Chapters 19 and 20Chapters 19 and 20 Democracy, Depression, Democracy, Depression,

Anti-Imperialism, and Anti-Imperialism, and DictatorshipsDictatorships1919-19451919-1945

Search for Peace and StabilityTreaty of Versailles not about lasting peaceGermany hated the treatyFrance wanted strict enforcement and punishmentBritain backed away from harsh punishment

-Wants Germany to buy their goodsCommunist Russia unpredictable

British EconomistJohn Maynard

Keynes (1883-1946)Economic Consequences

of the Peace (1919)Punishing Germany

hurts other countries

Most known for

promoting Deficit

Spending

Gains of Social Democracy-Expanded Suffrage-Union/worker victories-Self-Determination (Cent and E. Europe)

Self-Determination in Action [CHAPS]Czechs Hungarians Austrian Polish Slavs

Border disputes and Economic struggles

Great BritainStruggled with loss of exports and high

unemployment (23% in 1921)

Beginnings of a Welfare State

1922 Autonomy for southern Ireland after a bloody war

Rise of the Labour Party

Ramsay MacDonald

P.M. 1929-1935

revisionist socialism

Undo harsh German

reparations (agreed with what

economist?)

Pro-European Disarmament

1922 1922 Treaty of Rapallo Treaty of Rapallo Germany/USSRGermany/USSR

“…co-operate in a spirit of mutual goodwill in “…co-operate in a spirit of mutual goodwill in meeting the economic needs of both countries.”meeting the economic needs of both countries.”

Secret Military Cooperation in spite of T. of V.

German fleet was scuttled

in 1919 to prevent the allies from

taking it

Economic struggles, but cultural revival attracted

foreign artists and writers

France - Rebuild after WWICommunists, Socialists, and Moderates

compete for power

France joined with Belgium, Poland and the “Little Entente”

(Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia)

1923 Ruhr Crisis

Aggressive French P.M.Raymond Poincaré(1860-1934)

PM on and off 1912-1929

1921 France demanded $33,000,000,000from Germany

1922 German inflation made payment impossible

1923: French and Belgian soldiers occupied industrial Ruhr valley

…Germany, far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace, has always tried to escape her obligations, it is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat.

-Raymond Poincaré

German govt. paid the workers and printed more money = Hyperinflation

the German “mark” and the U.S. “dollar” (1914-1923)DATE: 1 DOLLAR = x MARKS

July 1914 4.2 January 1921 64.9July 1921 76.7January 1922 191.8July 1922 493.2January 1923 17,972.0July 1923 353,412.0August 1923 4,620,455.0September 1923 98,860,000.0October 1923 25,260,208,000.0November 15, 1923 4,200,000,000,000.0

German money became

worthlessBlamed Jews, governments, communists,

etc.

German passive

resistance refused to

cooperation with France or deliver

coal

German Nationalism Grew“It is the duty of our workforce to support this defensive struggle. We therefore demand that our management and our Works Council never

consent under any circumstance to foreign troops bathing here.”-German Newspaper during the occupation

France did not have UK supportBacked into a corner and

needed a solution

American Banker and Future Vice President

Charles Dawes

Offered a plan for reparations

1924 Dawes Plan1924 Dawes Plan• Allies owed U.S. $10 billion• Germany owed Allies $33 billion• Germany can’t pay (France invaded)

• USA = Loans to Germany and created a new payment plan–2 year moratorium and graduated

payments plan (total amount same)–Withdrawal of French troops–RR under international control

October 4, 2010 Germany paid their final reparation payment

1925 Locarno Agreements

Gustave Stresemann

Germany

Austen Chamberlain

Britain

Aristide Briand

France

1925 Locarno Agreements• Germans

accepted Polish and Czech borders

• France pledged to defend Poles and Czechs

• French and Germans accept common border

• England and Italy fight any aggressor

1930 London Naval Conference(UK, USA, France, Italy and Japan)

Limit battleship and sub tonnage

Kellogg-Briand Pact 192815 Nations Declare War Illegal

Aristide BriandFrench Prime Minister

Frank B. KelloggUS Sec. of State

Anti-imperialist movements in Asia (many failed)

Chinese Civil War 1927-1950Communists vs. Republic

The Great Depression1929-1939 worldwide and long lasting

Imbalance between real investment and speculation

• USA stock market crash Oct. 1929• 1920s: “Roaring” 20s ran on borrowed money

–Overproduction–Speculation and a stock “bubble”

• Many stocks purchased on margin• Mass selloff = panic and bank closures• Production fell and nations enact

large protective tariffs (USA first)

Poor Economic Policies Added to Depression

Increased unemployment Protective

tariffs

1929Industry shrank

(esp. Germany)

People had less to spend

Wall Street

Crashed

Loans to Europe ended

Industrial profits

declined

Industrial trade

collapsed 70% worldwide

No strong International Leadership

Mass Unemployment

Poverty and social

problems increased

Governments struggled

Many abandon the Gold Standard

“life on the dole”

Scandinavian Response

Social Democrats (socialists)Use deficit

spending for jobs

Scandinavia’s welfare socialism - large bureaucracy, high taxes

Balance of capitalism and socialism (“middle way”)

The Depression in FranceGovernment instability and rival

political parties prevented recovery (Fascists, Communists, Moderates, etc.)

Socialist Prime

Minister Léon Blum 1936-1938

Anti-Fascist Popular Front(socialists and communists)

Political turmoil

Civil War possible

New Authoritarian States (USSR and Nazi)

Totalitarian DictatorshipsTotalitarian Dictatorships• Anti-liberalism and IndividualismAnti-liberalism and Individualism• Regulate everyone’s lives and Regulate everyone’s lives and

replace the status quoreplace the status quo• Aggressively Nationalistic Aggressively Nationalistic • Appeal to the massesAppeal to the masses

Stalinist Communism

StalinFascism

MussoliniAnd

Franco

NazismHitler

The Soviet UnionFrom Lenin to Stalin

Post Civil War chaos

Lenin’s New Economic

Policy, 1921economic revival

NEP = positive results

Soviet Anti-Religious Policy“Religion is the opium of the people: this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the

entire ideology of Marxism about religion. All modern religions and churches, all and of every kind of religious organizations are … organs of bourgeois reaction, used for the protection of the exploitation and the

stupefaction of the working class.”-V. Lenin

Vladimir Lenin died

in 1924

No clear successor

Joseph Stalin

Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili

(1878-1953)

Leader of the Soviet Union

1927-1953

Trotsky vs. Stalin

Trotsky = spread communism “permanent revolution”

Stalin = focus on Russia “socialism in one country”

Stalin defeated Trotsky and

eliminated all rivals by 1927

Trotsky Murdered by Stalin’s assassins in 1940

Stalinist Soviet Union“Totalitarianism from the Left”

“We are fifty or a hundred years

behind the advanced countries. We must

make good this distance in ten

years. Either we do it or they crush us.”

-1931

1928 the firstFive-Year

PlanPromote industry

and form collective farms

CollectivizationMass relocations and war with the

kulaks (better off peasants)

Results were violent and disastrous

Ukrainian Famine 1932-19333,000,000 Starve To Death

The Five-Year PlansThe Five-Year PlansConsolidated Stalin’s power Consolidated Stalin’s power

and growth of heavy industryand growth of heavy industryAvg. standard of living remained lowAvg. standard of living remained low

Mass purges create fear and eliminated any opposition

NKVDSoviet Secret Police during Stalin’s rule

Administered the Purges

“Ideas are more powerful than

guns. We would not let our

enemies have guns, why

should we let them have

ideas?”

The Great Purge 1937-1938

1,548,367 Detained 681,692 Executions Average of 1,000 executions per day

Gulags and Work

Camps

476 Separate camp complexes 7,000,000 prisoners at any given time

Estimated 25,000,000 purged or

starved

Collective GuiltLev Razgon a survivor of the Gulag

…each member of a criminal group (membership in that group was expressed by the knowledge of its existence and

failure to report it) was responsible not only for his own individual criminal deeds but also for the deeds of the

criminal group as a whole…

…Several dozen people were linked together in a group and then one of them, the weakest, was beaten almost to death in

order to obtain confessions…the others … only requiring beating until they admitted they knew the individual who had given a “complete and full confession.” …the same crimes … were automatically attributed to them as well.

Adjustments to history

Nikolai Yezhov, former NKVD

“Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.”

-George Orwell from 1984

Art and literature political

and regulated

Propaganda and

indoctrination common

parts of life

“Day after day, life becomes even happier!”

"Study the Great Path of the Party of Lenin and Stalin!"

“Education is a weapon whose effects depend on who holds it

in his hands and at whom it is

aimed”

Many inspired by hoped of equality and possibility of advancement

EducationHealthcarePensionsChildcare

Women in the Soviet Union• More rights (but patriarchal)

• Employment• Education• DivorceBy 1950 75% of Soviet doctors were women

COMINTERNWorld Revolution and Anti-Fascist

Compare the economic roles of the state under seventeenth century mercantilism and twentieth century communism. Illustrate your answer with reference to the economic system of France during Louis XIV’s reign under Colbert and of the Soviet Union under Stalin.

Compare and contrast the French Jacobins’ use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals during the Terror (1793-94) with Stalin’s use of state power in the USSR between 1928-1939.

Kingdom of Italydivision of liberals and conservatives

angry about the T. of V.

Benito Mussolini(1883-1945)Ruled Italy 1922-1945

Italian Fascism• Expansionist nationalism• Military glorification• Anti socialist, liberal, and

communist• Conformity and the state

valued over individuals

“For if the nineteenth century was a century

of individualism (Liberalism always

signifying individualism) it may be expected that this will be the century of

collectivism, and hence the century of

the State.”

1922 Mussolini marched on Rome and forced the king to name him

head of the government

1924-1926 Established a conservative Fascist dictatorship

“The truth is that men are

tired of liberty.”

Manipulated elections and

Violently eliminated opposition

killed Socialist leader

OVRA and “Black-Shirts”

1929 Lateran Agreement created an independent Vatican

Effect of the Lateran Agreement?

Women forced into traditional

gender roles

Divorce abolished

Bachelors taxed

Order andSocial

Programs improved the

economy

1935 Italy Invaded EthiopiaAbyssinian Crisis

Failure of the L of N

1936 Italy Victorious(spoiled relations with France and UK)

Overall, Mussolini’s Italy was not completely totalitarian and did not have purges

Nazi Germany“Totalitarianism from the Right”

Adolf Hitler

1889-1945

NAZI PartyNational Socialist German Workers Party

Anti-•T. of V.•“Lower” races

– Lebensunwertes leben “Life unworthy of life”

•“Judeo-Communism”•Individualism

Pro-•Nationalism and German greatness•Racial “purity”•Rearmament and military expansion

Hitler’s Nazism

By 1921 Hitler had reshaped the Nazi party

Jailed for the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch

1923-1924 Prison

WroteMein Kampf

Hitler’s Ideas in Mein Kampf

-Germany lost the war in 1919 because it had been “stabbed in the back” by Jews and Communists in the civilian government

-“If, at the beginning and during the war, someone had only subjected about twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew destroyers of the people to poison gas – as was suffered on the battlefield by hundreds of thousands of our best workers… -- then the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain.”

“stabbed in the back” legend

Skilled at using mass rallies and propaganda

“The attention span of the masses is very short, their understanding limited; they

easily forget. For that reason all effective propaganda has to concentrate on very few

points and drive them home through simple slogans, until even the simplest can

grasp what you have in mind.”

“You must stick to limiting yourself to essentials and repeat them endlessly.”

-Adolf Hitler

Nuremberg Rallies

Movies as PropagandaLeni

Riefenstahl's The Triumph of the Will 1934

Glorified Nazism

Video and Music\Triumph des Willens-End.avi

1928 Elections12 Nazi members of the Reichstag

1930 Elections107 Nazi members of the Reichstag

1933 Elections230 Nazi members of the Reichstag

1933 Elected Chancellor

Conservatives thought he could

be controlledVideo and Music\hitler speaks to to the richstag.asf

1929 Depression6,000,000 Unemployed

Public works and military spending

improved the economy

Autobahn Construction

The Fight against

Unemployment (1934)

Our Last Hope: Hitler

Nazi party attractive to the young,

lower middle class, and anti-Communists

“Workers, Awaken. Vote for the

National Socialist German Workers'

Party.” - 1932

Jewish man whispering in the ear of a Marxist

A communist youth with a bloody knife

carries a banner that states “Civil War,

Class Struggle”

1933 Reichstag

Fire

Communists blamed

“Bolshevism brings war,

unemployment, and famine”

1933 Enabling Act allowedHitler to make laws

“Laws enacted by the government of the

Reich may deviate from the constitution…”

Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Nation (Enabling Act)

“How fortunate for governments

that the people they administer

don't think.”

1934 Night of the Long Knives

purged Nazi party and military

Gestapo secret police

Brown Shirts Sturmabteilung (SA)“When Jewish blood spurts from the knife,

then everything will be fine again!” –SA song

1934 President Hindenburg died

Hitler Became the Fuhrer

(leader or guide)

Promised a Third

Reich that would last 1,000 years

Dominated every part of German life

SPRITE

“Our state never releases the human being from the cradle to the grave. We start with the child of three years: as

soon as he begins to think, he is already given a little flag to carry. Thereafter

follow school, Hitler Youth, SA, military service. We do not let go of the human

being and when all that is over, the Labor Front comes and takes him once more and does not let him go until he

dies, whether he likes it or not.”- The Head of the Nazi Labor Front

Militarization and Nationalism

SS Schutzstaffel

Hermann Goering

(1893-1946)2nd In

Command of Third Reich

Commander of the Luftwaffe

Heinrich Himmler(1900-1945)

SS LeaderCommanded concentration

camps

Joseph Goebbels(1897-1945)

Nazi Minister For Public

Enlightenment and Propaganda

“We National Socialists believe that in political

affairs Adolf Hitler is

infallible.”

“He alone, who owns the youth, gains the future.” -Adolf Hitler

By 1936 ~ ½ of all German boys ages

10-14 were members of the Hitler Youth

Aryan women encouraged to

have many children

“traditional” roles for women

1936 Olympic Games

1935 Nuremberg Laws removed rights of Jews

Jewish Identification Card

Rudolf HessRudolf Hess(1894-1987)(1894-1987)

Hitler’s DeputyHitler’s Deputy

33rdrd most powerful most powerful man in Germanyman in Germany

Prominent Role in Prominent Role in Creating Creating

Nuremburg LawsNuremburg Laws

The Poisonous Mushroom

A Children’s Book

“I have some candy for you, but

both of you must come with me.”

“Sucked Dry”

“Where something is rotten, the Jew is

the cause”

“Behind the enemy powers: the Jew”

“He is to blame for the war!”

Kristallnacht Nov 9-10, 1938Germany and parts of Austria

“The great masses of the people will more easily fall victim to a big lie than to a small one.”

-Adolf Hitler

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War 1936-19391936-1939

19 military coups 1803-19363 Civil Wars 1833-1876

A History ofLeft vs. Right

Great Depressioncompounded existing problems

Popular FrontCNT

REPUBLICANS NATIONALISTS

Falange

ERC Carlists (Royalists)

CEDA

Alfonsists(Royalists)

USSR, Mexico, Foreign

Volunteers

Italy, Germany, Portugal, Foreign Volunteers

Nationalist Rebels

Republic of Spain

Gen. Francisco

Franco(1892-1975)

-------------------------------

Fascist Authoritarian Nationalist

Total War

BOTH SIDES had foreign volunteers30,000 from 52 countries

Germans for FrancoCanadians for Franco

A proxy war of ideologies

George Orwell Ernest Hemmingway

USSR Cominter

sent 3,000 men, 1,000 planes, and 400 tanks

Nationalists received better equipment from Germany and Italy

Germany sent 16,000 men, 200 tanks and 600 aircraft, and tested new blitzkrieg tactics

1937 Bombing of Guernica

Pablo Picasso’s Guernica 1937

Nationalists took the French border

Communists and Anarchists fought with each other

Feb-March Feb-March 1939 1939 The The

Final PushFinal Push

1939-1975 Fascist

Dictatorship of Caudillo Francisco

Franco

Spain During WWIIFriendly with the Axis, but remained

“neutral” in order to gain trade agreements from UK and France

Cold War led to acceptance

1982 NATO membership

Franco died in 1975Franco died in 1975