Ch 21WORLD WAR 1

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF

WORLD WAR 1?

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Bullet Points pg. 729 Read pgs. 706-711

Chapter 21 Sec 1

I can understand the causes of World War 1

Ch 21 Sec 1The Road to War

CAUSES

1. IMPERIALISM leads to MILITARISM

2. NATIONALISM3. ALLIANCE SYSTEM4. GERMAN SUBMARINE

WARFARE

IMPERIALISM

•Nations expanding overseas holdings

MILITARISM

• Glorifying the military

• Military rulers gain power

NATIONALISM

• Pride in one’s nation or ethnic group

• People in SE Europe trying to break free from Austria-Hungary

• Encouraged by Russians

ALLIANCE SYSTEM

• Agreements to help someone if attacked

1. Germany & Austria-Hungary

2. Britain & France & Russia

And the war is on• Serbian shoots next in line to Austria-Hungary throne (Archduke Ferdinand)

• AH declares war on Serbia• Russia mobilizes army• Germany declares war on Russia &

France• Germany invades neutral Belgium• England declares war on Germany

Stalemate

• Both sides hoped for quick victory

• Germans advance in west to within 30 mi of Paris

• Developed into trench warfare

Technology

• Airplanes

• Machine guns

• Artillery

• Poison Gas

• Tanks

Airplanes

Machine guns

Artillery

Poison Gas

Tanks

American Neutrality• Pres. Wilson tries to keep U.S. out

of war• German & Irish immigrants

supported Germany• British, Slavic, Italians supported

Allies• Each had propaganda

Supplies

• Americans could sell to anyone

• Most sales to Allies

Supplies

• British blockade of Germany

Lusitania

•Germany could not stop blockade•Used U-boats to stop supplies to Britain

Lusitania

•May 7, 1915. Germany sank Lusitania

•Wilson still keeps U.S. out of war (1916)

Zimmerman Telegram

• Germany tries to get Mexico to attack U.S. (Feb. 1917)

• Germany sinks U.S. merchant ships

• Americans angry

Russian Revolution• March 1917 - Russian

revolutionaries tired of war, death, food shortages

• Overthrew Czar and murdered Czar and family

• Vowed to stay out of war• Made it easy for Wilson to ask for

war – April 1917

36 countries, 65 mil soldiers – 9.7 mil military dead – 6.8 mil civilians dead

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Bullet Points pg. 729 Read pgs. 712-717

Ch 21 Sec 2Supporting the War Effort

• I can understand the steps the U.S. government took to prepare the nation for war

Build the Military• Large Navy

• Small Army 125,000

soldiers

• Nation had to mobilize

Selective Service

• Not enough volunteers• Congress passed Selective

Service Act• Men ages 21 – 30 had to

register• Total, 4 mil served

Women

• 30,000 women volunteered

• Most in Army and Navy as nurses

• Some did clerical work for Navy and Marines

• First women officers

Women, divided opinion

OPPOSED

• JANE Addams

( Hull House)

• Jeannette Rankin

SUPPORT

• Carrie Chapman Catt

Diversity

• 20% born in foreign countries

• Native Americans

• 380,000 blacks

• Supported by W.E.B. Dubois

Discrimination

• Most blacks in service units

Loading and unloading ships

Cooks

Construction

Fighting• Some African Americans fought under

French command• Harlem Hell Fighters earned Croix de

Guerre

Education

• 25% of soldiers did not know how to read or write (illiterate)

• Many did not know about

1. Daily meals

2. Regular bathing

3. Indoor plumbing

Food Supplies• Soldiers need food• Established the,

“Food Administration”

1. Wheatless Mondays

2. Meatless Tuesdays

3. Victory gardens

War Industries Board

• Military also needs supplies ie: 2 mil rifles and 130 mil pairs of socks

• Fuel shortages during cold winter• WIB set up rules and told industries1. What they could produce2. How much to produce

Tin - toys

Workers• With men gone, who

took over?

WOMEN!• Many African

Americans moved from south to northern factory jobs

Patriotism

• Committee on Public information – Propoganda

• 4 minute men – 75,000 men learned 4 minute propaganda speeches

• Artists drew cartoons

• Liberty bonds

Dissent

• Espionage Act of 1917• Sedition Act of 19181. Crime to express anti-war views2. Newspapers closed. Eugene V. Debs –

Socialist Party Presidential candidate – Jailed

3. American Protective League – tapped phones, opened mail, view medical records

Anti-German Hysteria

• German Americans harassed

• Tarred and feathered

• Schools stop teaching German

• American churches stop preaching in German

• Sauerkraut = Liberty cabbage

• German measles = Liberty measles

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Bullet Points pg. 729 Read pgs. 718-722

Ch 21 Sec 3Americans at War

• I can understand how the arrival of American troops in Europe affected the course of the war

Allied Shipping

• German unterseeboot =

• SUBMARINE or U-BOAT

• Feb – April 1917 – sank 814 Allied supply ships

• Developed convoy system

• Reduced losses

A.E.F.

• American Expeditionary Force• Command by Gen. John J.

Pershing• American troops to fight together

Americans want own victory• Unprepared Americans arrive in

Europe, June, 1917

Fighting• Some African Americans fought under

French command• Harlem Hell Fighters earned Croix de

Guerre

A German Push

• Russia out of war

• Germans put troops on Western Front (40 divisions) 400,000 men

• March 21, 1918 – German push

Attack

• Pershing offered troops to French

• Took 2 months

• Germans broke through lines

• Got within 50 miles of Paris - Chateau Thierry

Counter Attack• Counter attack in Belleau Wood• German fortified• 3 weeks fighting• U.S. Marines take heavy casualties• Germans lost 800,000 men• Germans continued offensive• Both sides meet at Battle of the Marne

Argonne Forest

• Germans low on supplies

• Weakened by flu

• Sept. 1918 line from North Sea to Verdun

• Americans on right

• 1 mil U.S. soldiers attack between Meuse and Argonne Forest

• By early fall Germans beat

Armistice

•Germans out of soldiers and supplies

Armistice

•11:00 AM

•11th day

•11th month

Cost

• 10 million military dead

• Millions disabled

• Millions of civilians dead

• Disease, starvation

• Northern France in ruins

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Bullet Points pg. 729 Read pgs. 723-727

Ch 21 Sec 4Shaping the Peace

• I can understand how the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations disappointed President Wilson

Ch 21 Sec 4Shaping the Peace – 14 Points

• Pres. Wilson had a plan called “the fourteen Points.”

1. No secret alliances

2. Freedom of the seas

3. Free trade

4. Reduce military

5. Settle colonial claims

14 Points

6 – 13 dealt with self rule (determination)

14 – League of Nations

League of Nations

• Congress does not approve 14 points

• U.S. does not join League of Nations

• Without U.S. power, League does little good

Versailles Agreement• European winners

wanted to punish Germany

• Got what they wanted

1. Germany loses land

Versailles Agreement

2. Gives up colonies

3. Pay reparations (damages)

4. Limited military

New Countries

1. Austria

2. Czechoslovakia

3. Hungary

4. Yugoslavia

5. Turkey

6. Poland becomes free

World Problems - Pandemic

• 1918 – 1919, world wide flu epidemic

• 500,000 dead in U.S.

• More dead world wide than from WWI

World ProblemsLabor Unrest

• Returning soldiers wanted jobs

• Factories closing

• High unemployment

• Labor strikes

World Problems – Red Scare• Remember Russia?• Communists took over

COMMUNISM• Government owns everything• 1 political party• Everyone gets what they need and

contributes to others

Vladimir Lenin

World Problems – Red Scare

• Called for workers revolution

• Scared U.S. citizens

• Suspected radicals deported