Ch.1-16 Answers Combined Upload File

8/9/2019 Ch.1-16 Answers Combined Upload File

1/144

Chapter 1 Medical Sociology

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which is NOT a major area of investigation inmsdfgdfgaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddedical sociology?

a. Social facets of health and disease. b. Social behavior of health care personnel and their patients.c. Social functions of health organiations and institutions.d. The relationship of health care delivery systems to other systems.e. !ll of the above ans"ers are major areas of investigation in medical sociology.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1

&. 'edical sociology is an important area of study because#a. (t promotes the role biology plays in social life. b. (t represents a departure from the theory)heavy discipline of general sociology.c. (t recognies the role that social factors play in determining or influencing health.d. (t is the result of a merger bet"een medicine and sociology.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 1)&

*. 'edical sociology+ as a subdiscipline+ began gaining strength#a. (t "as al"ays part of sociology as a major focus of classical sociologists. b. !fter World War (( "ith the infusion of large amounts of federal funding for

research.c. Only in the last t"o decades "hen major "orld"ide health crises highlighted the

need for it.d. (t never has been a major part of sociology and e,ists only as a small part of the

medical field.

!ns"er# - %age# &

. Which circumstance/s0 particularly affected the development of medical sociology in itsearly stages?

a. %ressure to produce "or that could be applied to medical practice and health policy.

b. 2ich development of theories uni3ue to medical sociology by academicsociologists.

c. 4ac of attention on the role of medicine and health from classical theorists.d. ! and -

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.1


2/144

e. ! and C

!ns"er# $ %age# *

5. The scholar "ho first provided a major theoretical approach for medical sociology "as#

a. 6urheim. b. %arsons.c. Weber.d. 'ead.e. 7offman.

!ns"er# - %age#

8. What important event occurred in 1951 that began to reorient !merican medicalsociology to"ard the use of theory?

a. The :ietnam War.

b. The publication of %arsons;s The Social System.c. The increase in chronic diseases.d. The gro"th of universities.e. The political s"ing to"ards a more conservative era.

!ns"er# - %age#


3/144

b. Weber and 'ar,.c. 'ar, and $ngels.d. 6urheim and Weber.e. 6urheim and 7offman.

!ns"er# 6 %age#

1. What is NOT a tas of a sociologist in medicine?a. !nalye the social etiology or causes of health disorders b. Study the differences in social attitudes as they relate to healthc. @nderstand the "ay in "hich the incidence and prevalence of a specific health

disorder is related to social variables.d. 6evelop theory that assists in understanding social issues related to health.e. !ll of these are tass of a sociologist in medicine.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 5

11. 'ost sociologists of medicine are employed as#a. -iostatisticians. b. Aospital "orers.c. %rofessors at universities.d. 2esearchers in governmental agencies.e. (ndependent contractors.

!ns"er# C %age# 5

1&. What trend/s0 reduced tensions bet"een sociologists in medicine and sociologists of medicine?

a. 'ost government funding is a"arded to research "ith practical application. b. 'edical sociology itself is converging "ith general sociology.c. Sociology of medicine became the more dominant side of medical sociology.d. ! and -e. - and C

!ns"er# 6 %age# 5)8

1*. The World Aealth Organiation defines health as#a. Normality. b. The absence of disease.c. !bility to function.d. ! state of complete physical+ mental+ and social "ell)beinge. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# <



4/144

1. One of the earliest attempts in the Western "orld to formulate principles of health care+ based upon rational thought and the rejection of supernatural phenomena+ is found in the"or of the 7ree physician#

a. Aippocrates. b. Socrates.

c. Aouse.d. !ristotle.e. 6ioceses.

!ns"er# ! %age# =

15. The Aippocratic Oath re3uires the physician to s"ear that he or she "ill#a. Aelp the sic. b. 2efrain from intentional "rongdoing or harm.c. Beep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctorpatient relationship.d. !ll of the above.

e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# =

18. The so)called Dclinical gaeE is best associated "ith "hich of the follo"ing perspectives?a. 'edicine of social spaces. b. 'edicine of the species.c. %ublic health paradigm.d. DWhole personE medical care.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 9

1


5/144

!ns"er# ! %age# 1

19. The germ theory of disease is a perspective "hich asserts#a. 6iseases are caused by a biological agent.

b. 'edicine is the only true "ay to treat disease.c. (llness can be caused by lifestyle choices.d. 7erms are conscious agents that intentionally harm their hosts.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1)11

&. @nlie infectious diseases+ chronic diseases typically are >>>>>>>>>>>>> and >>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

a. Short termF incurable. b. Short termF curable.

c. 4ong termF incurable.d. 4ong termF curable.e. There is no difference.

!ns"er# C %age# 11

&1. With the transition to a greater prevalence of chronic diseases+ physicians haveincreasingly had to tae "hich approach to medical care?

a. The clinical gae. b. @se of Dmagic bullets.Ec. DWhole personE care.d. The re)mystification of disease.e. !ssembly)line care.

!ns"er# C %age 11

&&. Which of the follo"ing are T2@$ about health lifestyles?a. They include behaviors lie smoing+ drining+ and alcohol consumption. b. They influence "hether and ho" severely one becomes ill.c. They can be positive or negative.d. They are influenced by one;s social environment.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1&

&*. Which of the follo"ing have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiologictransition+ "hich has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases?

a. 6ecreased attention to public sanitation. b. 7lobaliation of trade and travel.c. 7lobal "arming and climate change.



6/144

d. ! and -.e. - and C.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1*

&. The appearance of the West Nile virus in Ne" Gor city reflects#a. !n e,ample of bioterrorism. b. The role of globaliation in the spread of infectious diseases.c. $vidence of the declining prevalence of infectious diseases.d. The transition of infectious diseases into chronic ones.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 15)1<

&5. One of the greatest threats from infectious diseases "orld"ide comes from#a. $bola and the avian bird flu.

b. Se,ually transmitted diseases.c. Hood contaminated "ith E. coli.d. Cancer and heart disease.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1<

&8. What caused the prevalence of ST6s to soar around the globe?a. The birth control pill. b. ! "orld"ide ideology of se,ual liberation and permissiveness.c. ! ne" pattern of employment in developing nations.d. 7reater availability of multiple se,ual partners.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1<

&


7/144

d. Social causes of disease.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1=

&9. (n "hich study "ere syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allo"ed to die?a. Nai e,periments. b. Tusegee.c. ST619


8/144

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# *

8. The tremendous gro"th of medical sociology "ould have been possible even "ithoutfinancial support for applied studies provided by the government.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# *


9/144

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 9

15. The practice of medicine in the t"entieth century "as based on the premise that everydisease had a specific pathogenic cause and "as best addressed "ithin a biomedical

frame"or.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 11

18. The poor have the highest rates of disease and disability of an socioeconomic group+demonstrating their greater biological disposition to"ard illness.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1*

1


10/144

5. !lthough there is no standard definition of health+ there are many concepts. %rovide youro"n definition of health. Ao" does it relate to the World Aealth Organiation;s definitionof health?

Chapter & Epidemiology


1. The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on#a. Catastrophic disease outbreas. b. Societal demographics.c. Aealth and "ellness of children.d. (ndividual;s diseases.e. Aealth problems of social aggregates.

!ns"er# $ %age# &*

&. ! scientist "ho studies the origin and distribution of all types of diseases is bestdescribed as a/n0#

a. -iochemist. b. Social "orer.c. $pidemiologist.d. 6emographer.e. Sociologist.

!ns"er# C %age# &*

*. (n epidemiology+ a DcaseE refers to#a. !n investigation into an outbrea of disease or illness. b. The classification of a disorder+ illness+ or injury.c. ! collection of a single type of disorder+ illness+ or injury.d. ! single episode of a disorder+ illness+ or injury involving an individual.e. There is no such epidemiological term.

!ns"er# 6 %age# &

. ! researcher is interested in reporting ho" many people in a community "ere diagnosed"ith A(: during the past month. AeKshe "ould measure the#

a. (ncidence. b. %revalence.c. Crude rate.d. Cases.e. !ge)specific rate.

!ns"er# ! %age# &



11/144

5. Which of the follo"ing is T2@$ about incidence and prevalence?a. %revalence is used to analye the rate at "hich ne" cases occur. b. (ncidence and prevalence are interchangeable terms.c. (ncidence is reported in ra" numbers "hile prevalence is e,pressed as a ratio.d. The incidence for a given disease can be lo" at the same time that its prevalence

is high.e. None of the above

!ns"er# 6 %age# &

8. ! ratio+ such as the crude mortality rate+ is e,pressed as#a. Total number of cases divided by prevalence. b. Total number of cases divided by incidence.c. Total number of cases divided by total population.d. Total number of cases times total population.e. Total number of cases times incidence.

!ns"er# C %age# &)&5

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> has special significance for a society because it is traditionally usedas an appro,imate indicator of a society;s standard of living and 3uality of health caredelivery.

a. %revalence of chronic diseases. b. 4ife e,pectancy.c. (nfant mortality rate.d. Crude birth rate.e. !ge adjusted fertility rate.

!ns"er# C %age# &5

=. What is NOT a factor in the increasing emergence of epidemics?a. (ncrease in international transportation channels. b. 'igration from rural areas into urban cities.c. (ncrease in public sanitation.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# &8

9. Whose investigations into cholera outbreas established the foundation of modernepidemiology?

a. 4ouis %asteur. b. Lohn Sno".c. Barl 'ar,.d. 2alph %affenbarger.e. !ll these men helped lay the foundation of epidemiology.



12/144

!ns"er# - %age# &<

1. 7erm theory provided a frame"or for understanding the causal agents of disease. Whatare the five agents recognied today?

a. -iological+ social+ psychological+ to,ic+ and environmental. b. -iological+ physical+ social+ mental+ and metaphysical.c. -iological+ physical+ social+ mental+ and psychological.d. -iological+ nutritional+ chemical+ mental+ and psychological.e. -iological+ nutritional+ chemical+ physical+ and social.

!ns"er# $ %age# &=

11. The science of epidemiology has passed through three eras and is entering a fourth. (n"hat order did it pass through the first three eras?

a. Sanitary+ (nfectious+ Chronic.

b. Sanitary+ Chronic+ (nfectious.c. Chronic+ Sanitary+ (nfectious.d. Chronic+ (nfectious+ Sanitary.e. (nfectious+ Sanitary+ Chronic.

!ns"er# ! %age# &=

1&. !s a nation shifts from primarily rural)agricultural to urban)industrial+ "hat changes areseen in the health profile of the nation?

a. 4eading causes of death change from mostly chronic diseases to infectiousdiseases.

b. 4eading causes of death change from mostly infectious diseases to chronicdiseases.

c. (nfectious diseases are eliminated entirelyd. -oth infectious and chronic diseases are reduced to a minimum.e. There is no difference

!ns"er# - %age# &9

1*. What is the leading cause of death in the @nited States+ accounting for more than one)third of all deaths?

a. 6iabetes.

b. A(:K!(6S.c. Stroe.d. Aeart disease.e. Cancer.

!ns"er# 6 %age# *



13/144

1. The >>>>>>>>>>>>> study "as important for sho"ing that arteriosclerosis does not strie people at random as they age+ but that highly susceptible individuals can be identified inadvance.

a. C:6198. b. Hramingham.

c. Tusegee.d. Whitehall.e. $ngels.

!ns"er# - %age# *

15. What do studies on diet+ e,ercise+ and obesity suggest "ith respect to heart disease?a. 6iet and physical activity have little effect on an individual;s lielihood of

developing heart disease. b. Changing one;s eating habits to"ard a diet lo" in saturated fat can reduce the ris

of developing heart disease.

c. Obesity is the result of individual choices and relates little to the development ofheart disease.d. Only lengthy+ vigorous physical activity has been sho"n to provide some

protection against heart disease.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# *1)*5

18. !t the end of &


14/144

d. Northeast.e. South.

!ns"er# $ %age#

19. !(6S is transmitted in !frica and some parts of !sia primarily by#a. Aeterose,ual contact. b. Aomose,ual contact.c. (ntravenous drug use.d. -lood transfusions.e. (nfected mother to child.

!ns"er# ! %age# )1

&. Which of the follo"ing plays a particularly important role in the transmission of !(6S inSub)Saharan !frica?

a. 7overnment. b. Aealth delivery system.c. 'igrant labor force.d. Aomose,uals.e. 6rug users.

!ns"er# C %age# 1

&1. !(6S no" affects >>>>>>>>>>>>> in !frica more than >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.a. Whites+ natives. b. Children+ adults.c. Aomose,uals+ heterose,uals.d. 'en+ "omen.e. Women+ men.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1

&&. >>>>>>>>>>> appears to be a major channel for !(6S transmission in (ndia.a. 'arijuana use. b. 'other to child transmission.c. %rostitution.d. (mproper sanitation.e. Overcro"ding.

!ns"er# C %age# &

&*. The A(: outbrea in China initially occurred among >>>>>>>>>>>> in Gunnan %rovince.a. -ise,uals. b. Aomose,uals.



15/144

c. (ntravenous drug users.d. -lood transfusions recipients.e. (nfected mothers to children.

!ns"er# C %age# &

&. %eople "ho become infected "ith A(: may be subjected to discrimination+ "hich canisolate them socially. This social outcome is#

a. Stigma. b. Stagflation.c. 6isintegration.d. 6isentanglement.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# &

&5. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> activity by 4atin !merican men is believed to be important in theinfection of a large proportion of females.a. -ise,ual. b. Aeterose,ual.c. (ntravenous drug use.d. Aomose,ual.e. (llegal.

!ns"er# ! %age# &

&8. Which of the follo"ing demonstrates the sociological implications of the A(:K!(6Sepidemic?

a. (ts influence on modifying social norms+ values+ and lifestyles. b. Ao" certain social behaviors lead to the transmission of the disease and result in a

pandemic.c. The social rejection of !(6S patients.d. 'oral and religious debates over the meaning of the disease and treatment

options.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# *

&


16/144

!ns"er# C %age# *

&=. Since !(6S results from a private act that has e,treme social conse3uences+ serious moraland legal 3uestions also arise about the rights of >>>>>>>>>>>> versus the "elfare of

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.a. (ndividuals+ government. b. (ndividuals+ society.c. Aospitals+ individuals.d. Aospitals+ society.e. 7overnment+ society.

!ns"er# - %age# *

&9. The current public policy approach to dealing "ith !(6S is#a. Through banning high)ris behaviors.

b. Through mandatory universal testing.c. Through 3uarantine of infected individuals.d. Through safe)se, education.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# *

*. Which of the follo"ing best describes influena pandemics?a. They occur fre3uently but the threat to "orld"ide health is minimal. b. They have been mostly eliminated due to the development of vaccines such as

Tamiflu.c. They are easily contained to the region of outbrea.d. They are unpredictable and occur at irregular intervals.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age#

True False Questions

1. 'any sociologists "oring in the field of medicine are epidemiologists.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# &*

&. %resent)day epidemiologists primarily study epidemic diseases and give little attention toother diseases such as chronic ailments or unhealthy behaviors.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# &*

*. %revalence rates+ "hen e,pressed as point prevalence+ period prevalence+ or lifetime prevalence+ vary based on the disease being measured.



17/144

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# &

. The simplest ratio computed by the epidemiologist is called the M(T!4crude rate.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# &

5. Crude death and birth rates are too gross a measure to be meaningful for mostsociological purposes

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# &5

8. The living conditions of early nomadic humans+ "ith close pro,imity to others ande,ploration of ne" environments+ "as favorable to "idespread and fre3uent epidemics.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# &8


18/144

1*. %andemics are regional or local outbreas of a disease and rarely happen.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# *8

1. A(:K!(6S first appeared in intravenous drug users in Ne" Gor and San Hrancisco.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# *<

15. !(6S potentially entered the @.S. through Aaiti.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# *=

18. 'uch of the fear about !(6S arises from the fact that many people "ho carry the virusare not a"are of it.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# *=

1


19/144

5. 6eveloping and developed nations have a different pattern of disease and illness. 4ist themost prevalent diseases in both nation types+ and discuss "hy these differences e,ist.

Chapter * The Social Demography of Health: Social Class


1. Aistorically+ many urban clinics providing treatment for the poor "ere established primarily as#

a. ! "ay to use ta, dollars. b. 2eligious facilities.c. 'edical research facilities.d. Safe houses.e. Teaching facilities.

!ns"er# $ %age# =

&. Several studies find that the strongest and most consistent predictor of a person;s healthand life e,pectancy is

a. %sychological profile b. Neighborhood.c. 7ender.d. Social class.e. (ncome.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 9

*. Susan is a "hite+ middle)aged doctor "ho lives in an affluent neighborhood. 'a, is ayoung+ !frican !merican la"yer living in a trendy loft district. What social variable arethey most liely to share in common?

a. $thnicity. b. Social class.c. Number of doctor visits.d. 4ife e,pectancy.e. 7ood self)rated health.

!ns"er# - %age# 9

. ! social class is a category or group of people "ho#a. !re in the same age range. b. Share similar ethnicity and culture.c. 4ive in the same neighborhood.d. Share similar levels of "ealth+ status+ and po"er.e. None of the above.



20/144

!ns"er# 6 %age# 9

5. Which is NOT one of the five classes proposed by Weber?a. @pper class. b. @pper)lo"er class.

c. Woring class.d. @pper)middle class.e. !ll of these are correct.

!ns"er# - %age# 51

8. The lo"er class "ould include#a. !ffluent "ell)educated professionals and high)level managers. b. Semi)silled and unsilled "orers+ the chronically unemployed.c. Office and sales "orers+ small business o"ners+ teachers+ managers.d. Silled and semi)silled "orers+ lo"er)level clerical "orers.

e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 51


21/144

!ns"er# - %age# 51

1. !ccording to Weber+ >>>>>>>>> is the ability to realie one;s "ill even against theresistance of others.

a. %o"er. b. %restige.c. %resence.d. %rinciple.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 5&

11. (n 3uantitative studies+ "hat variables are used to measure socioeconomic status?a. Social and human capital. b. (ncome+ occupational prestige+ and education.

c. (ncome and "ealth.d. Status+ "ealth+ and po"er.e. Neighborhood characteristics.

!ns"er# - %age# 5&

1&. Which component of social class is consistently the strongest single predictor of goodhealth?

a. (ncome. b. $ducation.c. Wealth.

d. Occupation.e. Neighborhood.

!ns"er# - %age# 5&

1*. Ne" research is sho"ing that the relationship bet"een occupation+ income+ education+and health changes over the life course+ "ith >>>>>>>>>> becoming more important forhealth as a person moves to"ard older age.

a. Occupation. b. $ducation.c. (ncome.

d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 5*

1. %eople living in poverty have the greatest e,posure to ris factors producing ill health.Which of the follo"ing is a ris factor that is influenced by socioeconomiccircumstances?



22/144

a. %hysical. b. -iological.c. %sychological.d. 4ifestyle.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 5

15. (n the @nited States+ heart disease has >>>>>>>>>>>>>> over the past * years.a. (ncreased. b. 6ecreased.c. Stayed the same.d. -een eradicated.e. 'ildly increased.

!ns"er# - %age# 55

18. Changes in lifestyle patterns over the past decades has meant that coronary heart diseaseis no" concentrated more among "hich group?

a. @pper class. b. @pper)middle class.c. 'iddle class.d. Woring class.e. %oorKlo"er class.

!ns"er# $ %age# 55

1


23/144

19. !ccording to 2ichard Wilinson+ "hich is the most important variable influencing acounty;s overall level of health?

a. 6egree of moderniation. b. !ccess to 3uality health care.c. (ncome ine3uality "ithin a country.

d. Overall "ealth of the country.e. Cultural lifestyles that promote health.

!ns"er# C %age# 58

&. Several studies in -ritain+ "ith its universal health care+ have sho"n that the e3ualiationof health care alone has >>>>>>>>>>>>> the disparity in health bet"een social classes.

a. 2educed. b. Not reduced.c. $liminated.d. 2eversed.

e. $,aggerated.

!ns"er# - %age# 58

&1. Compared to other social classes+ lo"er class individuals visit physicians >>>>>>>>>.a. The same amount. b. 4ess often.c. 'ore often.d. Not at all.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 5<

&&. What 19= report in 7reat -ritain dispelled the notion that social class differences "ere becoming less important because of the gro"th of state "elfare services?

a. Aealth in -ritain. b. 6isparities 2eport.c. -lac 2eport.d. Whitehall 2eport.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 5<

&*. The Whitehall studies conducted in -ritain demonstrated that regardless of cause ofdeath+ "hich group had the lo"est rates of mortality?

a. Senior administrators. b. %rofessionalKe,ecutives.c. Clerical.d. Other lo" status jobs.e. No relation to ran.



24/144

!ns"er# ! %age# 5<

&. The finding that even the upper middle class lives shorter than the uppermost class+ andthat every class lives longer than the one directly belo" it is evidence of "hat?

a. $ducational differences. b. (nfluence of deprivation.c. Social gradient in mortality.d. Social patterning of disease.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 59

&5. The cause/s0 of the social gradient is most liely related to differences bet"eensocioeconomic groups and classes in#

a. Self)esteem and stress levels.

b. The effects of income ine3uality.c. 6eprivation through the life course.d. Aealth lifestyles and social support.e. Some combination of all of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 8

&8. What group uses preventative services the least?a. @pper class. b. 'iddle class.c. Woring class.d. 4o"er class.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 8

&


25/144

d. 2eputation of an area.e. 2acial maeup of the neighborhood.

!ns"er# $ %age# 8&

&9. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> neighborhoods are clean and safe+ houses and buildings are "ell)maintained+ and residents are respectful of each other and each other;s property.a. Orderly. b. 6isorderly.c. Suburban.d. @rban.e. 7overnment.

!ns"er# ! %age# 8&

*. (n order for a social variable to 3ualify as a cause of sicness and mortality it must meet

"hich criteria?a. (nfluence multiple diseases. b. !ffect diseases through multiple path"ays of riss.c. -e reproduced over time.d. (nvolve access to resources that can be used to avoid riss.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 8


1. To be poor is by definition to have less of the good things in life+ including health andlongevity

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# =

&. (mproved access to health services is the primary solution for advancing health.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 9

*. Socioeconomic status or social class is the strongest predictor of a person;s lifee,pectancy.


. Whereas !mericans focus on a person;s occupation in determining that individual;slocation in a class hierarchy+ -ritish sociologists use a broader measure.




26/144

5. The concept of S$S is derived from ideas about social stratification put for"ard byWeber.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 51

8. Status indicates a person;s level of social prestige+ "hich typically corresponds to "ealth.



27/144

15. The -lac 2eport provided strong evidence that the lo"er a person is on the social scale+the less healthy that person is liely to be.


18. 2ecent evidence has found that unemployment itself does not cause deterioration inmental health.


1


28/144

5. 6iscuss the Whitehall studies conducted by 'armot. What "ere the main findings interms of social class and health?

Chapter The Social Demography of Health: Gender, Age, and ace


1. (n &=+ a nation"ide study of mortality in the @nited States revealed that life e,pectancyfor part of the nation;s "omen had >>>>>>>>>>> significantly bet"een 19=* and 1999.

a. Stagnated. b. Hluctuated.c. 2emained the same.d. (ncreased.e. 6ecreased.

!ns"er# $ %age# 89

&. What has been the general pattern in life e,pectancy during the &th century "ith respectto men and "omen?

a. Women outlive men only in a handful of countries. b. -oth men and "omen gained appro,imately the same amount.c. 'en gained more than "omen in the first half of the century+ but dramatic social

change in recent decades has meant that "omen are catching up to men.d. Women gained more than men in the first half of the century but since then men

have made greater gains and the gap is narro"ing.e. None of the above

!ns"er# 6 %age#


29/144

!ns"er# C %age# >>>>>>>>>> effects.

a. %hysical e,ertion. b. 6evelopmental.c. Social)psychologicald. $nvironmental.e. 'arital.

!ns"er# C %age# >>>>>>>>>>>>babies die more often than >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> babies.a. Aealthy+ sic. b. Hemale+ male.

c. 'ale+ female.d. Gounger+ older.e. Older+ younger.

!ns"er# C %age# >>>>>>>>>>> !mericans die each year from smoing)related diseases.a. &5+ b. 5+c. =+d. 1++e. 1+&5+



30/144

!ns"er# - %age# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> has been found to mae "omen particularly vulnerable to psychological distress.

a. 4ac of control. b. !strological patterns.c. Climate change.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# >>>>> years.a. 8= b.


31/144

!ns"er# C %age# =1

15. Which of the follo"ing trends is most liely to strain health care delivery systems and public health insurance in future years?

a. (ncreasing proportion of elderly in the population. b. (ncreasing sie of the Aispanic population.c. 'edical tourism.d. 2eemergence of infectious diseases.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# =1

18. 'any elderly rate their health as good despite the health problems that often accompanyaging. What does this phenomenon suggest about the usefulness of self)rated heath as atool to measure health?

a. (t is not accurate and probably should not be used. b. Self)assessments are relative+ since people compare themselves to others similarin age and se,.

c. !s people become older they revise their definition of DhealthyE to fit theircircumstances.

d. -oth ! and -.e. -oth - and C.

!ns"er# $ %age# =&

1


32/144

a. !ssociated disorder. b. 7enetic.c. %sychological stress.d. %hysical e,ertion.e. 6iet.

!ns"er# ! %age# =

&. Some research suggests that the >>>>>>>>>>>>> hypothesis and the psychological stresshypothesis contribute the most to providing an ans"er for the higher prevalence ofhypertension in blacs+ since blacs in general have higher rates of hypertension than"hites.

a. !ssociated disorder. b. 7enetic.c. %sychological stress.d. %hysical e,ertion.

e. 6iet.

!ns"er# - %age# =

&1. Hor all causes of death+ >>>>>>>>>>>>> have the highest death rates.a. Whites. b. Non)Aispanic blacs.c. Aispanics.d. !siansK%acific (slanders.e. !merican (ndiansK!lasan Natives.

!ns"er# - %age# =5

&&. Hor all causes of death+ >>>>>>>>>>>>> have the lo"est death rates.a. Non)Aispanic "hites. b. Non)Aispanic blacs.c. Aispanics.d. !siansK%acific (slanders.e. !merican (ndiansK!lasan Natives.

!ns"er# 6 %age# =8

&*. ! major factor causing the infant mortality difference bet"een blacs and "hites is#a. Sanitation. b. Aealth care.c. %overty.d. $ducation.e. (nsurance.

!ns"er# C %age# =8



33/144

&. >>>>>>>>>> represents the convergence of biological factors "ith geographic origins+and cultural+ economic+ political+ and legal factors.

a. 2ace. b. !ge.

c. $thnicity.d. 7ender.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %ages# =8

&5. !lthough obesity affects people of all races+ lo")income >>>>>>>>>>>>>+ have thehighest concentration of obesity in !merican society.

a. Non)Aispanic "hites. b. Non)Aispanic blacs.c. Aispanics.

d. !siansK%acific (slanders.e. !merican (ndiansK!lasan Natives.

!ns"er# - %age# =<

&8. What is the Dintra)racial net"or effect?Ea. (t says that there is no difference in ST6s across different racial groups. b. (t discusses ho" health is improved by cross)cultural alliances and relationships.c. The (2N$ is a theory+ "hich says that Aispanics are more liely to have an ST6

due to their residence in enclaves.d. (t asserts that because of cross)cultural se, partners+ ST6s are spreading.e. (t suggests that segregation contributes to the high rate of ST6s in the blac

population.

!ns"er# $ %age# ==

&>>>>>>>>>>>>>> are the largest minority group in !merican society.a. Non)Aispanic "hites. b. Non)Aispanic blacs.c. Aispanics.d. !siansK%acific (slanders.e. !merican (ndiansK!lasan Natives.

!ns"er# C %age# 9

&=. (n &5+ nearly >>>>>>> of !mericans "ill be Aispanic.a. 15P b. &Pc. &5Pd. *P



34/144

e. *5P

!ns"er# C %age# 9

&9. What minority group is most liely to use hospital emergency rooms as their primary

source of medical services?a. Non)Aispanic "hites. b. Non)Aispanic blacs.c. Aispanics.d. !siansK%acific (slanders.e. !merican (ndiansK!lasan Natives.

!ns"er# C %age# 91

*. Suicide is a major health concern for "hich minority group?a. Non)Aispanic "hites.

b. Non)Aispanic blacs.c. Aispanics.d. !siansK%acific (slanders.e. !merican (ndiansK!lasan Natives.

!ns"er# $ %age# 9&


1. ! &= study found a decline in female life e,pectancy. The decline "as most common inurban+ lo")income female populations.


&. The do"nturn in female life e,pectancy "as due to a rise in mortality from chronicdiseases related to smoing+ obesity+ and high blood pressure.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 89

*. ! decline in female life e,pectancy is e,pected in the "ealthiest countries+ "ith thehighest spending on health care.


. The lives of men and "omen used to be more predictable in that men typically behavedin certain distinct "ays and "omen in others.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age#


35/144

5. %atterns are emerging that sho" !mericans moving to"ard greater ine3uality in mortality bet"een the se,es.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age#


36/144

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# =

15. Typically+ older people rate their health in a negative fashion

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# =&

18. The adverse health situation of blac !mericans identifies a pattern that is generally produced by biological+ not socioeconomic factors.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# =8

1


37/144


1. Stress can be defined as#a. ! heightened mind)body reaction to stimuli inducing fear or an,iety. b. ! physiological change due to an environmental agent.

c. ! disruption in daily life caused by primarily negative events.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 9<

&. What is an e,ample of a stressful situation?a. 6eath. b. 6ivorce.c. 'arriage.d. ! and - only.


!ns"er# $ %age# 9<

*. The "or of >>>>>>>>>>>>>> reflects the symbolic interactionist approach to human behavior.

a. 6urheim. b. Thomas.c. 'ar,.d. -renner.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %ages# 9=

. Symbolic interactionism is based upon the "or of >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> /founder0.a. 6rentea. b. -ourdieu.c. Cooley.d. 'ead.e. 6urheim.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 9=

5. The theory of the >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> maintains that our self)concepts are the result ofsocial interaction in "hich "e see ourselves reflected in other people.

a. 4ooing mirror. b. 7lass selfish sense.c. 4ooing)glass self.d. 'irror in mirror.e. None of the above.



38/144

!ns"er# C %age# 9=

8. Which is NOT a component of Coley;s theory?a. We see in our imagination the other person;s judgment of ourselves.

b. We have a core sense of individuality+ uni3ue to each of us.c. We see ourselves in our imagination as "e thin "e appear to the other person.d. !s a result of "hat "e see in our imagination about ho" "e are vie"ed by the

other person+ "e e,perience some sort of self)feelings.e. !ll of these are components.

!ns"er# - %age# 9=

>>>>>>>>>>>> is more important than anything else to us+ because it represents"ho "e are and is al"ays "ith us.

a. :eil. b. Horm.c. Hace.d. Shield.e. Self.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1

1. The symbolic interactionist perspective+ as outlined by Cooley+ Thomas+ and 7offmanasserts that#

a. Certain situations are inherently stressful.



39/144

b. Stress is caused by societal pressure to conform.c. Stress can result from an individualJs perception of the meaning of a situation.d. Stress is constant.e. !ll four ans"ers are features.

!ns"er# C %age# 1

11. !s members of society+ individuals are constrained in their behavior by la"s andcustoms. These constraints are >>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

a. (magined. b. 2ealities.c. Social nuances.d. Social facts.e. Norms.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1

1&. 6urheim suggests that society has an e,istence >>>>>>>>>> the individual.a. Outside. b. (nside.c. -eside.d. Within.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1

1*. Which suicide type "as not fully developed by 6urheim?a. $goistic. b. Hatalistic.c. !ltruistic.d. !nomic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 11

1. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> suicide occurs "hen people become detached from society and+suddenly on their o"n+ are over"helmed by the resulting stress.

a. $goistic. b. Hatalistic.c. !ltruistic.d. !nomic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 11



40/144

15. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> suicide occurs "hen people suffer a sudden dislocation ofnormative systems "here their norms and values are no longer relevant+ so that controlsof society no longer restrain them from taing their lives.

a. $goistic. b. Hatalistic.

c. !ltruistic.d. !nomic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 11

18. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> suicide occurs "hen people feel themselves so strongly integrated intoa demanding society that their only escape seems to be suicide.

a. $goistic. b. Hatalistic.c. !ltruistic.

d. !nomic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 11

1>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

a. $conomy. b. Hamily.c. %olitical system.d. $nvironment.e. Self.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1&

19. -renner offers t"o hypotheses to e,plain the relationship bet"een the economy andmental health. What are they?

a. %rovocation and complacency. b. (nflation and uncovering.c. (nflation and stagflation.



41/144

d. %rovocation and reduction.e. %rovocation and uncovering.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1&)1*

&. What is homeostasis?a. Changing constantly. b. %hysiological adaptation.c. Not moving or adapting.d. %hysically gro"ing.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1*

&1. The >>>>>>>>>>>>>> system controls heart rate+ blood pressure+ and gastrointestinalfunctions# processes that are not under the control of the central nervous system.

a. 4imbic. b. 2espiratory.c. $ndocrine.d. !utonomic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1

&&. Who developed the theory no"n as the M(T!4general adaptation syndrome?a. -renner. b. Siegrist.c. Selye.d. 7offman.e. %earlin.

!ns"er# C %age# 15

&*. Who suggests t"o major types of stressors# life events and chronic strains?a. -renner. b. Siegrist.c. Selye.d. 7offman.e. %earlin.

!ns"er# $ %age# 18

&. The e,tent of physiological damage or change "ithin an individual depends on#a. The stimulus situation. b. !n individual;s capacity to deal "ith the stimulus situation.c. The individual;s preparation by society to meet problems.



42/144

d. The influence of society;s approved modes of behavior.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1<

&5. What is defined by Turner as Dthe social investments of individuals in society in terms oftheir membership in formal and informal groups+ net"ors+ and institutionsE?a. Social facts. b. Social net"ors.c. Social capital.d. Social circumstances.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 1=

&8. %utnam defines >>>>>>>>>>>> as a community)level resource reflected in social

relationships involving net"ors+ but also norms+ and levels of trust.a. Social facts. b. Social net"ors.c. Social capital.d. Social circumstances.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 19

&


43/144

a. $,treme situations. b. Non)e,treme situations.c. $,traordinary life events.d. Ordinary life events.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 11*)11

*. -esides the type of change and the speed "ith "hich it occurs+ the e,tent to "hichchange affects a person;s life may also be important. 4ibby 2uch /19


44/144


45/144


1>>>>>>> behavior and >>>>>>>>> behavior.

a. %reventativeF disease causing. b. AealthF illness.c. Aealth lifestylesF sicness.d. Aealth seeingF spreading.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1&



46/144

&. What is defined as activity undertaen by individuals for the purpose of maintaining orenhancing their health+ preventing health problems+ or achieving a positive body image?

a. Aealth lifestyles. b. (llness behavior.

c. Aealth behavior.d. Aealth promotion.e. %remedical.

!ns"er# C %age# 1&

*. What are collective patterns of health)related behavior based on choices from optionsavailable to people according to their life chances?

a. Aealth lifestyles. b. (llness behavior.c. Aealth behavior.

d. Aealth promotion.e. %remedical.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1&1

. !ccording to the World Aealth Organiation+ significant improvements in health in the19th century "ere brought about by "hat might be called >>>>>>>>>>>> methods.

a. $ngineering. b. 'edical.c. %reventative.d. Aealth lifestyles.e. Aealth behavior.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1&1

5. !ccording to the World Aealth Organiation+ "e are currently living in the >>>>>>>>>>>>> era.

a. $ngineering. b. 'edical.c. %ostmedical.d. Aypermedical.e. %remedical.

!ns"er# C %age# 1&1

8. Cra"ford points out+ there has been a gro"ing recognition of positive health behaviors+facilitated by#

a. 'ass media. b. Word of mouth.c. The spread of disease.



47/144

d. $ducation.e. Technology.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1&&


48/144

b. 4ife conduct.c. 4ife behaviors.d. !gency.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1&*

1&. Weber maintains that life >>>>>>>>>> influence life conductKlife choices.a. 2ealities. b. Chances.c. 'odes.d. 6emands.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1&*

1*. Aealth lifestyles are common to "hich social class?a. @pper classes. b. @pper and middle classes.c. 'iddle classes.d. 4o"er classes.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1&

1. Aealth lifestyles emphasiing e,ercise+ sports+ a healthy diet+ avoidance of unhealthy practices such as smoing+ and so on originated in the#

a. Woring class. b. 4o"er class.c. 4o"er middle class.d. @pper middle class.e. @pper class.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1&

15. What is a class)based set of durable dispositions to act in particular "ays that shape particular facets of health lifestyles?

a. 4ife chances. b. Norms.c. Aabitus.d. 4ifestyles.e. 4ife conduct.

!ns"er# C %age# 1&5



49/144

18. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> is the notion that the more distant a person is from economicnecessity+ the more freedom and time that M6OC%!7$ N@'QR15RMK6OC%!7$person has to develop and refine personal tastes in line "itha more privileged class status.

a. 6istance from norm.

b. 6istance from normality.c. 6istance from mean /average0.d. 6istance from poverty.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1&8

1>>>>>>>>>> to"ard particular forms of action. These constitute a Dhabitus+E according to -ourdieu.

a. $,pectations. b. %ractices.c. 4ifestyles.



50/144

d. 6ispositions.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1&9

&1. >>>>>>>>>>>>> may be either positive or negative+ but nonetheless comprise a person;soverall pattern of health lifestyles.a. $,pectations. b. %ractices.c. 4ifestyles.d. 6ispositions.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1&9)*

&&. >>>>>>>>>>>> consumption of red "ine is beneficial for preventing heart disease.

a. !bstinence from. b. 'ild.c. 'oderate.d. Aeavy.e. Sporadic.

!ns"er# C %age# 1*5

&*. The Hrench norm of Dduty to be healthyE "as strongest in the >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.a. Woring class. b. 4o"er class.c. 'iddle class.d. @pper class.e. !ll classes.

!ns"er# C %age# 1*5

&. (n &=+ the average life e,pectancy for a 2ussian male "as >>>>>>> years.a. 58. b. 8&.c. 88.d. 89.e.


51/144

c. -eyond.d. (n conjunction "ith.e. Near.

!ns"er# - %age# 1*<

&8. What refers to routine physical e,aminations+ immuniations+ prenatal care+ dentalchecups+ screening for heart disease and cancer+ and other services intended to ensuregood health and to minimie the effects of illness if it occurs?

a. 2outine checups. b. Aealth behavior.c. %reventive care.d. Aealth lifestyles.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 1*<

&>>>>>>>>>>>>> of preventive care among the poor is common.a. @nderutiliation. b. Overutiliation.c. @tiliation.d. There is e,tensive utiliation diversity even in the poor.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1*<

&9. One influential social)psychological approach designed to account for the "ays in "hichhealthy people see to avoid illness is#

a. The health lifestyles model. b. 'aslo";s hierarchy of care.c. The health belief model.d. The illness behavior model.e. The health)seeing behavior system.

!ns"er# C %age# 1*=

*. (n 2osenstoc;s model+ "hat "ould NOT be an e,ample of an e,ternal trigger?



52/144

a. %ersonal no"ledge of someone affected by the health problem. b. 'ass media communication.c. (nterpersonal interaction.d. %erception of bodily states.e. !ll of these are e,amples of e,ternal triggers.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1*=


1. Aealth)oriented behavior pertains just to those activities concerned "ith recovering fromdisease or injury.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1&

&. Aealth behavior is the activity undertaen by sic people to regain their health.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1&

*. The focus in medical sociology is on the health behavior of the individual.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1&1

. ! person;s life chances are largely determined by his or her class position.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1&1

5. The first 8 years of the & th century "as the Dpremedical era.E

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1&1

8. 'embers of the same status group share similar lifestyles.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1&&


53/144

9. There is evidence to sho" that health lifestyles emphasiing e,ercise+ healthy diet+ andavoidance of unhealthy habits such as drugs+ alcohol+ and smoing are spreading acrossclass boundaries in Western society.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1&

1. The "ealthy sho" the highest proportion of cigar and cigarette smoers.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1&5

11. 'ost studies on race address differences in sicness and mortality rather than healthlifestyle practices.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1&8

1&. Some studies suggest that religious attitudes and behaviors can have a negative effect on

numerous health)related activities. MK%

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1&9

1*. There has been e,tensive research performed lining living conditions to health lifestyles.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1&9

1. !gency is a term referring to the process by "hich people critically evaluate and choosetheir course of action.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1&9

15. The healthiest state in &9 "as :ermont+ follo"ed by 4ouisiana.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1*1

18. 7ermany has an e,tensive system of national health insurance that covers over 9 percentof the total population. MK%

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1*&

1


54/144

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1**

19. The case cannot be made that healthy lifestyles have spread completely throughoutWestern society on the basis of the e,isting studies.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1*5

&. !n important facet of health behavior includes contact by healthy people "ith physiciansand other health personnel for preventive care.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1*<

Essay Questions

1. What are the major components of WeberJs concept of lifestyles and ho" do these

components influence each other?

&. Why are health lifestyles gaining in significance as the &1st century approaches? $,plainyour ans"er.

*. Ao" do agency and structure influence health lifestyles?

. $,plain 2osenstoc;s health belief model.

5. !n e,tensive ten)year survey of the health lifestyles of nearly


55/144

!ns"er# C %age# 1*

&. :isits to physicians are higher for#a. 'ales.

b. Hemales.c. !dults.d. No difference in the response options.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1

*. The data in the 6utton /19>>>>>>>>>>>>>> hypothesis.

a. Systems barrier. b. Hinancial coverage.

c. Culture of poverty.d. 6isparities.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 15*

. Which group has the highest percentage of persons "ithout health insurance?a. Non)Aispanic "hite. b. Non)Aispanic blac.c. Aispanic+ 'e,ican.d. !sians.e. $uropean migrants.

!ns"er# C %age# 19

5. Which social class visits doctors the least?a. @pper classes. b. @pper and middle classes.c. 'iddle classes.d. 4o"er classes.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 15&

8. The process of seeing medical help involving a group of potential consultants+ beginning in the family and e,tending out"ard to more select individuals until professionals are consulted+ is no"n as the#

a. 'edical referral system. b. 4ay)referral system.c. %rofessional referral system.



56/144

d. Aealth net"oring process.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 15


57/144

c. 'anaging chronic conditions.d. Consultation "ith health care providers.e. !ll of the above are components of self)care.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1*

1&. ! number of factors have promoted self)care on the part of laypersons. Which is NOT afactor?

a. The shift in disease patterns from acute to chronic illnesses. b. 6issatisfaction "ith professional medical care that is depersonalied.c. 2ecognition of the limits of modern medicine.d. The increasing a"areness of alternative healing practices.e. !ll of the above are factors promoting self)care.

!ns"er# $ %age# 1*

1*. %eople have been doing self)care for >>>>>>>>>>>>>> and it is made easier today byaccess to the (nternet "ith its abundance of medical information.a. ! couple years. b. 6ecades.c. Centuries.d. Self)care is relatively ne"+ and "e don;t no" ho" long it has been occurring.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 1*

1. %eople engage in self)care in a manner >>>>>>>>>>>> "ith medical norms+ values+ andinformation.

a. Consistent. b. (nconsistent.c. !t odds "ith.d. (n tandem.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1*

15. Studies of the utiliation of medical services by the aged indicate that such use isdetermined more by >>>>>>>>>>> need than any other single factor.

a. !ctual. b. %erceived.c. 'edically directed.d. $conomic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1



58/144

18. Which point in the life course is NOT a pea period for "hen "omen visit doctors themost?

a. Childhood. b. Childbearing years.c. !fter *5.

d. !fter 5.e. !ll of these are peas in the visitation pattern for females.

!ns"er# C %age# 1

1>>>>>>>> of all doctor visits.a. 1P. b. &P.c. *P.d. P.e. 5P.

!ns"er# - %age# 1

1=. Who is NOT part of the lay)referral system?a. Hamily. b. Hriends.c. Neighbors.d. !ll are part of the lay)referral system.e. None are part of the lay)referral system.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 15

19. The process by "hich a family provides a child "ith a specific social identity is#a. Classification. b. Socialiation.c. $nculturation.d. -rain "ashing.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 18

&. Which refers to the social relationships a person has during day)to)day interaction+ "hichserves as the normal avenue for the e,change of opinion+ information+ and affection?

a. (ntrapersonal affect. b. 4ay)referral system.c. Hamily.d. Social net"or.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 18



59/144


60/144

!ns"er# C %age# 19

&8. Boos;s study helped establish the premise that >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> persons are less lielythan others to recognie various symptoms as re3uiring medical treatment and that these beliefs contribute to differences in the actual use of services.

a. 4o"er)class. b. 'iddle)class.c. @pper)class.d. 'iddle) and upper)class.e. 4o"er) and middle)class.

!ns"er# ! %age# 15&

&>>>>>>>>>>>>>> does not promote e3uality among laypersons "hen direct physician patient interaction is re3uired+ nor does it provide a conte,t "ithin "hich such anorientation can gro" "ithin the medical environment.

a. Aealth care philosophy. b. The lay)referral system.



61/144

c. The culture of medicine.d. Consumerism.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 15=


1. Christais and Ho"ler found that obese persons "ere highly liely to have socialnet"ors of family and friends "ho "ere similarly obese people "ith shared outloos.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 18)1<

&. %uerto 2ican !mericans are among those most liely to report that they could not affordhealth insurance as the main reason they did not have coverage.


*. 7iven that the poor are visiting doctors in greater numbers+ it is generally accepted thatthey use the same sources of medical treatment as those of higher income groups.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 15&

. On average+ females tend to visit physicians more often than males in the @.S.


5. ! personJs opinion of their o"n health is a critical variable in "hether they "ill seeformal health care.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 18*

8. Self)care consists of both health and illness behavior.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1*


62/144


1. The family represents a social e,perience that influences ho" a particular person perceives his or her health situation.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 18

11. The strategies that people employ for seeing health care are socially organied aroundthe opportunities they have for interacting "ith people in a position to help.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 1=

1&. $thnicity;s influence on physician utiliation appears "ide)s"eeping and goes beyond itsrole in providing a cultural conte,t for decision maing "ithin social net"ors. MK%

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1=

1*. Surprisingly+ socioeconomic status does not confound the effects of ethnicity on helpseeing.


1. The culture of poverty includes traits of dependence+ fatalism+ inability to delaygratification+ and a lo"er value placed on health.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 151

15. Only some 1 percent of all !merican physicians are of Aispanic origin. MK%

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 151

18. When actual need for health services is taen into account+ lo")income persons appear touse fe"er services relative to their needs.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 15*

1


63/144

19. -lacs and less educated individuals have gained less e3uitable access to the health caresystem "ith the advent of 'edicare and 'edicaid.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 158

&. There is more of a consumer orientation to"ard health among socially advantaged persons.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 158

Essay Questions

1. 6escribe the relationship bet"een socioeconomic status and illness behavior. $,plain the basis for your ans"er.

&. 6efine 'echanic;s ten determinants. 6iscuss this model. Ao" does it relate to illness?

*. Compare and contrast the systems barrier and culture of poverty theories. Ao" are theysimilar? Ao" are they different?

. 6efine 'edicare and 'edicaid. Ao" have 'edicare and 'edicaid affected health careaccess and utiliation across various groups?

5. What are some patterns and trends "e see amongst various racialKethnic groups in illness behavior? -lacs+ Aispanics+ Native !mericans+ and !sians?

Chapter = The Sic' ole


1. Which theorist;s "or "as not included as part of %arsons;s concept of the sic role?a. $mile 6urheim. b. 'a, Weber.c. Sigmund Hreud.d. $rving 7offman.e. !ll of the above are theorists "hose "or "as included.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1


64/144

d. 6isease.e. None of the !bove.

!ns"er# - %age# 188

*. The traditional identifying criteria for disease do NOT include#a. The patient;s e,perience of subjective feelings of sicness. b. The finding by the physician through e,amination andKor laboratory tests or other

indicators that the patient has a disordered function of the body.c. The patient;s symptoms conforming to a recogniable clinical pattern.d. The patient;s significant other;s identification of a Dsic pattern.Ee. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 188

. The sic role is oriented to"ard "hich group?

a. @pper class. b. @pper and middle class.c. 'iddle class.d. 4o"er class.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 1=&

5. The term M(T!4MK(T!4>>>>>>>>>>> has been characteried as an adverse physicalstate+ consisting of M@4M(T$'M%a physiological dysfunction "ithin an individual.

a. The sic role. b. (llness.c. 6isability.d. 6isease.e. None of the !bove.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 18<

8. The physician e,ercises leverage over the patient through three basic techni3ues. Whichis NOT one?

a. %rofessional prestige. b. Situational authority.c. Situational dependency of the patient.d. Objective authority.e. !ll of the above are techni3ues used to e,ercise leverage.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1


65/144

a. The process "here an individual falls sic+ goes to the doctor+ and sees out a cureor guidance.

b. ! process "here previously non)medical problems are defined and treated asmedical problems.

c. ! concept "hich is not health careKmedical related+ but rather refers to the

sociological process of identifying staeholders in a given situation.d. %urely about the shift in e,pectation from birthing at home to delivering at ahospital.


!ns"er# - %age# 1


66/144

a. Conditional legitimacy. b. @nconditional legitimacy.c. (llegitimacy.d. Horgiveness.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1=)1=5

1&. %eople "ho are physically handicapped typically fall into "hich category of stigma?a. !bominations of the body. b. -lemishes of individual character.c. 6isability of the form and mind.d. Heeling of lac of control.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 1=9

1*. ! pronouncement of deviant behavior involves maing a M(T!4 ((((((((((((( about"hat is right and proper behavior according to a social norm.

a. %sycho)social stand. b. Stigmatied assertion.c. 4asting proclamationd. Wide)s"eeping statement.e. Social judgment.

!ns"er# $ %age# 18<

1. The functionalist perspective on deviance#a. (s based on the concept that "hat is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or

social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups. b. 2elies on the ideas of "hat is good and "hat is bad to define illness+ but also

incorporates biological components.c. Stresses societal)level processes+ systems+ e3uilibrium+ and interrelationships+

representing a homeostatic approach to deviance.d. %urely focuses on health and "ell)being and disregards other forms of deviance+

such as criminality.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# 189

15. The symbolic interactionalist perspective on deviance#a. (s based on the concept that "hat is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or

social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups. b. 2elies on the ideas of "hat is good and "hat is bad to define illness+ but also

incorporates biological components.



67/144

c. Stresses societal)level processes+ systems+ e3uilibrium+ and interrelationships+representing a homeostatic approach to deviance.

d. %urely focuses on health and "ellbeing and disregards other forms of deviance+such as criminality.


!ns"er# ! %age# 1=

18. Who "as one of the leading proponents of labeling theory?a. $mile 6urheim. b. 'a, Weber.c. Sigmund Hreud.d. Ao"ard -ecer.e. !ll of these "ere proponents.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1=*

1


68/144

&. %arsons;s concept of the sic role is based on the assumption that#a. (llness is normal and routine. b. -eing sic is not a deliberate and no"ing choice of the sic person.c. There are different types of illnesses resulting in different reactions.d. (llness al"ays subsides and is replaced by "ell)being.


!ns"er# - %age# 1


69/144

!ns"er# C %age# 1


70/144

c. (nfectious.d. Catastrophic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 1=1

*. 'any people in the >>>>>>>>>>>>>> may tend to deny the sic role.a. @pper class. b. @pper and middle class.c. 'iddle class.d. 4o"er class.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 1=&


1. Hunctionalist theorists conceptualie social systems as composed of various connected parts. They argue that changes+ decisions+ and definitions made in one part of the systemaffects the other parts of the system.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 189

&. %arsonJs concept of the sic role applies to chronic illnesses as "ell as to acute illnesses.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 1=1

*. %arsonJs concept of the sic role ade3uately accounts for variations in the "ay people perceive illness and illness behavior.


. (n medical sociology+ a sicness is a social state+ signifying an impaired social role forthose "ho are ill.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 18<

5. 6eviant behavior al"ays produces undesirable conse3uences for society.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 18=

8. %arsons insists that sicness is functional because it provides the basis for social controlof the ill.



71/144


72/144

1


73/144

c. The medicaliation belief.d. The medical decision rule.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 19*

&. 6istress may not be only physicalF purely >>>>>>>>>>>> needs can trigger a visit to adoctor as "ell.

a. Sociological. b. %sychological.c. 'etaphysical.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 19*

*. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> tae/s0 the position that the seriousness of the patient;ssymptoms is the determining factor in doctorpatient interaction.a. Aaug and 4avin. b. %arsons.c. Aayes)-autista.d. Sas and Aollender.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 19

. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> argue that physicianpatient interaction falls into one of three possible models.

a. Aaug and 4avin. b. %arsons.c. Aayes)-autista.d. Sas and Aollender.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 19

5. The M(T!4 ((((((((((((((((((( model applies "hen the patient is seriously ill or being treated on an emergency basis in a state of relative helplessness+ due to a severeinjury or lac of consciousness.

a. !ctivity)passivity. b. 7uidance)cooperation.c. 2eact)revise.d. 'utual participation.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# 19



74/144

8. The M(T!4 ((((((((((((((((((( model arises most often "hen the patient has anacute+ often infectious illness+ lie the flu or measles.

a. !ctivity)passivity. b. 7uidance)cooperation.

c. 2eact)revise.d. 'utual participation.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 19


75/144

c. !ctivity)passivity.d. 7uidance)cooperation.e. 2eact)revise.

!ns"er# ! %age# 195

11. %eople "ith middle and upper socioeconomic status tend to be more >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>and active participants in the physicianpatient encounter.

a. !ggressive. b. Consumer)oriented.c. Hocused on getting "ell.d. 6isease)focused.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# 195

1&. Which model of interaction is the norm in most doctorpatient interactions?a. !ctivity)passivity. b. 7uidance)cooperation.c. 2eact)revise.d. 'utual participation.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 195

1*. ! major barrier to effective communication lies in the differences bet"een physicians andtheir patients "ith respect to#

a. Status. b. $ducation.c. Training.d. !uthority.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# 19=

1. Cassell e,plains that information can be an important therapeutic tool in medicalsituations if it meets "hich test/s0?

a. 2educes uncertainty.

b. %rovides a basis for action.c. Strengthens the physicianpatient relationship.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# 19=



76/144

15. 'ary -oulton and her colleagues e,plain that the influence of social class on the doctor patient relationship is best understood in M6OC%!7$ N@'QR&19RMK6OC%!7$termsof#

a. Social distance. b. Social space.

c. %o"er and space.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# &1

18. !s part of the "omen;s health movement+ feminist health organiations have evolved thatadvocate#

a. $3ual pay. b. !bortion rights.c. 's. over 'rs.

d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %ages# &1

1


77/144


!ns"er# C %age# &

&. (t "as not until the 19>>>>>>>>>>> of all students entering medical schools "ere "omen.a. *P.

b. *5P.c. P.d. 5P.e. 5P.

!ns"er# $ %age# &

&&. Which medical specialty have "omen been more liely to go into?a. Surgery. b. 7eneral practice.c. @rology.d. Orthopedics.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &5

&*. Which is NOT a barrier to communication bet"een doctors and patients?a. !ge. b. 7ender.c. Culture.d. Socioeconomic status.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# &1<

&. %hysicians prescribe medications+ diets+ and the lie and e,pect patients to follo" themfaithfully. This is called#

a. Compliance. b. 6octor)patient e,pectation.c. The contract.



78/144

d. !cceptance.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# &=

&5. 6octorpatient relationships in the @.S. have seriously >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> in recent years.a. (mproved. b. $roded.c. Stagnated.d. 'orphed.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &9

&8. 6issatisfaction "ith the doctor)patient relationship is heavily dependent on one;s#a. 7ender.

b. Culture.c. 2ace.d. Social class.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# &9

&


79/144

&9. $,panding reliance on ne" technologies has promoted a shift a"ay from >>>>>>>>>>>>+"ith its focus on the patient;s oral account of his or her medical history.

a. Hol medicine. b. -iographical medicine.c. Aereditary medicine.

d. :erbal medicine.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &11

*. Which involves the e,tensive use of advanced technology for testing+ diagnosis+ and thescientific determination of treatment in a more differentiated "orld of health caredelivery?

a. Techno)medicine. b. $lectronic medical records.c. e'edicine.

d. Web'6.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# &11


1. Talcott %arsons;s concept of the sic role provides some basic guidelines forunderstanding doctorpatient interaction.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 19*

&. %arsons e,plains that the relationship bet"een a physician and patient is one that isoriented to"ard the patient helping himselfKherself deal effectively "ith a health problem.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 19*

*. When people visit doctors for treatment and medical advice+ doctors rarely tae sometype of action to satisfy the patient;s e,pectations.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 19*

. Sas and Aollender focused on the manner in "hich patients try to modify treatment prescribed by a physician.


5. -etter educated and younger adults tend to be more septical of physician motives in providing treatment.



80/144

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# 195

8. When a patient is e,tremely ill or there is an emergency+ doctors still cannot mae life)saving decisions about patients "ithout consulting them.

!ns"er# H!4S$ %age# 198


81/144

15. Some male doctors feel reduced in status by being referred to as health care DprovidersEinstead of physicians.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# &8

18. 'odern)day medical practice is provided "ithin the conte,t of middle)class norms.

!ns"er# T2@$ %age# &=

1


82/144

1. Hor many years+ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"as vie"ed by the medical profession as a form of3uacery. -ut gradually+ professional respectability "as achieved by moving a"ay froman e,clusive focus on spinal manipulation techni3ues to treat general health problems.

a. Shamanism. b. !cupuncture.

c. Chiropractic medicine.d. Osteopathy.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# &19

&. Today+ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> are part of mainstream medicine and they "or as physicians.a. Osteopaths. b. Chiropractors.c. %odiatrists.d. !ccupuncturalists.


!ns"er# ! %age# &19

*. -y the mid)&th century+ osteopaths "ere receiving scientific medical training in suchareas as >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> and >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

a. Spinal alignmentF neurology. b. SurgeryF pharmacology.c. ObstetricsF spinal alignment.d. !cupunctureF surgery.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &19

. Osteopaths earn "hich degree?a. '6. b. '--S.c. 6.O.d. '6.O.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# C %ages# &19)&&

5. Which occupation does not re3uire an internship and residency?a. Osteopath. b. Chiropractor.c. Hamily practice.d. 7astroenterologist.e. None of the above.



83/144

!ns"er# - %age# &&&

8. Which is NOT an osteopathic specialty?a. !nesthesiology. b. %sychiatry.

c. %ediatrics.d. 2adiology.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# $ %age# &&


84/144

!ns"er# 6 %age# &&

11. The >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> industry alone has sales of over one billion dollars annually.a. 6ietary supplement.

b. !cupuncture.c. 'assage.d. Chiropractic.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# &&&

1&. (t appears that many persons "ho use some form of alternative or Dne" ageE medicinehave >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> social bacground/s0.

a. 'iddle)class. b. Woring) or lo"er)class.

c. @pper) or middle)class.d. 'iddle) or "oring)class.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# &&&

1*. (t appears that many persons "ho use some form of alternative or Dne" ageE medicineare#

a. Gounger. b. Older.c. 'iddle age or younger.

d. 'iddle age or older.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# &&&

1. %eople use C!' techni3ues because they are#a. 6issatisfied "ith physician care. b. 6islie haggling "ith insurance providers.c. Want to be in control of their o"n health.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# &&&

15. Those "ho use faith and fol healers typically come from a >>>>>>>>>>>>> bacground.a. @pper)class. b. 'iddle)class.c. Woring)class.d. 4o"er)class.



85/144


!ns"er# 6 %age# &&&

18. 4ie osteopathy+ the >>>>>>>>>>>>>> approach to healing also involves manipulation of

bones in the spinal column.a. !yurveda. b. !cupuncture.c. Chiropractic.d. Aomeopathic.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# C %age# &&&

1>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> today are restricted solely to nonmedical techni3ues.a. Osteopaths.

b. Chiropractors.c. %odiatrists.d. Neonatologists.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &&&

1=. Chiropractors may be favored by some patients because they have a reputation for#a. Charging less. b. -eing friendly.c. 7iving more time to patients.d. !ll of the above.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# 6 %age# &&*

19. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> are the second largest category of primary health care practitioners inthe @nited States.

a. Osteopaths. b. Chiropractors.c. %odiatrists.d. 'assage therapists.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &&*

&. Those belonging to >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> used divine healing as a central aspect ofdogmaF it did not prohibit members from seeing professional medical care.

a. Ainduism. b. The %entecostal church.



86/144

c. (slam.d. The Church of Snaes.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &&

&1. 2esearch suggests that faith healing accomplishes for patients#a. !lleviation of symptoms. b. 2elief from psychological distress.c. !cceptance of one;s health or life situation.d. !doption of another M6OC%!7$ N@'QR1>>>>>>>>>>>>>> go to fol healers.a. -lacs. b. Whites.c. !sians.d. Aispanics.e. Native !mericans.

!ns"er# - %age# &&=

&5. Some elderly persons living in poverty and rural areas may be prone to use >>>>>>>>>>>in treating ailments.



87/144

a. Hol healers. b. Hol remedies.c. Haith healers.d. Only prayer.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &&=)&&9

&8. %racticing >>>>>>>>>>>>> are most liely to be found among !frican !mericans+Aispanics+ and !merican (ndians.

a. Hol healers. b. Haith healers.c. Shamans.d. !ccupuncturalists.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# &&9

&>>>>>>>>> fol healers.

a. Native !merican. b. Aispanic.c. Non)Aispanic blac.d. !sian.e. Non)Aispanic "hite.

!ns"er# C %age# &&9

&=. DThe most dreaded form of disorder+ either physical or mental+ is that caused by"itchcraft. Witches are evil persons "ho supposedly have made pacts "ith the devil anduse supernatural po"ers in the form of curses+ magic+ herbs+ or ghosts to harm other people.E This vie" is of >>>>>>>>>> fol healers.

a. Native !merican. b. Aispanic.c. Non)Aispanic -lac.d. !sian.e. Non)Aispanic White.

!ns"er# - %age# &*

&9. -lac fol healers claim to have received their ability to healMN4M(T$'M%M(NST#a. !s a result of learning. b. 6uring an altered state of consciousness.c. !t birth.



88/144


89/144


90/144

1


91/144

&. Once a professional group becomes established+ 7oode indicates that it begins to furtherconsolidate its po"er by#

a. Hormaliing social relationships. b. $ncouraging a service orientation.

c. 6eveloping associations that limit membership.d. $,panding practice scope.e. !ll of the above.

!ns"er# ! %age# &*=

*. 2ecognition on the part of clients+ outside agencies+ and the "ider society of the profession;s claim to >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> is necessary if professional decisions arenot to be revie"ed by outside authorities.

a. %rofessionalism. b. 6ominance.

c. Competence.d. -eing service)oriented.e. None of the !bove.

!ns"er# C %ages# &*=)&*9

. Which is NOT a feature of professionalism?a. The profession determines its o"n standards of education and training. b. The student professional goes through a more stringent socialiation e,perience

than the learner in other occupations.c. %rofessional practice is often legally recognied by some form of licensure.d. 4icensing and admission boards are staffed by members of the profession.e. !ll of the above are features.

!ns"er# $ %age# &*9

5. Which is NOT a feature of professionalism?a. 'ost legislation concerned "ith the profession is shaped by that profession. b. !s the occupation gains income+ po"er+ and prestige+ it can demand high)caliber

students.c. The practitioner is relatively free of lay evaluation and control.d. 'embers are strongly identified by their profession.e. !ll of the above are features.

!ns"er# $ %age# &*9

8. Who defined the guidelines for analying the development of the medical profession in!merican society?

a. 7oode. b. Boch.



92/144

c. 6urheim.d. -ro"n.e. 7rant.

!ns"er# ! %age# &*9


93/144

d. :ircho".e. 7rant.

!ns"er# 6 %age# &

1&. With the founding of the !merican 'edical !ssociation /!'!0 in %hiladelphia+ >>>>>>>>>>>>> could mar the beginning of a ne" era in medicine.

a. Nurses. b. %hysicians.c. The government.d. Aospitals.e. None of the above.

!ns"er# - %age# &1

1*. (n &>>>>>>>>>>>&g

Date post:	01-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	brandon-culpepper
View:	337 times
Download:	4 times

Ch.1-16 Answers Combined Upload File

Documents