of the fastest growing strategies in the water conservation industry and green building efforts. There are three distinct advantages to this strategy:
– The collected water can be stored and then used to irrigate the landscape during drier months.
– The water collected is prevented from entering the storm water system, which is often overtaxed in urban areas resulting in flash floods.
– The pollutants from the building site (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, animal waste, automobile fluids, etc.) are prevented from being carried by storm water to streams, rivers, and other sensitive aquatic ecosystems.
“We will never know the worth of water till the well is dry.”
- Thomas Fuller
THANK YOU!