136 The Earth System

Lesson 2

Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings. Write your facts in your Science Journal.

The GeosphereC

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Order the layers of Earth material.

Surface

Core

Characterize minerals.

Minerals

Describe properties used to identify minerals.

Property Description

Luster

Streak

Cleavage

Fracture

Materials inthe Geosphere

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The Earth System 137

Lesson 2 | The Geosphere (continued)

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Explain why calcite is more likely to interact with other minerals than is quartz.

Compare and contrast rocks and minerals.

naturally occurringsolids

BothMineral Rock

Distinguish 3 main types of rocks.

Type Description

Igneous

Metamorphic

Sedimentary

Infer why it is important to protect soil.

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138 The Earth System

Lesson 2 | The Geosphere (continued)

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Glencoe/M

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Assess how interactions among all Earth systems occur in soil.

Differentiate layers of so il.

A-horizon B-horizon C-horizonD

esc

rip

tio

n

Describe the str ucture of the geosphere below Earth’s crust.

Layer Description Density

Upper mantle

Lower mantle

Outercore

Innercore

Relate the density of material in Earth’s layers to the structure of the geosphere.

pulled

through

toward

.

Structure of the Geosphere

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The Earth System 139

Lesson 2 | The Geosphere (continued)

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Connect It Describe the main difference between the core and the other layers of the geosphere. Then describe a characteristic of soil that distinguishes it from other materials in the geosphere.

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Characterize Earth’s crust.

Definition:

Earth’s

Crust

Most common elements:•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Two types: •

•

Define Earth’s mantle.

Contrast the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

Identify differences in the layers of Earth’s core.

Layer Outer Core Inner Core

State (circle andexplain)

solid or liquidWhy?

solid or liquidWhy?

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140 The Earth System

Review The Earth SystemC

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Chapter Wrap-UpNow that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Complete the final column in the chart on the first page of the chapter.

Use this checklist to help you study.

Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.

Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.

Study the definitions of vocabulary words.

Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.

Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.

Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

Summarize It Reread the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts. Summarize how Earth’s systems drive changes on and beneath Earth’s surface.

Challenge Make a three-dimensional model cross-section of Earth. Include not only the layers of the geosphere, but also represent the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. Share your model with your class.

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