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BRAINSPINAL CORD
CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM (CNS)
PERIPHERALNERVOUS SYSTEM
AFFERENT
NERVES
EFFERENT
NERVES
EXTERO-RECEPTORS
INTERO-RECEPTORS
SOMATIC AUTONOMIC
EFFECTORORGANS
SKELETALMUSCLES
SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND GLANDS
NEOCORTEX
THALAMUS
LIMBICCORTEX
BRAINSTEM
SPINALCORD
NOSE
EYE
TONGUE
EAR
SKIN
SMELL
VISION
TASTE
AUDITION
SOMATIC
SENSORY INFORMATION TRAVELSTO THE BRAIN VIA SPECIALIZED PATHWAYS
MODE RECEPTOR ORGANWARMTH NERVE ENDINGS SKINCOLD NERVE ENDINGS SKINPAIN NAKEDNERVE
ENDINGSSKIN
JOINTMOVEMENT &POSITION
NERVE ENDINGS VARIOUS
MUSCLELENGTH
NERVE ENDINGS MUSCLESPINDLE
MUSCLETENSION
NERVE ENDINGS GOLGI TENDONORGAN
A RECEPTOR’S RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS IS GRADED
IF THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, THE ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTING IS ALL OR NONE
MODE RECEPTOR ORGANVISION RODS,CONES EYEHEARING HAIR CELLS EARMOTION HAIR CELLS VESTIBULAR
APPARATUS
SMELL OLIFACTORYNEURONS
OLIFACTORYMUCOUS MEMB.
TASTE TASTE RECEPTORCELLS TASTE BUDS
TOUCH-PRESSURE
NERVE ENDINGS SKIN
CODING OF LOCATION DEPENDS ON RECEPTOR LOCATION
AREA COVERED BY RECEPTORS IN A SENSORY UNIT IS A RECEPTIVE FIELD
ACUITY DEPENDS ON THE DENSITY OF RECEPTORS
OCCURS AFTER A SECOND OR MORE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE
DESTRUCTION SUBJECTIVELY DESCRIBED AS
BURNING, ACHING,THROBBING, NAUSEOUS, OR CHRONIC
C FIBERS WHICH SYNAPSE IN THE SUBSTANTIA GELITANOSA
FINAL PROJECTION IS THE FRONTAL CORTEX
FAST PAIN IS GENERALLY MECHANICAL OR THERMAL
SLOW PAIN CAN BE ALL THREE CHEMICAL PAIN RECEPTORS:
BRADYKININ, SEROTONIN, HISTAMINE, POTASSIUM IONS, ACIDS, ACETYL CHOLINE AND PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
PROSTAGLANDINS ENHANCE PAIN SENSATION
COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE SENSORY CORTEX DOES NOT DESTROY THE ABILITY TO PERCIEVE PAIN
STIMULATION OF THE SENSORY CORTEX EVOKES A SENSATION OF PAIN
THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM THE BRAIN’S OPIATE SYSTEM INHIBITION OF PAIN BY TACTILE
STIMULATION TREATMENT OF PAIN BY ELECTRICAL
STIMULATION REFERED PAIN
SUBSTANCE P IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER: BUILDS UP SLOWLY IN THE JUNCTION AND IS SLOWLY DESTROYED
PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION BY INHIBITORY NEURON BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF SUBSTANCE P (ENKEPHALIN)
OPIATE RECEPTORS EXIST IN MANY CENTERS OF THE BRAIN, ESPECIALLY IN THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM
AMONG THE NATURAL SUBSTANCES WHICH ACTIVATE THESE RECEPTORS ARE: ENDORPHINS, ENKEPHALINS, AND MORPHINE
STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY FIBERS FOR TACTILE SENSATION INHIBITS PAIN TRANSMISSION FOR SAME REGION
RUBBING OFTEN EASES PAIN LINAMENTS, OIL OF CLOVE, ETC. POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR
ACUPUNCTURE?
STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY NERVES
ELECTRODES IN SKIN OR SPINAL IMPLANTS
INTRALAMINAR NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) SPANS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS)
FROM RADIO WAVES (VERY LONG) TO -RADIATION (VERY SHORT)
VISIBLE LIGHT IS A SMALL PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM
PHOTONS OF LIGHT INTERACT WITH MATTER
THE EYE CORNEA AND LENS: BEND LIGHT
RAYS AND FOCUS THEM ON THE RETINA
CILLIARY MUSCLES LOSSEN OR TIGHTEN TO ADJUST LENS THICKNESS
RETINA: SITE OF PHOTORECEPTORS FOVEA: MOST SENSITVE PART OF
RETINA
OPTIC DISC
OPTIC NERVE
BLOOD VESSELS
FOVEA
SCLERA
RETINA
CHOROID
VITREOUS HUMOR
AQUEOUS HUMOR
CORNEA
LENS
PUPIL
IRIS
CONJUNCTIVACILIARY BODY
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTEXTERNAL EYEMUSCLE
STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
RODS: CYLLINDRICALLY SHAPED- BROAD RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS, NIGHT
CONES: CONICALLY SHAPED-NARROW WAVELENGTH RANGE, COLOR
•RHODOPSIN ABSORBS PHOTON AND CHANGES SHAPE
•A SEQUENCE OF BIOCHEMICAL STEPS
•MEMBRANE HYPERPOLARIZED
AFTER A PHOTON ARRIVES
MEMBRANE POLARIZED NORMALLY
OPTIC NERVE (GANGLION CELLS FROM RETINA)
LEAVES THROUGH “BLIND SPOT” LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS:
PROJECTS TO CORTEX PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
CELLS IN VARIOUS COLUMNS OF CORTEX RESPOND TO DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS
THESE DEVELOP DURING THE EARLY VISUAL EXPERIENCES OF YOUNG ANIMALS
TRICHROMATIC: RED, BLUE, GREEN PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS CARRY
INFORMATION DIFFERENT CELL TYPES COLOR CONTRAST
RED, BLUE, AND GREEN
CONNECT TO SMALL GANGLION CELLS
TRANSMIT COLOR INFORMATION TO PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS IN LGN
BROAD BAND: SINGLE COLOR, + INSIDE, - OUT
SINGLE - OPPONENT: EXITED BY ONE COLOR IN CENTER, INHIBITED WHEN ANOTHER COLOR IN PERIPHERY
DOUBLE OPPONENT: OPPOSING COLORS IN BOTH CENTER AND PERIPHERY
ANNULAR FIELDS OVERLAP TO RECTANGULAR IN CORTEX
FOCUSING IN FRONT OF RETINA NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA) USUALLY DUE TO WEAK CILIARY
MUSCLES FOCUSING BEHIND THE RETINA FARSIGHTEDNESS(HYPEROPIA) LENS TOO STIFF (AGING)
OPTIC NERVE:VISUAL FIELD ON SAME SIDE
OPTIC CHIASM:OUTER HALF OF BOTH VISUAL FIELDS
OPTIC TRACT: OPPOSITE HALF IN BOTH VISUAL FIELDS
OPTIC RADIATIONS:LOWER OR UPPER QUADRANT ON OPPOSITE SIDE
SITE OF TRANSDUCTION VIBRATION OF COCHLEAR FLUID
CAUSES BASILAR MEMBRANE TO VIBRATE
HAIR CELLS ARE DEFORMED AUDITORY NERVE BECOMES EXCITED AS
HAIR CELLS DEPOLARIZE
MIDLINE
SUPERIOROLIVE
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
MEDIAL GENICULATE
MEDIAL GENICULATE
TEMPORALCORTEX
TEMPORALCORTEX
EACH AUDITORY NERVE FIBER HAS AN OPTIMUM FREQUENCY
THIS TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION ARISES FROM POSITION IN THE COCHLEA
TONIC AND PHASIC NEURONS IN EACH AREA
SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN FREQUENCY
SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDE
LOSS OF HAIR CELLS: FREQUENCY SPECIFIC
TINNITUS: RINGING CONDUCTIVE:l DAMAGE TO MIDDLE EAR CENTRAL: BRAIN TUMORS AND LESIONS
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION
THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL
UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES
HAIR CELLSNERVE
CELLS
OTOLITHICMEMBRANE-GELATINOUSLAYER
OTOCONIA(CALCIUMCARBONATECRYSTALS)
HEAD MOVEMENT
VII, IX, X CRANIAL NERVES TO GUSTATORY NUCLEUS IN BRAIN
STEM VPM NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS GUSTATORY AREA OF NEOCORTEX VIA LIMBIC SYSTEM TO HYPOTHALAMUS
RECEPTOR CELLS IN OLIFACTORY MUCOSAL MEMBRANE
AXONS CROSS CRIBIFORM PLATE AND TERMINATE ON MITRAL CELLS IN OLIFACTORY BULB-FORM OLIFACTORY TRACT
OLIFACTORY TRACT GOES TO LIMBIC SYSTEM AND TO ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX
CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH EATING AND MATING BEHAVIOR
GANGLION NEAR SPINE SHORT PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS LONG POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS FLIGHT OR FIGHT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE
ADRENERGIC
GANGLION NEAR EFFECTOR ORGAN LONG PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS SHORT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS “COUCH POTATO” POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE
CHOLINERGIC