Central European Central European Monarchs ClashMonarchs Clash

Chapter 21, Section 3Chapter 21, Section 3

Essential Questions:Essential Questions:

Why/How did absolute monarchs rise Why/How did absolute monarchs rise to power in Austria and the Germanic to power in Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia?state of Prussia?

What were the causes and effects of What were the causes and effects of the Thirty Years’ War?the Thirty Years’ War?

How did European power shift as a How did European power shift as a result of conflicts like the War of result of conflicts like the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Austrian Succession and the Seven Years’ War? Years’ War?

The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War

Rising TensionRising Tension– Tension rises between Lutherans and Tension rises between Lutherans and

Catholics in central EuropeCatholics in central Europe Bohemian Protestants RevoltBohemian Protestants Revolt

– In 1618, Protestants revolt against In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II)Catholic Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II)

– Results in Thirty Years’ War— a conflict Results in Thirty Years’ War— a conflict over religion, land, powerover religion, land, power

Thirty Years’ War Thirty Years’ War (continued)(continued)

Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes spelled “Habsburg”)spelled “Habsburg”)– From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies

have many victorieshave many victories– Troops plunder many German villagesTroops plunder many German villages

Ferdinand Ferdinand II, Holy II, Holy Roman Roman

Emperor Emperor (1619-1637)(1619-1637)

House of Habsburg coat of House of Habsburg coat of armsarms

at their heightat their height

Austrian Hapsburg Coat of Austrian Hapsburg Coat of ArmsArms

House of Habsburg at its House of Habsburg at its HeightHeight

Current Flag & Coat of Arms of Current Flag & Coat of Arms of AustriaAustria

civil flag of Austriacoat of arms of Austria

State and War Flag of AustriaState and War Flag of Austria

A combination of the civil flag and the coat of

arms of Austria.

Thirty Years’ War Thirty Years’ War (continued)(continued)

Hapsburg DefeatsHapsburg Defeats– In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants with the In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants with the

entrance of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Habsburg entrance of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Habsburg armies were driven out of northern Germanyarmies were driven out of northern Germany

– By 1635, the Thirty Years’ War is less By 1635, the Thirty Years’ War is less Catholic vs. Protestant and more Catholic vs. CatholicCatholic vs. Protestant and more Catholic vs. Catholic

Remember Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin of Remember Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin of France?France?– They began to fear growing Habsburg power more They began to fear growing Habsburg power more

than Protestants, so they sent French (Catholic) than Protestants, so they sent French (Catholic) troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants in troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants in their struggle against the Habsburg armiestheir struggle against the Habsburg armies

End of the Thirty Years’ WarEnd of the Thirty Years’ War Important consequences:Important consequences:

– War ruins German economy, greatly decreases War ruins German economy, greatly decreases population (from about 20 million to 16 million)population (from about 20 million to 16 million)

– Took a long time for Germany to recover from the Took a long time for Germany to recover from the devastation; one of the reasons it takes so long for it to devastation; one of the reasons it takes so long for it to become a unified country (1871)become a unified country (1871)

Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends the warPeace of Westphalia (1648) ends the war– Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent statesTreaty recognizes Europe as group of independent states– Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens FranceTreaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France– Ended the religious wars of EuropeEnded the religious wars of Europe– Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of peaceTreaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of peace

Beginning of Modern States- the idea of a united Beginning of Modern States- the idea of a united Catholic European empire is abandonedCatholic European empire is abandoned

States Form in Central States Form in Central EuropeEurope

Economic Contrasts with the WestEconomic Contrasts with the West– Economy in central Europe still based in serfs Economy in central Europe still based in serfs

and agriculture, strictly controlled by the and agriculture, strictly controlled by the landowning nobility (unlike western Europe, landowning nobility (unlike western Europe, where cities/towns became centers of commerce where cities/towns became centers of commerce and you see a growing middle class.and you see a growing middle class.

Several Weak EmpiresSeveral Weak Empires– Landowning nobles in central Europe block Landowning nobles in central Europe block

growth of kings’ power.growth of kings’ power.– Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires are also Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires are also

weak.weak.

Rise of Austrian EmpireRise of Austrian Empire Austria Grows StrongerAustria Grows Stronger

– Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large empireempire

– Difficult to rule, however, because there were Difficult to rule, however, because there were many different ethnic groups within the empiremany different ethnic groups within the empire

Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian ThroneMaria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne– Emperor Charles VI worked hard to see that his Emperor Charles VI worked hard to see that his

daughter inherited his throne (Pragmatic daughter inherited his throne (Pragmatic Sanction)Sanction)

– Maria Theresa becomes empress of Austria but Maria Theresa becomes empress of Austria but faces years of war.faces years of war.

The Pragmatic SanctionThe Pragmatic Sanction

This document, The Pragmatic Sanction, declared that Maria Theresa would inherit the Austrian throne.

Maria Maria TheresaTheresaof Austriaof Austria-Known for her -Known for her famous daughter, famous daughter, Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette-Decreased the -Decreased the power of the power of the nobilitynobility-Worked to help -Worked to help the serfsthe serfs

Prussia Challenges AustriaPrussia Challenges Austria The Rise of PrussiaThe Rise of Prussia

– HohenzollernHohenzollern rulers of Prussia build Europe’s best army rulers of Prussia build Europe’s best army– They call themselves kings and become absolute They call themselves kings and become absolute

monarchs.monarchs.– Frederick William introduces permanent taxationFrederick William introduces permanent taxation– Prussian nobles (the Junkers) resist royal power, but king Prussian nobles (the Junkers) resist royal power, but king

buys their loyalty- they get the exclusive right to be buys their loyalty- they get the exclusive right to be officers in the army.officers in the army.

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great– Frederick the Great becomes king of PrussiaFrederick the Great becomes king of Prussia– Enforces father’s military policies but softens some of his Enforces father’s military policies but softens some of his

laws.laws.

Frederick Frederick II (The II (The

Great) of Great) of Prussia. Prussia. He was He was

nicknamenicknamed “Old d “Old Fritz”.Fritz”.

What makes Frederick so What makes Frederick so Great?Great?

He encouraged religious toleration He encouraged religious toleration and legal reformand legal reform

He believed a ruler should be like a He believed a ruler should be like a father to his peoplefather to his people

We refer to him as an “enlightened We refer to him as an “enlightened despot”despot”

Prussia Challenges AustriaPrussia Challenges Austria

War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession– In 1740, Frederick starts war against In 1740, Frederick starts war against

Austria to gain Silesia (which was rich in Austria to gain Silesia (which was rich in iron ore, textiles and food products).iron ore, textiles and food products).

– Maria Theresa resists Prussian power Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia in treaty.but loses Silesia in treaty.

– As a result of the war, Prussia becomes As a result of the war, Prussia becomes a major power in Europe.a major power in Europe.

Prussia Challenges AustriaPrussia Challenges Austria

The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War– Austria allies with France against Britain Austria allies with France against Britain

and Prussiaand Prussia– In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony, In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony,

launching Seven Years’ War (called the launching Seven Years’ War (called the French and Indian War in America).French and Indian War in America).

– France loses colonies in North America, France loses colonies in North America, Britain gains India.Britain gains India.

– No real territorial changes in Europe as a No real territorial changes in Europe as a result of the warresult of the war