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CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
CBA OF OPERATING PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM IN
PITTSBURGH
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Abstract
•Objective and Motivation
•Introduction
•Description of the Model
•Results
•Conclusions and Future Plans
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002
Objective & Motivation
•Monetary Cost
•Efficiency
•Availability
•Feasibility
•Environmental Impacts
•CMU Solar House 2002
Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Renewable EnergyData from the U.S.
•Renewable energy 8% out of total energy
•Solar Energy 1%
Reference: Web Site: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ Main Products of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use: Annual energy review: renewable energy section 10.5
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
CMU Solar House 2002
BP (conventional)
Combiner Boxes
Charge Controller
Batteries
AC
INV
DC
120V
Switch
PV System
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
PV SystemKey components
•Conventional Solar panels has 36 cells (photovoltaic cells)
•Self regulating panels
•DC-inverter-AC
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Cost Benefit Analysis
Comparison
PV System For a Typical House In Pittsburgh
• House covered 100% by PV System
• Hybrid covering the months with highest sun irradiation and House With Classical Grid-Based System
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Maximum Sun Irradiation Factor (energy) KWh/ m2
For the Northeast of the U.S. is 6 KWh/m2
Web Site: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Description of ModelSelection Solar
TechnologySelection Solar
Technology
Electricity Consumption Data
Electricity Consumption Data
Characteristics of the Solar Panel
(inefficiencies, Max. Capacity)
Yearly Consumption of Avg. Household
[KWh/yr]
Monthly & Daily Consumption in the Months
of High Solar Irradiation (choice of 3 and 5) [Watts]
Requirement of Energy considering the Solar Insolation Factor for the Region [Watts]
Additional Factor from PV Panels (heating vs efficiency)
Total No. of Panels from Total Requirement of electricity (Watts) / Net Production per panel (Total Area of Solar Irradiation)
Geographical Factors
Geographical Factors
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Factors for Cost EstimatesCost of Panels [ $ / panel]
~ $ 500 USD
No. of Panels ~ 44
Approximate Cost of Panels $ 22,000 USD
Cost of Batteries [ $ / Battery]
No. of Batteries ~ 40% of No. of Panels
Total Cost of Batteries $ 8,500 USD
Additional Installation Costs
Wiring, rack for modules, connection devices, labor work
and transportation
~ $ 12,345 USD
Total Investment Cost $ 42, 850 USDYear 2002
Total Investment Cost $ 42, 850 USDYear 2002
Additional Costs
Additional Cost for Electricity from Grid $ 525 ~ $ 430 USD / yr (with no change in consumption behavior from average household in the U.S.) Compare to the $1,000 USD of yearly spending
for future O&M Activities:Replacement of Batteries Bank every 4 Years
Cleaning Activities of Panel Array ~ $ 80 USD / YearReplacement of the whole PV System (solar panels, connectors, wiring, batteries, etc.) every 20 years
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Case PV covers only in Months with major Sun IrradiationTwo Variations: • 3 Months with highest Sun Irradiation (June, July, August)• 5 Months (May, June, July, August, September)
Assumptions for Future Improvements in Technology • 20 and 40 yr period : Improved efficiency of panels, capacity of Peak
Watts per panel, $ per panel and per battery decreases
Time, [year]Purchase cost,
[$]Install.
cost, [$]Maint.
cost, [$]Total cost, [2002yr $]
Total cost, [nom. $]
0 41,245 1,600 0 43,479 43,4791 0 0 80 714 7502 0 0 80 714 7883 0 0 80 714 8274 8,500 0 80 9,214 11,2005 0 0 80 714 91248 1,035 0 80 1,750 18,19949 0 0 80 714 7,80250 0 0 80 714 8,192
Total cost of usage of grid connected PV system $165,453.65 $500,905.85
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Case 2 PV covers only in Months with major Sun Irradiation
The actual average cost of Electricity from the Grid ~ $ 0.10 / KWh
Classic System
YearCost of
UseMaintenance
Total Cost
Cost of Classic System
Final Total Cost
Nominal Values NPV
Benefit of using solar
Cost / Benefit
Cost of KWh
[$/ KWh]
1 2002 -$42,845 $0 -$42,845 -$503 -$43,348 -$45,412 $454 -$96 $5.0262 2003 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$640 $454 -$1 $0.0683 2004 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$671 $454 -$1 $0.0684 2005 -$8,500 -$80 -$8,580 -$503 -$9,083 -$10,940 $454 -$20 $1.05340 2041 -$15,866 $0 -$15,866 -$503 -$16,370 -$105,162 $454 -$36 $1.89841 2042 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$3,925 $454 -$1 $0.06842 2043 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$4,112 $454 -$1 $0.06843 2044 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$4,308 $454 -$1 $0.06844 2045 -$971 -$80 -$1,051 -$503 -$1,555 -$12,029 $454 -$3 $0.18045 2046 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$4,728 $454 -$1 $0.06846 2047 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$4,953 $454 -$1 $0.06847 2048 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$5,189 $454 -$1 $0.06848 2049 -$971 -$80 -$1,051 -$503 -$1,555 -$14,489 $454 -$3 $0.18049 2050 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$5,694 $454 -$1 $0.06850 2051 $0 -$80 -$80 -$503 -$583 -$5,965 $454 -$1 $0.068
-$131,945 -$25,162.50 -$157,108 -$439,479 $22,678.00 -6.9277494 -$0.364
Solar System
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Conclusions and Further Estimations – I.
Estimated cost of electricity produced by the grid
connected PV system ~ 38¢/kWh
Data from studies: 25¢/kWh – 50¢/kWh
Conventional power plant: 11¢/kWh
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Conclusions and Further Estimations – II.
Benefits?
• Increased siting flexibility
• Decreased installation lead time
• Installations cause fewer disruptions
• Improved aesthetics
• Increased reliability
• Portability
• Progressive "green" image
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Conclusions and Further Estimations – III.
Progressive "green" image
“Low environmental impact—they are quiet and nonpolluting (no greenhouse gas emissions).”/Federal Energy Management Program/
• We can avoid the environmental impacts (e.g. GHG emission) of the estimated yearly 2,500 - 3,600 kWh electricity production
• Is this significant compared to the environmental impacts of the PV system?
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Conclusions and Further Estimations –IV.
How to make it feasible?
• Net metering
• Renewable Energy Pilot Program
• 10% federal tax credit and accelerated depreciation
on the PV system
• Continuous technology improvement
CBA FINAL PROJECT 2002 Gyorgyi Cicas ; Jose L. Aguirre; Po-Hsin Lin
Further Information
http://www.eren.doe.gov/sunlab
http://www.sandia.gov/pv
http://www.arc.cmu.edu/carnegie_team
http://www1.sedo.energy.wa.gov.au/renewable.asp
http://www.trfund.com/sdf
http://www.bccf.org
http://www.sustainable.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/advisory/renewables/types/solar/technologies
http://www.solarpaces.org/resources/technologies.html
http://www.solarserver.de/solarmagazin