Ch. 1

Educational Technology in Context

The Big Picture (a cognitive framework)

2700 BC The Abacus

1960s university classroom 1920s classroom

Today

Perspectives on Educational Technology and Organizations that Rep Them

Association for Education Communications and Technology (AECT)Ed Tech is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.

International Technology and Engineering Educators Association (ITEEA)Technology education is problem-based learning utilizing math, science and technology principles.

International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)Educational technology is the full range of digital hardware and software

used to support teaching and learning across the curriculum.

Ed technology historian Paul Saettler (1990) says definitions of ed tech always focused on more than just devices and materials.In 1970 it was defined as “the media born of the communication revolution which can be used for ed purposes,” and “a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching.”

So, both processes and tools.

• Grew from AV movement in the late 1930s• Media such as slides and film are more effective than lectures

and books.• Messages that control the learning process• Ed tech as delivery media

• Originated with post-WWII military and industrial trainers• Used to prepare large numbers of people quickly• Based on efficiency and learning theories from ed psy• Planned, systematic, uniform

• AKA technology education• Originated with industry trainers and vocational educators in 1980s• Believed goal of school is to prepare for work• Vocational training is practical means of teaching all content

areas… caused shift from workshops to high tech stations in labs

• Began in 1950s with advent of computers• In the 1990s educators began to see computers as part of

instructional, support, and media resources

This book defines ed tech as processes – learning theories in action and applications of technology that

prepare students for jobs and tools – delivery media, instructional systems, and tech support that

supports learning

Ed Tech –

Integrating Ed Tech –

Instructional Tech –

Yesterday’s technologyDr. Munson’s pencil Microcomputers – stand alone desktop computers of the 1970sAl Gore’s Internet - collection of computer networks with a common software standardWorld Wide Web 1993 - hypertext links

Pre-microcomputer era-1950s-1970s1959 – First computer used with school children – the IBM 6501970s – University time sharing systems. Computer-assisted instruction

(CAI) Universities developed instructional applications for use on the mainframe and CAI systems

Computer-managed instruction (CMI) expensive and complex.

Microcomputer Era 1977-1990s1985 - Oregon Trail game in Elementary school

1989 –1990s Internet Era – attracted teachers again to technology

Virtual schooling – teachers and students separated by time and/or location but interact via computers.Mobile technology – the era of ubiquitous access. Data plans on cell phones, less printed texts, more digital reading, Internet Era 1993-1998

1993 WWW is born1994 Internet use explodes in higher ed., then in k-121995 Virtual schooling 1998 ISTE

Mobile Technologies 2005-2010 The era of ubiquitous access

2005 – Social Networking Facebook, etc2007 – Kindle ebook reader2008 – Partnership for 21st Century Skills2010 – iPad

Constant connectedness, Dr. G’s FOMO syndrome

What have we learned from the past?

Tools, TermsHardware = equipmentSoftware = programsMobile devices = portable techStorage media= flash drives, CDs, DVDsCloud Computing = software stored on outside servers, online storage, Dropbox, etc.

6 Types of Commonly Used Technology Hardware for Classrooms

Microcomputers – desktops, laptops, tablets, netbooksHandheld Technologies – Smaller, multi-purpose devices, cellphones, ebooks, smart pensDisplay Technologies – whole class or large group demonstrations, used with “clickers” (student response systems) which poll studentsImaging technologies – Visual, still photos to full motion videoPeripherals – keyboards and mice, get information and requests into the computer, output devices like printers External Storage – Backups, large files

Types of Software in SchoolsInstructional – demonstrations, examples, explanations…drill and practice, tutorials, simulationsProductivity – Planning assistance, material development, communication, record keeping. E.g. Word, Xcel, Email, Administrative – school, state, district level admin uses to support record keeping, payroll

Social Issues –Quality of life concerns, threat to personal privacy, spyware, radio frequency identification (RFID) tracking locations, health issues, ears, eyesFear about Overuse – addiction, FOMO, multitaskingFear about misuse – sexting, i-dosing - sites that induce a state of ecstasy through musicRisks of Social Networking – distraction, time consumption, cyberporn, 42% of users between ages of 10-17 have been exposed to porn, 2/3 of this exposure unintended. 2010 study said 1/3 of British children under the age of 10 had been exposed. Cyberbullying, harrassmentProblems from malware, spam, etc. – malicious software, viruses, spyware, spam mail, phishing, zombies

Educational Issues –Lack of funding - advocates for one-to-one computing want a computer for every student. Critics say funding for the arts is more important, the two are often in competitionTeacher and student accountability for quality and progress – NCLB was the beginning of Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)Debate over best practices – conflict between old school teacher-directed methods and new school student-led, inquiry based methods.Reliance on Distant Ed – virtual k-12 courses, some states require them now

Cultural and Equity Issues-The Digital Divide - The power of technology is a two edged sword. Benefits

and potential risks. Socioeconomic division between those with access, those without. Access and knowledge about how to take advantage of the technologies are two different things.

Racial and gender equality – technology use remains dominated by males and certain ethnic groups. Related to STEM. More white males in STEM. Students with special needs – devices exist but are difficult to acquire, implement, or afford.

Legal and Ethical IssuesHacking – firewalls, money spent cleaning up and preventing illegal activitiesSafety issues – Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) parents sign to acknowledge “appropriate use” and safeguards to student informationPlagiarism and academic dishonesty – cybercheating. Blurred lines between what’s legal and illegal

Illegal downloads, piracy –software or media downloads without payment. Teachers tasked with modeling

ethical behavior in the classroom.

Today’s Ed Tech Skills: Standards and Assessments

Standard Sets of SkillsFocus on US:• NETS – National Educational Technology Standards, created by ISTE

(International Society for Technology in Education)• 21st Century Skills, created by P21 – The Partnership for 21st Century SkillsCreated for teachers, with world wide focus:• Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Competency Standards

for Teachers• Created by United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO)

• ISTE NETS is the benchmark for standards in the US.

NETSNETS for students include skills students and teachers should have met, NETS for teachers goes beyond to teaching skills.

On pg.22, graphic shows P21 student outcomes

ICT Framework –• collaboration by UNESCO, ISTE, Intel, Cisco, and Microsoft• 3 levels of human capacity development

• Technology literacy –

• Knowledge deepening –

• Knowledge creation

UNESCO’s design includes standards for each level

Demonstrating SkillsThe Portfolio

• Adobe Acrobat Professional -

• Multimedia authoring software -

• Databases -

• Video -

Why use technology?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnRJaHZH9lo

Hardware and Software development TrendsTrend #1 – Ubiquitous mobile computing#2 – More sources of open content

• More courses and educational materials that were previously proprietary are now free and available

#3 – Increased ebook presence• costsaving, environmental appeal

#4 – Augmented Reality systems (see video)• Information everywhere

#5 – Gesture-based computing• control through movement, camera records movements and interprets as

commands, e.g. Wii and iPad

Trends in Educational Applications