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Ch 18 Section 1
The French Revolution Begins
Background
Began 1789 Create new political and
social order Causes:
Immediate– Economic Long-range– Inequality in
society Three Estates
(classes/orders of society)
Long Range Cause Three Estates 1st Estate- Clergy
Religious leaders 2nd Estate- Nobility
Leaders in government, military, courts, and church offices
3rd Estate- Commoners Paid taxes the clergy and nobility did not
have to pay Bourgeoisie
(BURZH-WAH-ZEE)
Middle Class Merchants, bankers, professionals
Immediate Cause Financial Crisis 1787-88
Bad harvests (crops) Less manufacturing Food shortages Rising prices Unemployment King Louis XVI and Queen
Marie Antoinette High government spending New taxes
Representation
3rd Estate wanted more votes in government (Estates-General) Met at Versailles King refused
Formed the National Assembly Created a constitution Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Inspired by U.S. Constitution and English Bill of Rights
Enlightenment Ideas Freedom of Speech &
Press Equal Rights Public Office No Tax Exemptions
What About Women?
Olympe de Gouges Writer Women should have
same rights as men Declaration of the
Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
National Assembly ignored her
Impact of the Declaration
King was forced to accept the Declaration Mobs of women and
men attacked his castle National Assembly
seized and sold the lands of the Catholic Church Clergy must be elected
“…detachments of women coming up from every direction, armed with broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords, pistols, and muskets.”
New Constitution
Constitution of 1791 Limited monarchy Legislative Assembly
makes laws Leads to the downfall
of King Louis XVI
Ch. 18 Sec. 2
Radical Revolution and Reaction
The Move to Radicalism
Paris commoners became radicals Revenge on people who
helped king/resisted revolution
Poor Encouraged to use violence
what they wanted Lead by Georges Danton,
Jean-Paul Marat, & Maximilien Robespierre
Fate of the King
The French Republic was formed Abolished the
monarchy & created a republic
Condemned King Louis XVI to death Executed on a guillotine Outraged all European
Monarchs
Reign of Terror 1793-1794 Lead by Maximilien
Robespierre Committee of Public
Safety 40,000 people killed
16,000 under guillotine Executions held in
places that openly rebelled
Closed churches
End of the Terror
By late 1790s, French defeated most enemies Austrian Netherlands
Robespierre- Obsessed with power Rid France of corruptors National Convention- guillotined on
July 28, 1794 Reign of Terror ended
Moderate rulers
The Directory
Committee of Public Safety lost power
Churches reopened New constitution- Aug.
1795 National Legislative Assembly
Legislative body (makes laws) Chosen by electors (voters)
Must own or rent property worth a certain value
Bell Ringer#3
How did Napoleon Bonaparte impact France?
Ch 18 Sec 3
The Age of Napoleon
Directory Problems
Executive directors Directory (corrupt) Unable to find a
solution to problems Coup d’etat-
sudden overthrow of government Led by Napoleon
Bonaparte Ended Directory
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Dominated France
and Europe from 1799-1815
Child of the Revolution “I am the revolution”
Early Life- From Military to Emperor
Commander Speed, Deception, & Surprise
Coup d’etat (1799) Overthrew Directory
New Government Consulate
Consul for life (1802) Absolute Power
Crowned himself Emperor (1804)
Domestic Policies
Peace with Catholic Church Papal Agreement
(1801) France will be Catholic,
BUT the French people keep church land seized in the revolution
More Domestic Policies
Codification (organization) of laws
7 codes of Law Civil Code
(Napoleonic Code) Revolutionary Ideas Equality
Even More Domestic Policies
Ability based bureaucracy (system of government)
Merit (not birth right) based nobility Civil or Military
Negative Domestic Policies
Eliminated freedom of press Closed 60 of 73
newspapers Manuscripts were
approved before published
Mail opened by government police
Napoleon’s Empire
1802- Short lasting peace treaty
1803- War broke out with Britain Defeated Austria, Prussia,
Russia
Napoleon’s Empire Con’t
1807-1812 master of Europe (3 parts)
1. French empire (inner core)
2. Dependant states (kingdoms under rule of relatives)
3. Allied states (defeated states forced to join Napoleon in defeating Britain)
Spread Revolutionary ideas
European Response
Empire collapsed (2 reasons) Survival of Great Britain
(naval power) Nationalism (unique cultural
identity of people based on commonalities) Language Religion Hated as oppressors Stirred patriotism of others
The Fall of Napoleon
June 1812- Invasion of Russia (600,000 French Soldiers) Russia refused to fight Retreated and burned their own cities
Napoleon started “Great Retreat” 40,000 soldiers
Other countries attacked France’s crippled army Napoleon exiled to Elba Louis XVIII takes power