Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis

Ms. Garvin

US History I

Manifest Destiny 1840:

“The American claim is by the right of our manifest [obvious] destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and…….self – government entrusted to us.” John L. O’Sullivan

Americans in Texas

Early 1820s Mexico allowed American immigration into Mexico. Americans and Mexicans alike rushed at the chance of acquiring land.

Soon Anglo settlers surpassed Tejanos in Texas.

Anglo settlers lived as naturalized Mexican citizens.

Americans in Texas Stephan F. Austin

1830-1834: Anglo population doubled.

Austin won repeal on the prohibition on immigration.

1835: More than 1,000 Anglos each moth streamed into Texas.

1836: Population of Texas:

3,500 Tejanos 12,000 Native Americans 45,000 Anglos 5,000 African Americans

Americans in Texas

Great differences between Americans and Mexicans did not help matters.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

1835:Several rebellions broke out.

Texas Revolution began.

The Alamo

Battle of the Alamo

COMMANDANCY OF THE ALAMO, BEXAR, February 24, 1836.

FELLOW-CITIZENS AND COMPATRIOTS : I am besieged by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna. I have sustained a continued bombardment for twenty-four hours, and have not lost a man. The enemy have demanded a surrender at discretion ; otherwise the garrison is to be put to the sword, if the place is taken. I have answered the summons with a cannon-shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat. Then I call on you in the name of liberty, of patriotism, and of everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid with all despatch. The enemy are receiving reinforcements daily, and will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. Though this call may be neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible, and die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor and that of his country. Victory or death! "W. BARRET TRAVIS, Lieutenant-Colonel commanding.

Davy Crockett Jim BowieImagine Given the Choice of: Stay, Fight, Die or

Leave and Live!What would you do?

Survivor that was told to spread the word of the Alamo

to Texas!

In charge of the Alamo: One of the First to Die!

Texan Independence Goliad.

April 21, 6 weeks after Alamo, Texas struck back led by Sam Houston.

Battle of San Jacinto.

Treaty of Velasco

September of 1836: Sam Houston became the president of the Republic of Texas.

Lone Star Republic.

Texan Independence

1838: Texas invites the United States to annex the Lone Star Republic.

Debate on whether it will tip the balance of power to slave states or free states.

1845: Texas becomes the 28th state.

Territorial Disputes 1844: James K Polk

running for President: Slogan: Fifty-Four

Forty or Fight 1846: Reestablished

U.S. and Canadian border:

Current Border that still stands today.

Tensions Heighten

United States and Mexico on worse terms after the annexation of Texas in 1845.

Border Disputes:

Texas claimed that its southern border was the Rio Grande.

Mexico claimed its southern border was the Nueces River, 100 miles north of the Rio Grande.

War Begins Zachary Taylor at the Rio

Grande.

John C. Fremont led exploration party through Mexico’s Alta California province.

Polk sent a message to Congress stating that by shedding “American blood upon American soil” Mexico had started the war.

Polk immediately sends Colonel Stephen Kearney to march from Kansas to Santé Fe, New Mexico to seize NM and CA.

War……

Great American Generals U.S. also had

some of the nation’s best officers.

Captain Robert E. Lee and Captain Ulysses S. Grant

Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott

Still More War

Taylor attacked and captured Monterrey, Mexico in 1846. Scott’s forces took advantage of Mexicans’

weaknesses and captured Veracruz in March. Captured Veracruz in an amphibious landing and

attack.

Next, captured Mexico City on September 14, 1847.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1848 Border of Texas and

Mexico was the Rio Grande

New Mexico and California were now part of United States

Guaranteed Mexicans living in this area freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections, and open borders.

Wilmot Proviso

Wilmot Proviso

Fails in Senate but keeps popping up for years.

Election of 1848: Zachary Taylor is elected president.

The California Gold Rush 1848: James Marshall,

American carpenter discovered gold while working in California’s Sierra Nevadas.

People fled San Francisco to search the Sacramento Valley looking for gold.

As word traveled east, migration to CA skyrocketed.

Forty-Niners

San Francisco’s population skyrocketed as a result.

San Francisco became the main supply center and in turn a booming city.

California Diversifies 1849: California’s

population exceeds 100,000.

Chinese

Free blacks

Mexicans

California had slaves until 1849.

California entered as a free state in 1850.

San Francisco

On to Slavery ………

Adequately Cared For.

Medical Care when needed.

Less healthy than whites.

Better off than many factory workers and much better off than European workers and peasants.

Slaves are an investment.

Women and Children

Children:

Light work until teenagers.

Women

Worked double.

Fields and Home

Special burden=Special Authority

Overseers Main job was discipline.

Pay depends on how much slaves produce.

Domestic vs. Fields Domestic Work

Pros: Less Arduous Sleep in main house. Stronger bonds with white family.

Cons: Stronger bonds with white family No privacy. Always under eye of white family Females subjected to sexual abuse from men. Females subjected to abuse from women. Separated from other slaves.

When Emancipated: House servants first to leave.

Slavery in the Cities

More “freedom”

Not always supervised

Better fed, housing, clothed.

Work on contract

Line between slaves and free blacks is blurred.

Segregation increases.

Free African Americans

250,000 by Civil War

Southern states forbade free African Americans for entering after a while of the numbers rising.

Some Prosper:

New Orleans, Natchez, Charleston

Most live in poverty.

The Slave Trade in the United States 1808: Federal law forbids the “importation” of

slaves into the country.

Smugglers continue well into 1850s.

Slave Traders took slaves from place to place often bringing them to a central market for auction.

Slave Resistance

Majority of slaves are not content

Response: Adaptation or Resistance Sambo Slave Rebel

Rebels:

Gabriel Prosser: Led 1,000 slaves to rebellion.

Denmark Vesey: Led 9,000 slaves to rebellion.

Nat Turner: Led the only actual slave insurrection. Led armed group and went

plantation to plantation killing about 60 whites in the area.

Over a hundred blacks are executed. Many totally innocent.

Non-Violent Resistance Less Dramatic: More Common

Runaway: Underground Railroad

Remain “Lazy”

Sabotage Plantations.

Mutilation/Suicide

Language

Pidgin

Blending of African and English Language

Music Vital to

Culture

Instruments:

Banjo

Drums

Voices

Hands

Spirituals Came from Slaves

Religion

Most were Christian

Methodist and Baptist

Blended African spirituality (voodoo and polytheistic traditions) with Christianity.

More vocal

More emotional

Emphasized dream of deliverance.

Slave Family Vital to slavery institution.

No legal marriage

Premarital pregnancy not condemned

Families often separated and broken up.

Still kept strong ties. Relied more on

extended family.

Paternal relationship with slave owner.

Clay to the Rescue!!!!

Compromise of 1850: January 1850: a series of resolutions.

Clay begged both sides to think long and hard before shooting his Compromise down. It was this or war.

Calhoun v. Webster

Compromise Succeeds

Stephan Douglas of Illinois takes his place.

President Taylor dies on July 9 unexpectedly.

Calhoun dies and the South is ready to negotiate.

8 months later: Compromise of 1850 is passed into law.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury

Gadsden Purchase 1853

US mainland borders is now complete as it is in 2010!

Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854

Debate over Slavery in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

Stephan Douglas was stirring the pot! Stephan Douglas has his sights

set on many different things. Douglas had been organizing the

large territory west of Iowa and Missouri.

Bleeding Kansas Rush is on for control of

Kansas. Free-Staters vs ProSlavery

Lecompton vs Lawrence Sack of Lawrence

John Brown moves in: God told him to! “Pottawatomie Massacre”

Started a string of incidents of people constantly retaliating. People began to call Kansas

“Bleeding Kansas” because of the violence.

Violence in the

Senate

May 19: MA Senator Charles Sumner delivered a speech attacking his proslavery colleagues and being especially abusive against older Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina.

May 22: Butlers Nephew Preston S. Brooks entered Senate calmly and walked over to Sumner.

Birth of the Free-Soil Party

& Republicans Free-Soil Party was

formed based on the idea that slavery should not be extended into the territories. Free-Soilers

objected to slavery’s impact on free white workers in the wage-based labor force.

Republicans began as an anti-slavery party. Shared many Free-

Soiler ideals.

Pro-Slavery Arguments

As anti-slavery arguments were getting louder so were pro-slavery.

Southern Intellectuals Speak Up

Thomas Dew

The Pro-Slavery Argument

John C. Calhoun

“Gag Rule”

Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott Decision

1856: Dred Scott v Sandford reaches the Supreme Court

1857: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney read the decision of the Court. Southerners were ecstatic

Northern were stunned Court had just cleared the way for

the extension of slavery.

Lecompton Constitution

1857: Back to the proslavery government in Kansas in Lecompton

Free-Soilers outnumbered proslavery advocates in Kansas 10-1. Called for a referendum to change the proposed

constitution as Kansas was about to become a state. Voted for an antislavery constitution.

President Buchanan endorsed the proslavery Lecompton constitution.

Stephan Douglas stepped in against Buchanan.

Lincoln-Douglass Debates One of the greatest

Senate races for the Illinois Senate seat.

Stephan Douglas vs. Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln Challenged Douglas to 7 debate throughout Illinois on the issue of slavery in the territories.

The Freeport Doctrine

One of the debates in Freeport, Illinois.

If Free-Soilers dominate the area and put in their representatives those representatives in power will not follow nor enforce slavery laws. This response became

known as the Freeport Doctrine.

John Brown’s Raid 1859: John Brown jumps back

into the scene and stirs things up! October 16, 1859 with 21 men

black and white, went to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

John was turned over to VA to be put on trial. December 2, 1859: John Brown

was hanged for high treason.

Election of 1860

Republican Convention in 1860, held in Chicago, was the place to be! Abraham Lincoln

Democrats once again split. Stephan Douglas. John C. Breckenridge.

Constitutional Union Party: John Bell of Tennessee.

Lincoln won but with less than half of the popular vote.