CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Chapter 7 – Part 1

CP Biology

Paul VI Catholic High School

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

HISTORY:

1600’S Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1665 Robert Hooke

1838 Matthias Schleiden

1839 Theodor Schwann

1855 Rudolph Virchow

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Robert Hooke 1665

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

MatthiasSchleiden 1838

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Theodor Schwann 1839

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

RudolfVirchow 1855

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL THEORY:

1.All living things are composed of cells

2.Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things

3.New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

BASIC CELL STRUCTURE:

ALL Cells have:

Cell Membrane

Cytosol

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

SOME CELLS HAVE:

NucleusCytoplasm

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL CATEGORIES:

EUKARYOTIC CELLS(Eukaryotes)

PROKARYOTIC CELLS(Prokaryotes)

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

EUKARYOTES:•Contain nucleus•Have Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm•Organelles•Include Plant, Animal, Fungi, and many Microorganisms

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL SIZEAverage Cell 5-50μm

Surface Area 4πr2

Volume 4/3πr3

Cell Surface is interface between internal and external environment

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume than a large cell of the same shape. – This ratio limits cell size!

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURES:

1. CELL WALL:• Found in Plants, Algae, Fungi and

many Prokaryotes• Function - Support & Protection• External to Cell Membrane

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

1a. BACTERIAL CELL WALL:

Characteristics:

Peptidoglycan

Gram + (Violet/Blue)Gram – (Red/Pink)

Encapsulated

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

1b. PLANT CELL WALLS:

Green Plants - Primary Cellulose

Woody Plants - Secondary Lignin

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION(CELL STRUCTURES - cont’d)

2. NUCLEUSRobert Brown (1831)Chromatin/ChromosomeNucleoplasmNucleolusNuclear Envelope

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Brown’s Microscope Robert Brown

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Additional Organelles:

You are responsible for the name, structure, function and visual recognition of the following organelles:

3. Ribosome4. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Rough ER5. Golgi Apparatus6. Vacuole

7. Lysosome8. Mitochondrion9. Chloroplast

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulum

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Ribosomes

Golgiapparatus

Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

Flagellum

Not in mostplant cells Lysosome

Centriole

Microtubule

CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament

Microfilament

Peroxisome

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CentralvacuoleNot in

animalcells

Chloroplast

Cell wall

Golgiapparatus

Nucleus

Microtubule

CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament

Microfilament

Ribosomes

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

Peroxisome

Plasma membrane

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CYTOSKELETON:

a. Microtubules b. Intermediate filaments c. Actin filaments /Microfilaments

* Know Structure and function of each

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Long, thin fibers “String of Pearls”Concentrated in CortexAmoeboid Motion

Most durable “Rope-like” StructureProvide Stability (vimentin)

Hollow tubeMTOC

Strengthen CellStabilize cell relative to other cells

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

A. MicrotubulesFunctions – •Structural Role

•Movement of Chromosomes

•Structural Component of Cilia and Flagella•Track for motor proteins

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Plus End (+) Away from MTOC (Toward Nucleus)

Minus End (-) Toward the MTOC

A. Microtubules

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

INTRACELLULAR MOTOR MOLECULES

Examples-

KINESIN:Move Organelles toward (+) end

DYNEIN:Move Organelles toward (-) end

Kinesin Walking YouTube

The inner Life of the Cell Video

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Slide 28

Kinesin Dynein

end that binds cell component

item to be movedbinds here

ATP binding head

ATP binding head

microtubuleminus end plus end

Figure 4.23Page 72

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

B. Intermediate Filaments:Function - Strengthen Cell Stabilize Position organelles Stabilize cell relative to other cells

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

C. Actin filaments (Microfilaments)

Function :• Anchor Cytoskeleton to cell membrane• Determine consistency of cytoplasm• Interact with Myosin (motor molecule)

for muscle contraction

Muscle Contraction Video

CELL STRUCTURE &FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL MOVEMENT: 1. Crawling: Actin/Myosin Gel-Sol States Pseudopod Formation

2. Pinching

Actin filaments

Animal cellsCytokinesis

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Amoeba

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Cytokinesis of Animal Cell

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Actin filamentcausing cellseparation

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Flagellumrotates

counterclockwise

Helicalfilament

Hook

Basalbody

Outer membrane

Peptidoglycan layer

Cytoplasmic membrane

CELL MOVEMENT:

3. Prokaryote Flagella Protein Structure (flagellin) Rotatory Movement Molecular motor in cell wall

Basal ApparatusHookFilament

CELL STRUCTURE &FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL MOVEMENT:

4. Eukaryote Flagella Microtubular Structure

9+2 Arrangement

Basal Body Origin9 “triplet” structure

“Whip-like” motion

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

“9+2” arrangement microtubules

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION CELL MOVEMENT:

5. CiliaMany, Short, often in rows Internal structure like flagellaMultiple functions

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

StructureOf

Cilia