Regents Biology 2006-2007
Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division…
Regents Biology 2006-2007
MITOSIS:Making New CellsMaking New DNA
Regents Biology
Where it all began…
Regents Biology
Where it all began…You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…
Regents Biology
Where it all began…You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…
Regents Biology
§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
Getting from there to now…
Regents Biology
§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide…
Getting from there to now…
Regents Biology
§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide… and divide…
Getting from there to now…
Regents Biology
§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide… and divide… and divide…
Getting from there to now…
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organisms
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adult
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adult
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
amoeba
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
amoeba
starfish
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
amoeba
starfish
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
§ replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury
amoeba
starfish
Regents Biology
Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms
ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)
§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development
§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement
§ replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury
amoeba
starfish
Regents Biology
Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
animal cellplant cell
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNA
animal cellplant cell
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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organelles
animal cellplant cell
Regents Biology
Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organellesu cell membrane
animal cellplant cell
Regents Biology
Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organellesu cell membraneu lots of other
molecules
animal cellplant cell
Regents Biology
Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied
u DNAu organellesu cell membraneu lots of other
molecules§ enzymes
animal cellplant cell
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase telophase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
I.P.M.A.T.
Regents Biology
Interphase
Regents Biology
Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle
u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
u prepares for duplication if triggered
Regents Biology
Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle
u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
u prepares for duplication if triggered
I’m working here!
Regents Biology
Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle
u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes
u prepares for duplication if triggered
I’m working here!
Time to divide& multiply!
Regents Biology
Interphase
Regents Biology
Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:
u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows
u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes
u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
Regents Biology
Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:
u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows
u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes
u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
G0
Regents Biology
Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:
u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows
u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes
u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
G0
signal to
divide
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
G1, S, G2, M
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
G1, S, G2, M
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
liver cells
brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells
Regents Biology
Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G1→G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
liver cells
brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells
Regents Biology
Copying DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
Regents Biology
Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA
u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of
the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells
nucleus
cell
DNA
Regents Biology
Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA
u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of
the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells
§ But the DNA starts loosely wound in the nucleus
nucleus
cell
DNA
Regents Biology
Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA
u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of
the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells
§ But the DNA starts loosely wound in the nucleus
§ If you tried to divide it like that, it could tangle & breaknucleus
cell
DNA
Regents Biology
Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cell
Regents Biology
Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
Regents Biology
Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide
Regents Biology
Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide
DNA has been “wound up”
Regents Biology
Organizing & packaging DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
nucleus
cell
4 chromosomesin this organism
DNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell
DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide
DNA has been “wound up”
Regents Biology
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double-strandedhuman chromosomesready for mitosis
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DNA must be duplicated…
Regents Biology
DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
Regents Biology
DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
Regents Biology
DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
Regents Biology
DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
Regents Biology
DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
duplicatedchromosomes
4 double-stranded chromosomes
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
nucleus
cell
DNA
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA Copy DNA!
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA Copy DNA!
(interphase)
Regents Biology
Mitosis
Regents Biology
Mitosis § Dividing cell’s DNA between
2 daughter nucleiu “dance of the chromosomes”
Regents Biology
Mitosis § Dividing cell’s DNA between
2 daughter nucleiu “dance of the chromosomes”
§ 4 phasesu prophaseu metaphaseu anaphaseu telophase
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes Wind up!
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes Wind up!
(prophase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
(metaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
(metaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help
them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
(metaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
(anaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
(anaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
(anaphase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again
Divide!
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again
Divide!
(telophase)
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 6: DNA unwinds again
u cells separateu now they can do their every day jobs
Regents Biology
Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 6: DNA unwinds again
u cells separateu now they can do their every day jobs
(cytokinesis)
Regents Biology
New “daughter” cells
Regents Biology
New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
Regents Biology
New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
Regents Biology
New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
Regents Biology
New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells
u same DNAu “clones”
Regents Biology
Cell division in Animals
Regents Biology
Mitosis in whitefish embryo
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Mitosis in plant cell
Regents Biology
onion root tip
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
I.P.M.A.T.C.
Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
interphase prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase
cytokinesis
I.P.M.A.T.C.
Please Make Another Two Cells
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Any Questions??Any Questions??