CH 20 The Progressive EraCH 20 The Progressive Era

20.1 Theodore Roosevelt’s 20.1 Theodore Roosevelt’s Square DealSquare Deal

After William McKinley wins the After William McKinley wins the election of 1900, he never reaps the election of 1900, he never reaps the

benefits of his victory. During the late benefits of his victory. During the late summer following his inauguration, a summer following his inauguration, a

28-year-old anarchist named Leon 28-year-old anarchist named Leon Czolgosz shoots McKinley. Theodore Czolgosz shoots McKinley. Theodore Roosevelt is sworn into the presidency Roosevelt is sworn into the presidency in what will become one of the many in what will become one of the many

dramatic presidential terms in our dramatic presidential terms in our history.history.

20.120.1Teddy’s BackgroundTeddy’s Background Born into wealth, Born into wealth,

Roosevelt traveled as Roosevelt traveled as a youngstera youngster

Struggled with asthma Struggled with asthma and poor eyesight as a and poor eyesight as a child.child.

Active in boxing, track Active in boxing, track and field, and hunting.and field, and hunting.

Took a punch in the Took a punch in the eye during a fight and eye during a fight and blinded his left eye.blinded his left eye.

Always kept his boyish Always kept his boyish energy.energy.

Accomplished author Accomplished author with works in history, with works in history, politics, ethics… politics, ethics…

20.120.1In the PresidencyIn the Presidency

Used the presidency as a Used the presidency as a “bully pulpit” to spread “bully pulpit” to spread his ideas.his ideas.

TR loved power, and TR loved power, and hated wealth.hated wealth.

Shocked no one had Shocked no one had attacked monopolies attacked monopolies soonersooner

He believed the He believed the President should lead.President should lead.

20.120.1Events Defining Roosevelt:Events Defining Roosevelt:Coal StrikeCoal Strike In the mines of Illinois, PA, Ohio, and West VirginiaIn the mines of Illinois, PA, Ohio, and West Virginia Workers received no raise in 20 yearsWorkers received no raise in 20 years 441 men killed in accidents in 1901441 men killed in accidents in 1901 Workers earnings in what they dug were dishonestly Workers earnings in what they dug were dishonestly

weighedweighed John Mitchell, President of United Mine Workers led John Mitchell, President of United Mine Workers led

strike in May 1902strike in May 1902 In October, with winter coming, people feared the RR In October, with winter coming, people feared the RR

would stop runningwould stop running No coal, no fuel for RRNo coal, no fuel for RR No RR, no businessNo RR, no business No business, no workNo business, no work No work, no foodNo work, no food

20.120.1

Coal Strike (continued)Coal Strike (continued) Roosevelt threatened to send the Army into Roosevelt threatened to send the Army into

the mines if the owners continued to hold out the mines if the owners continued to hold out from talks.from talks.

Owners give in to talks- Strike OverOwners give in to talks- Strike Over Shows: Shows: Roosevelt fearless to big businessRoosevelt fearless to big business Sticks up for ordinary AmericaSticks up for ordinary America LeaderLeader Provided “square deal” for minersProvided “square deal” for miners

20.120.1Northern SecuritiesNorthern SecuritiesHolding company founded by:Holding company founded by:                James J. Hill of Great Northern RRJames J. Hill of Great Northern RR                J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan                RockefellerRockefeller                E.H. Harriman of Union Pacific RRE.H. Harriman of Union Pacific RR  A.A. Responsible for maintaining large RR Responsible for maintaining large RR

monopoly in the Northwest.monopoly in the Northwest.B.B. Roosevelt had the company sued by using Roosevelt had the company sued by using

the Sherman Anti-Trust Actthe Sherman Anti-Trust ActC.C. Supreme Court (5 to 4) ruled the company Supreme Court (5 to 4) ruled the company

violated Sherman A.T. Act and must dissolveviolated Sherman A.T. Act and must dissolveD.D. Roosevelt uses momentum to attack beef Roosevelt uses momentum to attack beef

trusts, oil trusts, and tobacco trusts.trusts, oil trusts, and tobacco trusts.E.E. Urged Congress to approve Department of Urged Congress to approve Department of

Commerce and Labor to Cabinet.Commerce and Labor to Cabinet.

20.120.1President in his Own RightPresident in his Own Right Smothers opponent in election of 1904Smothers opponent in election of 1904

(Alton Parker)(Alton Parker) 336 to 140 electoral votes336 to 140 electoral votesTime to Reform:Time to Reform: Strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act to Strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act to

regulate the RR.regulate the RR. Hepburn BillHepburn Bill- gave I.C.C. power to regulate:- gave I.C.C. power to regulate:

PipelinesPipelinesExpress and sleeping car companiesExpress and sleeping car companiesBridgesBridgesFerriesFerriesTerminalsTerminals

*Major accomplishment to regulate business.*Major accomplishment to regulate business.

20.120.11906-Reforms1906-Reforms

          Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act- check animals - check animals health, sanitary conditionshealth, sanitary conditions

Upton Sinclair’s Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle The Jungle depicts the depicts the conditions of the meat packing plantsconditions of the meat packing plants

          Pure Food and Drug Act- Pure Food and Drug Act- forbade the forbade the manufacture and sale of impure drugs manufacture and sale of impure drugs and food. Labels mandatory on all and food. Labels mandatory on all medicines.medicines.

          Employers Liability InsuranceEmployers Liability Insurance- provided - provided accident insurance to RR workers on accident insurance to RR workers on interstate railroads and in D.C.interstate railroads and in D.C.

Food/Drugs

Workman’s Compensation

JungleMeat Packing

Next

The JungleThe Jungle (1906) (1906) Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair

. …Under the system of rigid economy, which . …Under the system of rigid economy, which the packers enforced, there were some jobs the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water--and cart load after cart load and stale water--and cart load after cart load of it would be taken up and dumped into the of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast. public's breakfast.

20.120.1Conservation EffortsConservation Efforts Newlands Reclamation ActNewlands Reclamation Act- take money - take money

from public sale of lands out west, and build from public sale of lands out west, and build dams and canals to help irrigation…dams and canals to help irrigation…increased the price of once dry, arid land.increased the price of once dry, arid land.

Used the power granted by Congress to hold Used the power granted by Congress to hold millions of acres of woodlands for a natural millions of acres of woodlands for a natural reserve.reserve.

Increased acreage from 50 million to 190 Increased acreage from 50 million to 190 million. (GB and France combined)million. (GB and France combined)

Transformed Transformed Public Land ServicePublic Land Service to to United States Forest Service United States Forest Service headed by headed by Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot

Pinchot pioneered reforestation, (seen as a Pinchot pioneered reforestation, (seen as a resource)resource)

20.120.1Panic of 1907Panic of 1907 Prices dropPrices drop JP Morgan urges TR JP Morgan urges TR

to allow United to allow United States Steel to States Steel to purchase purchase Tennessee Coal Tennessee Coal and Iron Company.and Iron Company.

Roosevelt allows it Roosevelt allows it for economy.for economy.

20.120.1Social reforms on the way…Social reforms on the way… Income and Inheritance taxIncome and Inheritance tax Limits on use of labor injunctionsLimits on use of labor injunctions More control on businessMore control on business More…More…

    Criticized as a Criticized as a socialistsocialist- - public ownership of means of public ownership of means of

production and distributionproduction and distribution Believed in capitalism, not socialism.Believed in capitalism, not socialism. Wanted capitalism to benefit all Americans. Wanted capitalism to benefit all Americans.

Wanted to eliminate extremes of wealth Wanted to eliminate extremes of wealth

and poverty.and poverty.

TeddyTeddy

"This country will "This country will not be a not be a

permanently good permanently good place for any of us place for any of us to live in unless we to live in unless we

make it a make it a reasonably good reasonably good

place for all of us to place for all of us to live in."live in."

Chicago, IL, June 17, 1912Chicago, IL, June 17, 1912

20.2 20.2 Middle Class Middle Class ReformersReformers

Progressives Progressives believed the believed the government should government should no longer be an no longer be an umpireumpire..

What does this What does this mean?mean?

CorporationCorporation

Government was Government was expected to level expected to level the playing field.the playing field.

Citizen Citizen

20.220.2

CitiesCities          Reform broke ground in the position of Reform broke ground in the position of

mayor of some citiesmayor of some citiesHazen S. Pingree-DetroitHazen S. Pingree-DetroitSamuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones- Samuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones- “every man must “every man must rule himself”rule himself”

City ManagerCity ManagerManager , Manager , not politiciannot politician, hired to run , hired to run

city city (much like a business)(much like a business)Policies made by council, enforced Policies made by council, enforced

by by managermanager

Commission ruleCommission ruleSome cities formed an Some cities formed an

elected elected commission to run commission to run local local governmentgovernment

This eliminated the This eliminated the possibility possibility of a corrupt boss of a corrupt boss from ruling.from ruling.

20.220.2State reformState reformReform governorsReform governors

Robert M LaFollette, Robert M LaFollette, (Wisconsin) (Wisconsin) ““Battling Bob” Battling Bob”

~brought direct primary ~brought direct primary to choose candidatesto choose candidates

~restricted lobbying~restricted lobbying~set up civil service~set up civil service~conservation policies~conservation policies~taxed ~taxed

corporationscorporations/reg. /reg. BanksBanks

20.220.2

Reforms (major Progressive Reforms (major Progressive reforms)reforms)

By 1912, ¾ of all states passed child By 1912, ¾ of all states passed child labor lawslabor laws

Workmen’s compensation /InsuranceWorkmen’s compensation /Insurance

Women’s minimum wage and conditionsWomen’s minimum wage and conditions

Banning alcohol –26 states by 1917Banning alcohol –26 states by 1917

Heavy taxes on richHeavy taxes on rich

Taxes on inheritance, profits, incomesTaxes on inheritance, profits, incomes

RR/ utilities commission to control ratesRR/ utilities commission to control rates Do we need

reform today?

Women SuffrageWomen Suffrage

Women Suffrage-Women Suffrage- reformers thought reformers thought that women would that women would be more inclined to be more inclined to votevote for reform for reform legislation if given legislation if given the right.the right.

Overcoming Overcoming Voting Voting

BarriersBarriers

Strengthening the Movement A group of young women, impatient with the slow pace of change, adopted some confrontational tactics to push suffrage. Many of these women had received graduate education abroad, held professional jobs, and were influenced by example of the militant British suffrage movement. They were led by Alice Paul, a Philadelphia Quaker who formed the National Woman's Party. Its strategies included picketing, marches, outdoor rallies, and hunger strikes in jail.

On the day of Woodrow Wilson's inauguration in 1913, Alice Paul organized a protest of 5,000 women, who marched up Pennsylvania Avenue while 100,000 spectators watched. Protesters crossed the barriers that had been set up along the march's route, heckled the suffragists, and blocked their march. Police refused to come to their aid. Finally, cavalry were called in to allow the march to proceed.

20.220.2VotingVoting SecretSecret (Australian (Australian) )

ballotballot in in Massachusetts- 1888Massachusetts- 1888

Prior to this, each party Prior to this, each party would distribute a would distribute a colored ballot for their colored ballot for their party, making it easier party, making it easier to see how someone to see how someone voted.voted.

More secretive the better, More secretive the better, better representativesbetter representatives

20.220.2Improving Our Improving Our

RepresentationRepresentation

          Direct primariesDirect primaries allow allow people, not bosses, to choose people, not bosses, to choose who runs for office.who runs for office.

              Direct election of Direct election of SenatorsSenators would allow would allow people, not state legislatures, people, not state legislatures, to elect people to the “rich to elect people to the “rich man’s club” (Senate).man’s club” (Senate).

1717THTH AMENDMENT (1913) AMENDMENT (1913)

More Voting Reform:More Voting Reform:                initiative initiative -5-8% of voters -5-8% of voters

could start a bill by petitioncould start a bill by petition                  referendum- referendum- bill put on bill put on

a ballot for voters to pass a ballot for voters to pass or defeator defeat

                  recall-recall- by petition, voters by petition, voters

could demand an official to could demand an official to stand for reelectionstand for reelection

Gives a voice to the public inGives a voice to the public inmaking laws and affectingmaking laws and affecting

election outcomes.election outcomes.

ProhibitionProhibition Prohibition in America began Prohibition in America began

because people thought that because people thought that alcohol was the cause of crime alcohol was the cause of crime and abuse.and abuse.

Hostility to saloons and their Hostility to saloons and their political influence was political influence was characteristic of the Progressive characteristic of the Progressive Era.Era.

From 1920 to 1933, the From 1920 to 1933, the "manufacture, sale, or "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes" was prohibited in the purposes" was prohibited in the United States. United States.

Prohibition (continued)Prohibition (continued)

Many social problems have Many social problems have been attributed to the been attributed to the Prohibition era. A profitable, Prohibition era. A profitable, often violent, black market for often violent, black market for alcohol flourished. Racketeering alcohol flourished. Racketeering happened when powerful gangs happened when powerful gangs corrupted law enforcement corrupted law enforcement agencies. Stronger liquor agencies. Stronger liquor surged in popularity because its surged in popularity because its potency made it more potency made it more profitable to smuggle. profitable to smuggle.

20.220.2Muckrakers-Muckrakers-reform journalists and reform journalists and

novelist that wrote articles/works to novelist that wrote articles/works to promote progressive reform. Teddy promote progressive reform. Teddy Roosevelt gave the name-muckrakers.Roosevelt gave the name-muckrakers.

                McClure’s Magazine- “Tweed’s Days in St. McClure’s Magazine- “Tweed’s Days in St. Louis” -Lincoln Steffens also wrote…Louis” -Lincoln Steffens also wrote…The Shame The Shame of the Cities (1904)of the Cities (1904)

                Ida Tarbell- Ida Tarbell- History of Standard Oil CompanyHistory of Standard Oil Company “public enemy”“public enemy”

                Frank Norris- Frank Norris- The Octopus (1901)The Octopus (1901) RR’s, RR’s, The The Pit (1903)Pit (1903) wheat exchange wheat exchange

                Theodore Dreiser- Theodore Dreiser- The Financier (1912), The The Financier (1912), The Titan (1914), Titan (1914), andand An American Tragedy (1925). An American Tragedy (1925).

                Painters,Photographers- Jacob RiisPainters,Photographers- Jacob Riis

20.3 20.3 Taft in the White HouseTaft in the White House

oo      Roosevelt decides to Roosevelt decides to not run for a third not run for a third term.term.

oo      Promotes the Promotes the nomination of nomination of

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft (Secretary of War)(Secretary of War)

1908- Defeats William 1908- Defeats William Jennings BryanJennings Bryan

20.320.3

President TaftPresident Taft Former Solicitor General for the Supreme Court Former Solicitor General for the Supreme Court

/Federal Judge/Federal Judge Methodical, calculated man. Would rather delay a Methodical, calculated man. Would rather delay a

decision until it is thought out and investigateddecision until it is thought out and investigated Tariff issueTariff issue Once elected, decides to attack (promised substantial Once elected, decides to attack (promised substantial

revision)revision) oo              Produced long process of little revision Produced long process of little revision Payne-Payne-

Aldrich Aldrich tarifftariff was subtle was subtle oo              Progressives upset at “hoax” of a revisionProgressives upset at “hoax” of a revision Pinchot firedPinchot fired Gifford Pinchot (Chief of Forest Service) v. Richard Gifford Pinchot (Chief of Forest Service) v. Richard

Ballinger (Sec. of Interior) dispute about ownership (JP Ballinger (Sec. of Interior) dispute about ownership (JP Morgan and Guggenheim) of government coal lands in Morgan and Guggenheim) of government coal lands in Alaska. Pinchot fired by Taft!Alaska. Pinchot fired by Taft!

Roosevelt not happy.Roosevelt not happy.

20.320.3Progressives respondProgressives respondAfter Payne-Aldrich tariff/ Pichot firing, After Payne-Aldrich tariff/ Pichot firing,

Progressives call Taft-“tool of the Progressives call Taft-“tool of the interests”interests”

Become Become “insurgents”“insurgents” and fight against and fight against own party.own party.

In past, Speaker of House (Joseph Cannon) In past, Speaker of House (Joseph Cannon) headed the Rules Committee- headed the Rules Committee- committee that decides if a bill will be committee that decides if a bill will be set aside, or pushed to a vote.set aside, or pushed to a vote.

        Insurgents change “rules”Insurgents change “rules” of of heading Rules Committee- must be heading Rules Committee- must be elected by members of House. (no elected by members of House. (no more self-appointed dictator of House) more self-appointed dictator of House)

                Mann Elkins Act (1910)Mann Elkins Act (1910) extended extended the power of the Interstate Commerce the power of the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate telephone, telegraph, Act to regulate telephone, telegraph, cable, and wireless companies.cable, and wireless companies.

20.320.3Guess Who’s BackGuess Who’s Back Roosevelt travels after leaving office. Roosevelt travels after leaving office. Returns to US to embark on speaking tour to Returns to US to embark on speaking tour to

criticize Taft and support the insurgents of the criticize Taft and support the insurgents of the party. Speaks of a party. Speaks of a “New Nationalism”“New Nationalism” that that included a return of many reforms:included a return of many reforms:

          Strict regulation on large corporationsStrict regulation on large corporations           Real tariff revisionReal tariff revision           Federal income and inheritance taxFederal income and inheritance tax           National workmen’s compensation National workmen’s compensation

lawslaws           Protection of women’s and children in Protection of women’s and children in

industryindustry           Direct primariesDirect primaries Initiative, Referendum, and RecallInitiative, Referendum, and Recall

20.320.3

Congressional Elections of Congressional Elections of 19101910

Democrats win House, Democrats win House, Senate’s republican majority Senate’s republican majority reducedreduced

Woodrow Wilson elected as Woodrow Wilson elected as reform governor of New Jerseyreform governor of New Jersey

For the presidency, “Battling For the presidency, “Battling Bob” LaFollete emerges as Bob” LaFollete emerges as insurgent nominee for 1912 insurgent nominee for 1912 election. election.

20.320.3Taft’s accomplishments in office:Taft’s accomplishments in office:         More civil service jobsMore civil service jobs         Million acres of Appalachian Million acres of Appalachian

reservedreserved         Control of underground Control of underground

resourcesresources         New Mexico/ Arizona become New Mexico/ Arizona become

states- 1912states- 1912         Sponsored income tax Sponsored income tax

amendment (Sixteenth amendment (Sixteenth Amendment, passed 1913)Amendment, passed 1913)

Taft sends 45 indictments to Taft sends 45 indictments to trusts. (one of them part owned trusts. (one of them part owned by Roosevelt)by Roosevelt)

20.320.3Roosevelt believed theRoosevelt believed the federal federal

governmentgovernment should distinguish should distinguish between good and bad trusts.between good and bad trusts.

Roosevelt, loving a good fight, joins the Roosevelt, loving a good fight, joins the race.race.

Taft runs Republican Convention, Taft runs Republican Convention, Roosevelt loses bid for nominationRoosevelt loses bid for nomination

Progressives flee angered..Progressives flee angered.. Later, Progressive Party nominates Later, Progressive Party nominates

Roosevelt.Roosevelt.

20.20.33

Progressive demands:Progressive demands:           Direct democracyDirect democracy           ConservationConservation           Minimum wage for women Minimum wage for women           Ban child laborBan child labor           Tariff revisionTariff revision           Closer regulation on Interstate Closer regulation on Interstate

Commerce Act Commerce Act

Responding to a question of health, Responding to a question of health, Roosevelt comments “strong as a Bull Roosevelt comments “strong as a Bull Moose”- Bull Moose becomes slogan Moose”- Bull Moose becomes slogan

20.320.3

Election of 1912Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson emerges as popular Woodrow Wilson emerges as popular Democratic candidate by his moral reform Democratic candidate by his moral reform platform as governor of New Jersey.platform as governor of New Jersey.

Election of 1912 becomes: Election of 1912 becomes:

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson (D) (D) Taft Taft (R)(R)

Roosevelt Roosevelt (Pr)(Pr)

20.320.3Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson (D) (D) v. Roosevelt v. Roosevelt

(Pr)(Pr) v. Taft v. Taft (R)(R) Subtle party differencesSubtle party differences DemocratsDemocrats- very low tariffs, Regulate - very low tariffs, Regulate

trusts trusts RepublicansRepublicans- Mild revision of tariffs, - Mild revision of tariffs,

Eliminate monopoliesEliminate monopolies   BothBoth: conservation and banking : conservation and banking

reformreform

The Four Horsemen of 1912The Four Horsemen of 1912I ran for president in 1900, 1904, and 1908, so why not?

Who am I?

Eugene Debs-Socialist Party

TR

TAFTWW

20.320.3 Comparison of Roosevelt to WilsonComparison of Roosevelt to Wilson

…

…

…

Roosevelt's New Nationalism vs. Wilson's New Freedom

...

20.320.3Outcome of the electionOutcome of the election Roosevelt’s impact on the electionRoosevelt’s impact on the election       Split the Republican vote, but not enough Split the Republican vote, but not enough

to to defeat Wilsondefeat Wilson Wilson winsWilson wins            Taft happy to leave office, sought Taft happy to leave office, sought

position on position on Supreme CourtSupreme Court           Harding in 1921 appoints Taft to Chief Harding in 1921 appoints Taft to Chief

Justice Justice of Supreme Court of Supreme Court           Only man to be President and Chief Only man to be President and Chief

Justice (1921-1930)Justice (1921-1930)

20.420.4I.I.              Wilson was TR’s oppositeWilson was TR’s opposite

a.a.            College EliteCollege Elite b.b.          Not an outdoorsmanNot an outdoorsman c.c.          President of PrincetonPresident of Princeton d.d.          Stiff and distantStiff and distant

Wilson had a wider appeal because he Wilson had a wider appeal because he was more moderate than Bryanwas more moderate than Bryan

   IIII              InaugurationInauguration a.a.            “Cleanse, reconsider, and restore”“Cleanse, reconsider, and restore” b.b.          No inaugural ballNo inaugural ball                             i.i.            Dedication, seriousDedication, serious c.c.          Set a concern, and get support to act Set a concern, and get support to act

upon itupon it

20.420.4Tariff reformTariff reform

Personally addresses Personally addresses Congress (not since Congress (not since Wash, Adams)Wash, Adams)

Not for free trade, but for Not for free trade, but for free opportunity free opportunity

Enlists the help of Enlists the help of expert, Oscar Underwoodexpert, Oscar Underwood

Underwood-Simmons Underwood-Simmons Bill 1913Bill 1913

Reduces the tariff 11%Reduces the tariff 11% Income tax (for Income tax (for

treasury revenue)treasury revenue)

20.420.4BankingBanking

No stable reserve for No stable reserve for banks if they banks if they experienced mass experienced mass withdrawalswithdrawals

Deposits went to bigger Deposits went to bigger banks, NYC, and then banks, NYC, and then to Wall Street (used in to Wall Street (used in stock exchange)stock exchange)

When a bank need a When a bank need a loan, they would call loan, they would call NYC to get a loan NYC to get a loan “on-call”“on-call”

20.420.4Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Act

of 1913of 1913 12 Districts in the 12 Districts in the

countrycountry Each with a central Each with a central

reserve bank-Banker’s reserve bank-Banker’s BankBank

Ruled by Federal Ruled by Federal Reserve Board Reserve Board (members appointed by (members appointed by President)President)

Every national bank Every national bank must give to support must give to support the capital in reserve the capital in reserve bankbank

Perhaps Wilson’s Perhaps Wilson’s biggest accomplishmentbiggest accomplishment

Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System

20.420.4

BusinessBusiness Clayton Anti-Trust ActClayton Anti-Trust Act

Prevented on company from taking over Prevented on company from taking over stock in another stock in another if it created a if it created a monopolymonopoly

No one could be director of two or more No one could be director of two or more companies companies when it limits competition.when it limits competition.

Set up Federal Trade Commission (Act Set up Federal Trade Commission (Act 1914) set up fair trade rules1914) set up fair trade rules

20.420.4

Continues to Reform for Re-electionContinues to Reform for Re-election LaFollete’s Seamen’s ActLaFollete’s Seamen’s Act Federal Farm Loan ActFederal Farm Loan Act Child Labor law *Child Labor law * 8-Hour Day for RR8-Hour Day for RR

Wilson’s first term (1912-1916) followed through Wilson’s first term (1912-1916) followed through with platform, and Progressive reforms.with platform, and Progressive reforms.

Section 20.5 Seeking a World Section 20.5 Seeking a World RoleRole

TRTR

Wanted US to be center of worldWanted US to be center of world Referred to himself as “Champion of Referred to himself as “Champion of

Peace”Peace”

““Speak softly and carry a big Speak softly and carry a big stick”stick”

Developed navy to be world powerDeveloped navy to be world power

Teddy’s Far EastTeddy’s Far East Russians want Manchuria (in China)Russians want Manchuria (in China)

Violates Open Door PolicyViolates Open Door Policy US befriends Japan, Russia’s rival for ChinaUS befriends Japan, Russia’s rival for China Russo-Japanese War ended by Roosevelt in Russo-Japanese War ended by Roosevelt in

19051905 Nobel Peace Prize!Nobel Peace Prize!

included deal to annex Korea and trade with included deal to annex Korea and trade with Manchuria w/out Japanese interference Manchuria w/out Japanese interference

Root-Takahira Agreement 1908Root-Takahira Agreement 1908 ***Disregard for the independence of other nations ***Disregard for the independence of other nations

upsets some Americans.upsets some Americans. Roosevelt sends “Great White Fleet” around Roosevelt sends “Great White Fleet” around

the world to impress Japanthe world to impress Japan 16 Battleships16 Battleships

Teddy’s Peace Part IITeddy’s Peace Part II

Algeciras Conference Algeciras Conference of 1906of 1906

Arranged by TR to Arranged by TR to end dispute end dispute between France between France and Germany (over and Germany (over Morrocco)Morrocco)

Panama CanalPanama Canal TR wants to dominate the CaribbeanTR wants to dominate the Caribbean Canal great for tradeCanal great for trade (French have been trying to build a canal (French have been trying to build a canal

in Panama for 20 years, but getting sick in Panama for 20 years, but getting sick with malaria and yellow fever.)with malaria and yellow fever.)

French sell rights to USFrench sell rights to US US offer Columbia, owner of Panama US offer Columbia, owner of Panama

province, $10 million, and $250,000/yrprovince, $10 million, and $250,000/yr Columbia wants $20 mil, and $10 mil from Columbia wants $20 mil, and $10 mil from

French.French. ““If you can’t beat ‘em, plant a revolution!”If you can’t beat ‘em, plant a revolution!”

Panama CanalPanama Canal

““rebels” aided by US, soon INDEPENDENT rebels” aided by US, soon INDEPENDENT PANAMA would sign a treaty with the US for PANAMA would sign a treaty with the US for canal construction.canal construction.

Dr. Gorgas/ Walter Reed discover killing Dr. Gorgas/ Walter Reed discover killing mosquitoes is answer to disease.mosquitoes is answer to disease.

1914 Canal Finished (Wilson in office)1914 Canal Finished (Wilson in office) Teddy said, “I took the canal zone and let Teddy said, “I took the canal zone and let

Congress debate…and while the debate Congress debate…and while the debate goes on, the canal does also”goes on, the canal does also”

Under Wilson administration, new treaty Under Wilson administration, new treaty with Columbia drawn up.($25 million and with Columbia drawn up.($25 million and regret)regret)

Passes after TR dies, without regretPasses after TR dies, without regret

TR CorollaryTR Corollary took debts of Dominican took debts of Dominican

RepublicRepublic TR: “chronic wrongdoing TR: “chronic wrongdoing

or impotence, US would or impotence, US would intervene however intervene however reluctantly to exercise reluctantly to exercise international police power.”international police power.”

Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted the right of the United States to asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American nations' affairs. In its intervene in Latin American nations' affairs. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region.region.

TaftTaft ““Dollar Diplomacy”Dollar Diplomacy”

using foreign policy to using foreign policy to promote businesspromote business

urged people to invest abroadurged people to invest abroad Secretary of State, Philander Secretary of State, Philander

KnowKnow when war breaks out in when war breaks out in

Nicaragua (1912), Taft sends Nicaragua (1912), Taft sends Marines to protect American Marines to protect American businessbusiness

troops stay until 1925, monitor troops stay until 1925, monitor elections,…elections,…

Where’s the sense of Where’s the sense of democracy, and independence?democracy, and independence?

WilsonWilson ““Moral Diplomacy”Moral Diplomacy” MexicoMexico

Madero overthrown by General Huerta, who Madero overthrown by General Huerta, who owned 4/5 of the countryowned 4/5 of the country

Observed globally as president de factoObserved globally as president de facto Wilson asks Huerta to step down, He refusesWilson asks Huerta to step down, He refuses Wilson allows arms to be sent to Carraza (rebel)Wilson allows arms to be sent to Carraza (rebel) Incident: Marines arrested, released, apology Incident: Marines arrested, released, apology

from Huerta…from Huerta… BUT, according to customary BUT, according to customary

procedures….Huerta does not fire a salute at the procedures….Huerta does not fire a salute at the US flag….Uh OHUS flag….Uh OH

1914..Wilson asks Congress to use force against 1914..Wilson asks Congress to use force against Huerta (Mexico)Huerta (Mexico)

Wilson (continued)Wilson (continued)

US troops seized Veracruz to stop a US troops seized Veracruz to stop a shipment of arms to reach the city.shipment of arms to reach the city.

Mexicans Mexicans and Carrazaand Carraza revolt against the revolt against the USUS

ABC intervention…Argentina, Brazil, ChileABC intervention…Argentina, Brazil, Chile Huerta out in JulyHuerta out in July

Pancho VillaPancho Villa

Villa one of Carraza’s Villa one of Carraza’s generalsgenerals

1916, burns down 1916, burns down Columbus, NMColumbus, NM

Wilson sends Pershing Wilson sends Pershing w/ 15,000 troops... w/ 15,000 troops... “dead or alive’“dead or alive’

Puts Nat’l Guard on Puts Nat’l Guard on border- 150,000border- 150,000

8,000 troops into Mexico8,000 troops into Mexico With war beginning in With war beginning in

Europe, Wilson says Europe, Wilson says “Why am I chasing this “Why am I chasing this one bandit?”one bandit?”

1917 withdraws troops1917 withdraws troops

END OF END OF PROGRESSIVEPROGRESSIVE ERAERA