Ch. 5 Theoretical Framework & Hypothesis

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Theoretical Framework.

Hypothesis Development.Ch. 5

Steps (4) & (5) from theResearch Process



What is a theoretical framework?

A sequential diagram showing the logicalsense of the relationships among severalfactors that have been identified as

important to the problem.

It discusses the interrelationship amongvariables affecting or contributing to the

problem being studied.

It helps formulate a hypothesis.



Variables in a Theoretical Framework

Independent variable.

Dependent variable.

Moderating variable.

Intervening variable.



Definition

Variable: is anything that can takeon a different value each time it is

being measured.Examples: level production / level

of absenteeism / level of motivation & morale.



Dependent variable

Is the variable of “primary” or “main” interest to the researcher. (Theproblem)

It has to be measured and quantifiedto be investigated.

Other factors influencing thatdependent variable have to beidentified.



Examples:

“A manager is concerned that the sales of a

new product introduced after testmarketing it do not meet with hisexpectations.”

“A researcher is interested in investigatingthe debt-to-equity ratio of manufacturingcompanies in southern California.”

“A VP is worried that the employees are notloyal to the organization & want to resign.”



Individual exercises

An applied researcher wants to increasethe performance of organizationalmembers in a particular bank.

A marketing manager wonders why therecent advertising strategy does not.

What would be the dependent variables in these cases?



The independent Variable

Is the one that “influences” the dependentvariable either positively or negatively.

Similar to the concept of “contributingfactors”.

When the independent variable is present,the dependent variable is also present inthe given situation.



Examples

Research studies indicate that successful

new product development has aninfluence on the stock market price of thecompany.

New ProductDevelopment

Stock MarketPrice Of Company



Cross-cultural studies indicate thatmanagerial values govern the powerdistance between superiors andsubordinates.

Managerial Values

PowerDistance



Individual Exercises

“A manager believes that good supervision& training would increase the productionlevel of workers.”

“A consultant is of the opinion that muchbenefit would accrue by buying & sellingat the appropriate times in a financialenvironment where stocks are volatile.”



Good

Supervision& Training

Buying & Selling at Volatile

times

ProductionLevel

Of Workers

Much Benefit At ProfitableStock Prices



The Moderating Variable

A variable that has a strong “contingent” effect on the relationship between thedependent & independent variables.

Its presence modifies the originalrelationship between the first twovariables.



Example One:

A research found that there is arelationship between the availability of Reference Manuals that manufacturingemployees have access to, & product

rejects.

AvailabilityOf

ReferenceManuals

NumberOf

FaultyProductsRejected

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable



This relationship is “conditional”, or “contingent” on the assumption that

employees use the manual each time theyadopt a new procedure.

AvailabilityOf

ReferenceManuals


Number

Of Faulty

ProductsRejected

Dependent Variable

Interest & Inclination

Of Employees

Moderating Variable



Example Two:

The Diversity of a workforcecontributes more to organizationaleffectiveness because each group

brings its own special expertise & skills to the workplace. This synergyis only exploited if managers knowhow to extract those special talentsof the diverse workforce, otherwise

they will remain sealed.



Workforce

Diversity OrganizationalEffectiveness

Managerial expertise& ability to harness

Diverse talents


(IV) Dependent Variable(DV)

Moderating Variable

(MV)



Individual Exercise

Situation One A research study indicates that the better

quality of the training programs in

organizations & the greater the growthneeds of the employees, the greater istheir ability to learn how to do new things.

•Training programs.•Growth needs of

employees

Ability to learnHow to do new

things

IV DV



Situation Two

Another research claims that thewillingness of employees to learn newways to do things is not influenced by thequality of training, UNLESS they have the

yearn to grow in their careers.

Only those with high growth needs show agreater ability to learn new ways to do

things at work.



•Trainingprograms.

Ability to learnHow to do new

things

Growth need Among employees

IV

DV

MV



Class Exercise

“A manger finds that off -the-job traininghas a great impact on the productivity of the employees in her department.

However, she also observes thatemployees over 60 years of age do notseem to derive much benefit & do not

improve with such training.



Identify the IV, MV, DV

The availability of a large number of books

will enhance reading abilities amongchildren.

The impact of gender-role stereotyping &

access to info. on women advancement toexecutive levels have been increased.

Quick diagnosis of cancer, together with

good adherence to doctors’ instructionscould lead to a speedy recovery.



The Intervening Variable

A variable that surfaces between thetime the independent variable starts

influencing the dependent variable. It is a function of the independent

variable.



Example

The Diversity of a workforcecontributes more to organizationaleffectiveness because each group

brings its own special expertise & skills to the workplace. This synergyis only exploited if managers knowhow to extract those special talents

of the diverse workforce, otherwisethey will remain sealed.



Example:

Workforce

Diversity

CreativeSynergy

Organizational

Effectiveness

ManagerialExpertise

Independent Dependent variableIntervening variable

Moderatingvariable



Class Exercise

Failure to follow accounting principles causes immense confusion, which in

turn creates a number of problems for the organization. Those with vast experience in bookkeeping, however,

are able to avert the problems by taking timely corrective action.



Followingaccountingprinciples

Organization’s Efficiency

ExperienceIn

Book-keeping

Good

management&

Supervision

IV

MV

IVV

DV



Class Exercise

A promotion campaign will increase purchase activity, especially when

free prizes are offered. The results come from the urging desire among consumers to save.



Promotion

Campaign

IV

FreePrizes

offered

DesireTo

Save

Purchase

Activity

MV

IVV DV



Class Exercise

The manager of Haines co. observes that the

morale of employees in her company is low. Shethinks that if their working conditions areimproved, pay scales raised, & the vacationbenefits made attractive, the morale would be

boosted. She doubts, however, if an increase of pay scales would raise the morale of allemployees. Her conjecture is that, those that

have other sources of income will not be turnedon by higher pay, & only those without sideincomes will be happy with increased pay, andtheir morale will be boosted.



The Theoretical Framework

The foundation on which the researchpaper is based.

After identifying the variables thatcontribute to, or affect the problem, theframework should show how they interactwith each other.

Next, the “Hypothesis” is developed.



DELTA AIRLINES Co.

According to reports, delta airlines facedcharges of air-safety violations due to itscost-cutting schemes. One accident lead to

137 deaths in 1987. The cause were fourimportant factors: poor communicationbetween ground staff & flight crew, poor

coordination, minimal training given toflight crew, & a decentralized managementstructure.



Poorcommunication

Decentralization

InadequateTraining

PoorCoordination

Air Safety

Violations

IVs

DV

NervousnessLow

Confidence

IVV



Poorcommunication

Decentralization

InadequateTraining

PoorCoordination

Air Safety

Violations

IVs

DV

MV



Hypothesis Development

A hypothesis is a logically definedrelationship between two or morevariables expressed in the form of a

testable statement.

By testing the hypothesis, it is expectedthat solutions to the problem can be

made.



Example: (a Testable Statement)

“If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situations, air-safety violations will

be reduced.”

The above statement can be tested bymeasuring the extent of training given & the no. of violations committed over aperiod of time.

A statistically significant result would be95% of those who received training didnot encounter violations midair.



Hypotheses Formats

Testable Statements.

IF –THEN Statements.

Directional & Non-directionalStatements.

Null hypothesis Statements. Alternate hypothesis

Statements.



Directional & Non-Directional

When stating the relationship betweentwo variables or comparing two groupswhile using terms like: positive,

negative, more than, less than, greater than, better than….

Non-directional statements show a

relationship, but without showing thedirection of this relationship; can’t tell if it’s positive or negative.

E l



Examples:

1. Employees who are more healthy willtake sick leave less frequently.

2. If employees are more healthy, thenthey will take sick leave lessfrequently.

3. The greater the stress experienced inthe job, the lower the jobsatisfaction of employees.

4.Women are more motivated thanmen.

5. There is a relationship between age& job satisfaction.



Answers to Class Assignment

SkillsRequired

Rewards

IVs

Performance

Attraction

of Rewards

MV

Motivation

Satisfaction

IVV

DV



Hypotheses

1. If Attractive rewards are given to skilledemployees, then satisfaction & motivation will help improve job

performance.2. Employees who have the required skills

& are attracted to the rewards offered,will be motivated & satisfied with their

jobs & will improve their performance.



Hypotheses

The more attractive the rewards given toskillful employees, the more likely they willbe satisfied & motivated to improve their

job performance.

Attractive rewards together with therequired skills among employees, job

performance will be affected.

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Ch. 5 Theoretical Framework & Hypothesis

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