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Atilim University Atilim University 11
Chapter 1:Chapter 1: The Database The Database
EnvironmentEnvironment
Modern DatabaseModern Database
Management Management
88thth
EditionEdition Jefrey A. Hofer, Mary B. Prescott, Jefrey A. Hofer, Mary B. Prescott,
Fred R. McFaddenFred R. McFadden
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2Chapter 1
ObjectivesObjectives Defnition o termsDefnition o terms
Explain growth and importance o databasesExplain growth and importance o databases
Name limitations o conventional fle processingName limitations o conventional fle processing
denti! fve categories o databasesdenti! fve categories o databases Explain advantages o databasesExplain advantages o databases
denti! costs and ris"s o databasesdenti! costs and ris"s o databases
#ist components o database environment#ist components o database environment Describe evol$tion o database s!stemsDescribe evol$tion o database s!stems
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3Chapter 1
DefnitionsDefnitions Database: organi%ed collection o logicall!Database: organi%ed collection o logicall!
related datarelated data
Data: stored representations o meaning$lData: stored representations o meaning$l
objects and eventsobjects and events &tr$ct$red: n$mbers' text' dates&tr$ct$red: n$mbers' text' dates
(nstr$ct$red: images' video' doc$ments(nstr$ct$red: images' video' doc$ments
normation: data processed to increasenormation: data processed to increase
"nowledge in the person $sing the data"nowledge in the person $sing the data )etadata: data that describes the properties and)etadata: data that describes the properties and
context o $ser datacontext o $ser data
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4Chapter 1
Figure 1-1a Data in context
Context helps users understanddata
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5Chapter 1
Graphical displays turn data intouseful information that managerscan use for decision making and
interpretation
Figure 1-1b Summarized data
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6Chapter 1
Descriptions of the properties orcharacteristics of the data, including datatypes, eld sizes, allowable values, and
data context
i d il
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7Chapter 1
Disadvantages o *ileDisadvantages o *ile
+rocessing+rocessing ProgramData DependenceProgramData Dependence
,ll programs maintain metadata or each fle the! $se,ll programs maintain metadata or each fle the! $se
Duplication of DataDuplication of Data Di-erent s!stems.programs have separate copies o the sameDi-erent s!stems.programs have separate copies o the same
datadata
!imited Data "haring!imited Data "haring No centrali%ed control o dataNo centrali%ed control o data
!engthy Development #imes!engthy Development #imes +rogrammers m$st design their own fle ormats+rogrammers m$st design their own fle ormats
$xcessive Program %aintenance$xcessive Program %aintenance /0 o inormation s!stems b$dget/0 o inormation s!stems b$dget
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8Chapter 1
+roblems with Data+roblems with Data
Dependenc!Dependenc! Each application programmer m$stEach application programmer m$st
maintain his.her own datamaintain his.her own data Each application program needs toEach application program needs to
incl$de code or the metadata o each fleincl$de code or the metadata o each fle Each application program m$st have itsEach application program m$st have its
own processing ro$tines or reading'own processing ro$tines or reading'inserting' $pdating' and deleting datainserting' $pdating' and deleting data
#ac" o coordination and central control#ac" o coordination and central control Non2standard fle ormatsNon2standard fle ormats
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9Chapter 1
Figure 1-3 Old file processing systems at Pine Valley
Furniture CompanyDuplicate Data
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10Chapter 1
+roblems with Data+roblems with Data
3ed$ndanc!3ed$ndanc! 4aste o space to have d$plicate data4aste o space to have d$plicate data
Ca$ses more maintenance headachesCa$ses more maintenance headaches
The biggest problem: The biggest problem: Data changes in one le could causeData changes in one le could cause
inconsistenciesinconsistencies
Compromises inCompromises in data integrity data integrity
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11Chapter 1
&O#(TON:&O#(TON:
The D,T,5,&E ,pproach The D,T,5,&E ,pproach Central repositor! o shared dataCentral repositor! o shared data
Data is managed b! a controllingData is managed b! a controlling
agentagent
&tored in a standardi%ed'&tored in a standardi%ed'
convenient ormconvenient orm
3e6$ires a Database )anagement &!stem 7D
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12Chapter 1
Database )anagementDatabase )anagement
&!stem&!stem
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manageshardware resources
, sotware s!stem that is $sed to create' maintain' andprovide controlled access to $ser databases
Order *iling &!stem
nvoicing &!stem
+a!roll
&!stem
D5)&Central database
Contains emplo!ee'order' inventor!'
pricing' and
c$stomer data
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13Chapter 1
,dvantages o the Database,dvantages o the Database
,pproach,pproach +rogram2data independence+rogram2data independence +lanned data red$ndanc!+lanned data red$ndanc! mproved data consistenc!mproved data consistenc! mproved data sharingmproved data sharing
ncreased application development prod$ctivit!ncreased application development prod$ctivit! Enorcement o standardsEnorcement o standards mproved data 6$alit!mproved data 6$alit! mproved data accessibilit! and responsivenessmproved data accessibilit! and responsiveness
3ed$ced program maintenance3ed$ced program maintenance mproved decision s$pportmproved decision s$pport
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14Chapter 1
Costs and 3is"s o the DatabaseCosts and 3is"s o the Database
,pproach,pproach
New' speciali%ed personnelNew' speciali%ed personnel
nstallation and management costnstallation and management cost
and complexit!and complexit! Conversion costsConversion costs
Need or explicit bac"$p and recover!Need or explicit bac"$p and recover!
Organi%ational con9ictOrgani%ational con9ict
El t th D t bEl t th D t b
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15Chapter 1
Elements o the DatabaseElements o the Database
,pproach,pproach
Data modelsData models raphical s!stem capt$ring nat$re and relationship o dataraphical s!stem capt$ring nat$re and relationship o data Enterprise Data )odel;high2level entities and relationshipsEnterprise Data )odel;high2level entities and relationships
or the organi%ationor the organi%ation +roject Data )odel;more detailed view' matching data+roject Data )odel;more detailed view' matching data
str$ct$re in database or data wareho$sestr$ct$re in database or data wareho$se 3elational Databases3elational Databases
Database technolog! involving tables 7relations8 representingDatabase technolog! involving tables 7relations8 representingentities and primar!.oreign "e!s representing relationshipsentities and primar!.oreign "e!s representing relationships
(se o nternet Technolog!(se o nternet Technolog! Networ"s and telecomm$nications' distrib$ted databases'Networ"s and telecomm$nications' distrib$ted databases'
client2server' and <2tier architect$resclient2server' and <2tier architect$res Database ,pplicationsDatabase ,pplications
,pplication programs $sed to perorm database activities,pplication programs $sed to perorm database activities7create' read' $pdate' and delete8 or database $sers7create' read' $pdate' and delete8 or database $sers
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16Chapter 1
&egment o an Enterprise Data )odel
&egment o a +roject2#evel Data )odel
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17Chapter 1
One customer
may place many
orders, ut each
order is placed y
a sin!le customer
One"to"many
relationship
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18Chapter 1
One order has
many order lines#
each order line is
associated $ith a
sin!le order
One"to"many
relationship
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19Chapter 1
One product can
e in many
order lines, each
order line re%ersto a sin!le
product
One"to"many
relationship
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20Chapter 1
&here%ore, one
order in'ol'es
many products
and one product isin'ol'ed in many
orders
(any"to"many
relationship
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21Chapter 1
Figure 1- !nterprise data model for Figure 1-3 segments
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22Chapter 1
*ig$re 12= Components o the Database Environment
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23Chapter 1
Components o theComponents o the
Database EnvironmentDatabase Environment C&"$ #oolsC&"$ #ools;;comp$ter2aided sotware engineeringcomp$ter2aided sotware engineering 'epository'epository;;centrali%ed storeho$se o metadatacentrali%ed storeho$se o metadata Database %anagement "ystem (D)%"*Database %anagement "ystem (D)%"* ;;
sotware or managing the databasesotware or managing the database
DatabaseDatabase;;storeho$se o the datastoreho$se o the data &pplication Programs&pplication Programs;;sotware $sing the datasotware $sing the data +ser nterface+ser nterface;;text and graphical displa!s to $serstext and graphical displa!s to $sers Data-Database &dministratorsData-Database &dministrators;;personnelpersonnel
responsible or maintaining the databaseresponsible or maintaining the database "ystem Developers"ystem Developers;;personnel responsible orpersonnel responsible or
designing databases and sotwaredesigning databases and sotware $nd +sers$nd +sers;;people who $se the applications andpeople who $se the applications and
databasesdatabases
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24Chapter 1
The 3ange o Database The 3ange o Database
,pplications,pplications
+ersonal databases+ersonal databases
4or"gro$p databases4or"gro$p databases
Departmental.divisional databasesDepartmental.divisional databases Enterprise databaseEnterprise database
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25Chapter 1
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26Chapter 1
Figure 1-"
#ypical data
from apersonal
database
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27Chapter 1
Figure 1-$ %or&group database 'it( 'ireless
local area net'or&
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28Chapter 1
Enterprise DatabaseEnterprise Database
,pplications,pplications
Enterprise 3eso$rce +lanning 7E3+8Enterprise 3eso$rce +lanning 7E3+8 ntegrate all enterprise $nctionsntegrate all enterprise $nctions
7man$act$ring' fnance' sales' mar"eting'7man$act$ring' fnance' sales' mar"eting'
inventor!' acco$nting' h$man reso$rces8inventor!' acco$nting' h$man reso$rces8
Data 4areho$seData 4areho$se ntegrated decision s$pport s!stem derivedntegrated decision s$pport s!stem derived
rom vario$s operational databasesrom vario$s operational databases
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29Chapter 1
Figure 1-) *n enterprise data 'are(ouse
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30Chapter 1
Evol$tion o D5 &!stemsEvol$tion o D5 &!stems