CENTRAL INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS

D. C. MIKULECKYPROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY

ANDFACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

BODY RHYTHMS AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS

SLEEP

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS

OVER 100 BODY FUNCTIONS VARY ON A 24-HOUR SCHEDULE

THYROXIN SECRETION CONTROLLED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

ALSO ACTH AND CORTISONEMASTER CLOCK: SUPRACHIASMATIC

NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

MANIFESTATIONS OF DAILY RHYTHMS

BODY TEMPERATURE VARIATION

DISRUPTION CAUSES PROBLEMS: JET LAG

SLEEP

SLEEP HAS DIFFERENT STAGES

NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP

SLEEP DISORDERS

SLEEP HAS DIFFERENT STAGES

3 TO 5 CYCLES PER NIGHT CONSISTING OF 5 STAGES (I - V AND REM)

SLEEP STAGES BASED ON EEG ACTIVITY

RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEP SLEEP PATTERNS VARY WITH AGE

3 TO 5 CYCLES PER NIGHT CONSISTING OF 5 STAGES (I - V AND REM)

FREQUENCY OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY DECREASES AS AMPLITUDE INCREASES

BY STAGE 4 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE HAVE DECREASED WHILE GI MOTILITY INCREASES (PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY)

REM SLEEP TAKES THE BRAIN FROM STAGE 4 BACK TO STAGE 1 (SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY)

REM SLEEP IS ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL DREAMING

SLEEP PATTERNS VARY WITH AGE

WITH AGE TOTAL SLEEP TIME DECREASES

ALSO THE % REM SLEEP

ALSO THE TIME SPENT IN STAGE 4

NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP

THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND BRAIN STEM ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SLEEP/AWAKE CYCLES

THE PREOPTIC AREA OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS INDUCES NON-REM SLEEP

SEROTONON WILL ALSO INDUCE SLEEP WHEN INJECTED INTO THIS AREA

RAPHE NUCLEUS MAY BE THE GENERATOR OF REM SLEEP

SLEEP DISORDERS

INSOMNIA: INABILITY TO SLEEP, MAY BE CAUSED BY DISRUPTION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS.

NARCOLEPSY: ATTACKS OF SLEEP AT ANY TIME, MAY BE DUE TO RAPHE NUCLEUS REM-SLEEP GENERATOR. AN INHERITED DISORDER. TREATED WITH AMPHETAMINES

MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS

HUNGER

THIRST

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

HUNGER

LACK OF

FOOD

REDUCEDAVAILABILITYOF GLUCOSE

CONTRACTIONS OF EMPTYSTOMACH

LOWTRIGLYCERIDELEVELSIN FAT CELLS

GLUCOSE RECEPTORSIN HYPOTHALAMUS

MECHANO-RECEPTORSIN STOMACH

PANCREAS

HUNGER

THIRST

WATERDEFICIENCY

OSMORECEPTORSIN SUPRAOPTICAND SUPRA-VENTRICULARNUCLEI OFHYPOTHALAMUS

THIRST

ADHSERETIONBY PITUITARY

WATERRETENTION BY KIDNEY

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS ORGANIZES RESPONSES TO PHERMONES

OLIFACTORY CUES SENT TO PYRIFORM CORTEX AND AMYGDALA AND INDIRECTLY TO HYPOTHALAMUS

ANDROGENS DETERMINE RELEASE OF LEUTINIZING HORMONE- CONSTANT OR CYCLIC

LEARNING AND MEMORY

ASSOSCIATIVE VS NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

SHORT AND LONG TERM MEMORYNEURONAL PATHWAYSSPLIT BRAIN STUDIESCELLULAR MANIFESTATIONSUSE AND DISUSE

ASSOSCIATIVE VS NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

HABITUATION AND SENSITIZATION ARE NONASSOCIATIVE

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS ASSOCIATIVE

OPERANT CONDITIONING IS ASSOCIATIVE

CONDITIONED REFLEX

STIMULUS:

AIR PUFF

ON EYE

RESPONSE:CLOSE EYE

CEREBELLUM

PURKINJE CELL

RED

NUCLEUS

OLIVARY

NUCLEUS

CLIMBING FIBER

CONDITIONED REFLEX

STIMULUS:

AIR PUFF

ON EYE

RESPONSE:CLOSE EYE

CONDITIONING

STIMULUS:

TONE

COCHLEARNUCLEUS

PONTINE NUCLEUS

CEREBELLUM

PURKINJE CELL

RED

NUCLEUS

OLIVARY

NUCLEUS

CLIMBING FIBER

MOSSY FIBERS

CONDITIONED REFLEX

RESPONSE:CLOSE EYE

CONDITIONING

STIMULUS:

TONE

COCHLEARNUCLEUS

PONTINE NUCLEUS

CEREBELLUM

PURKINJE CELL

RED

NUCLEUS

MOSSY FIBERS

SHORT AND LONG TERM MEMORY

SHORT-TERM MEMORY INVOLVES IMMEDIATE USE, IS EASILY DISRUPTED AND AND IS SHORT LIVED

LONG-TERM MEMORY IS MORE STABLEINFORMATION IS PASSED FROM SHORT-

TERM TO LONG-TERM MEMORY BY A PROCESS CALLED CONSOLIDATION

NEURONAL PATHWAYS

MEMORY CIRCUITS PROVIDE A SIMPLE EXPLANAION FOR MEMORY

THESE INVOLVE THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND AMYGDALA AS WELL AS THE TEMPORAL LOBE AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS

SPLIT BRAIN STUDIES

INFORMATION IS PROCESSED AND STORED DIFFERENTLY IN DIFFERENT SPECIES

MONKEYS NEED BOTH HEMESPHERES WHILE CATS CAN LEARN IN ONE HEMISPHERE AND TRANSFER THE INFORMATION TO THE OTHER

CELLULAR MANIFESTATIONS

HABITUATION IS A DECREASE IN SYNAPTIC TRAQNSMISSION IN RESPONSE TO A REPEATED STIMULUS

SENSITIZATION INVOLVES AN INCREASE IN TRANSMITTER RELEASE

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS A SENSITIZATION PROCESS

USE AND DISUSE

IN EXERCISE MUSCLES INCREASE MASS WITH USE

NEURAL PATHWAYS CAN STRENGTHEN OR WEAKEN CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NERVE CELLS

THE OPPOSITE ALSO HAPPENS: ATROPHY WITH DISUSE

LANGUAGE SYSTEMS

DOMINANT AND NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERES

ANATOMICAL CORRELATES OF SPEECH DISORDERS

LOCALIZATION OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS

ASSOCIATION

MOTORPROGRAMS

COMPREHENSION

DOMINANT AND NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERES

TYPICALLY, SPEECH AREA IN DOMINANT HEMISPHERE IS LARGER

THIS DIFFERENCE APPEARS IN THE HUMAN FETUS BY THE 31ST WEEK OF GESTATION

NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTONATION AND EMOTIONAL ASPECTS

ANATOMICAL CORRELATES OF SPEECH DISORDERS

NONDOMINANT CORRELATE OF WERNICKE’S AND BROCA’S AREAS: APROSODIAS-INABILITY TO UNDERSTAND OR EXPRESS INTONATION

APHASIAS: LANGUAGE DISORDER DUE TO BRAIN DAMAGE

DYSLEXIA: CONGENITAL DISORDER AFFECTING READING

APHASIAS

BROCA’S: DISRUPTION OF MOTOR CENTERS-AFFECTS BOTH SPEECH AND WRITING

WERNICKE’S AREA: LOSS OF COMPREHENSION

LATERALITY OF BRAIN FUNCTION

RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN

GENDER DIFFERENCES

RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN

RIGHT HEMISPHERE: SPATIAL ABILITIES, ARTISTIC AND MUSICAL ABILITY

LEFT HEMISPHERE: ANALYTICAL SKILLS

GENDER DIFFERENCES

MALES TEND TO EXHIBIT MORE LATERALIZATION OF SPECIFIC TASKS

FEMALES USE BOTH HEMISPHERES MORE SYMMETRICALLY