Celullar Biology

8/3/2019 Celullar Biology

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CELULLAR BIOLOGY


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A. THE HISTORY OF CELULLAR

RESEARCHBased on the number of ist body constituent cell,organism is separated into two groups, those are :

1. Organisms that have single cell (unicelullar)

2. Organisms that have many cell (multicelullar)Based the presence or not nucleus membrane, livingorganism is separated into two groups, those are :

1. Prokaryotic organism, that is organism that has nonucleus membrane

2. Eukaryotic organism, that is organism that has nucleusmembrane


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D ifferent between eukaryotic cell and

prokaryotic cellNo Organel Prokariotic Eukariotic1 Cell membrane V v

2 Cytoplasm V v

3 Ribosom v v

4 Cell wall - v

5 Vakuola V v

6 Nucleus v v

7 Sentriol - v

8 RE - v9 Golgi complex - v

10 Lisosom - v

1112

13

MitokondriaPlastida

Nucleulus

vV

v

VV

v


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D ifferent between eukaryotic cell andprokaryotic cell

No Organel Prokaryotic eukaryotic

1 Cell membrane

2 Cytoplasm

3 Ribosom

4 Cell wall5 Vakuola

6 Nucleus

7 Sentriol

8 RE

9 Golgi complex

10 Lisosom

11 Mitochondria

12 Plastid

13 Badan mikro


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D ifferent between plant cell andanimal cell

No Plant cell Animal cell

1 Cell wall Sentriol

2 Plastid Lisosom

3 Big vacuole Small vacuole


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Cell researchers are as follows1. Antony Van Leewenhoek segmented empty chamber

in the cork tissue called cell2. Mirabel the plant consist of tissue that is composed

of cell3. Robert Brown cell nucleus is the important part of a

cell4. R. J. H. D utrochet animal and plant consists of cells5. Lamarck in organism cell has very important

function6. Hertwig cell is the collection of substance that inside

contains nucleus and its external is limited by cellwall

7. Hugo Von Mohl process of cell fission


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8. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann all

of organisms consist of cell9. Rudolf Virchow every cell comes from cell10.August Weismann cell that are now present

can show origin of the previous


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FUNCTION OF CELL1. Cell as structural unit

2. Cell as funtional unit3. Cell as the unit of reproduction

4. Cell as growth unit5. Cell as unit of property


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CELL STRUCTURE1. Cell membrane2. Cell wall3. Cell nucleus4. Microbody

5. Cytoplasm6. Mitochondria7. Endoplasmic reticulum8. Ribosom9. Golgi complex

10. Lysosom11. Sentriol12. Plastid13. Vacuole


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1. Cell Membrane

Function cell protector, the controller of molecular transportation and the receptor of stimuli from outside of cellCell membrane commonly consists of threelayers that have structure of :

1. Protein2. Lipid Lipoprotein water3. protein


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The lipids in the cell membrane consists

of two, those are :1. Hydrophilic phosphate head2. Hydrophobic lipid tail

Based on the physical, protein isseparated into two, those are :1. Integral proteins in/to penetrate the

fluid mosaic membrane2. Peripher protein surface the fluid

mosaic membrane


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Phosfolipid (fluid mosaic membrane)


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2. Cell WallCell wall is composed of cellulose molecule,polysaccharid and proteins (pectin and lignin)It has permeable propertyCell was has several function : to give cell s shape,protect the inner parts of cell, and help watermovement from outside to inside cellCell wall have plasmodesmata in terconnectingchannels of cytoplasm and protoplastCell wall is composed of three layers, those are:

1. Prymary wall meristematic property2. Secondary wall has fixed shape and specific function3. Middle lamella connector between one cell to

another cell


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3. Cell NucleusCell nucleus contains chromatin grains thatrelated by very smooth chromatin thread thatcontains genetic material that is the string of D NAmoleculesInside nucleulus is found:

1. Nucleoplasm nucleid acid ( D NA/RNA), nucleusprotein, and chromatin threads

2. Nucleulus form RNA molecule3. RNA protein synthesize4. Chromosome genetic material ( D NA genetic

information and protein synthesize)


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4. Microbody

Microbody consists of :1. Peroksisom contains much enzyme

(catalase) function to oksidasi, fatmetabolism and fotorespiration2. Glioksisom fat metabolism to produce

energy by plants


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5. Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm plasm cell

Contains of : liquid (cytosol sol(endoplasm) and gel (ektoplasm) ex:egg) and solid (water, protein, aminoacid, vitamin, nucleotida, fat acid,glucose)


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6. Mitochondria

Mitochondrion comes from the word myth(thread) and chondrion (grain)Mitochondria have double membrane: outermembrane (smooth) and inner membrane(chamber)In mitochondria is found matrix (crista) inmatrix is found D NA (to produce certain enzymesin cytoplasm), water, protein, respiration enzyme,

salt and ionsMitochondria have function as the centre of cellrespiration and largest energy producer insidecell, so it is energy source for cell (power house)


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7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

ER comes from the word reticular is meansnetsShapes polimorphic, ER is curved tract assconnector between cell membrane withnucleus membraneEr is divided in ti two based on the presence

or not ribosome that sticks, that is:a. Granulated endoplasmic reticulum (rough)b. Endoplasmic reticulum smooth


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a. Granulated endoplasmic reticulum (rough)

ER that contains or sticks ribosome, function:receive protein that is the made by ribosome

b. Endoplasmic reticulum smooth ER that

doesn t contain ribosome, function:synthesize the molecules of phospholipid, fatand steroid


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8. Ribosome

Ribosome has shapes as the grains that isfound freely in cytoplasm or sticks to ERFunction synthesize protein in cellIn ribosome is found three kinds of RNA,

those are mRNA, rRNA and tRNA to readcode sent by cell nucleus


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9. Golgi Complex

Golgi complex is the first time found in nervecell by an Italian named Camilo Golgi in 1898

Golgi complex consists of flattened sacs calledcisternaShapes polimorphic

Function : secretory organs of protein andmucilage (secretory organs, in plant is calleddictyosome)


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10. Lysosome

Lysosome comes from the word lyso(digestive) and soma (body)

Shape: oval or round that is bordered by singlemembrane and contains a number of digestiveenzymeLysosome also has function to digest brokenor old cells organelles


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11. Centriole

Centriole is only found in animal cellCentriole found in centrosome, one centrioleconsist of one bar that is composed of 9microtubulesMicrotubul is composed of the proteinmolecul of kind of tubulin and forming pipe or

tube, function for cells the movement cell,cromosome, the placement and movement of organelles, also keep cells shape


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12. Plastid (chomatophore)Shape ;round, oval or diskIt has double membrane is outher membraneand inner membrane

in the inner membraneis found membranesystem and matrixPlastid is separated into six parts, those are:

1. Chromoplast plastid that contains pigmenred (ficoeretrin), yelow (xantophyll), orange(carotene)


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2. Leucoplast plastid that doesn t contain

pigment or white pigment3. Chloroplast plastid that contain

photosynthesis pigment (chlorophyll)

Shape: net, bowl, pilament, ribbon, ovalround


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Celullar Biology

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