BLUE AZAR, 4 T H ED.

Chapter 13: Adjective Clauses

13-1: Adjective Clauses w/SUBJECT Relative Pronouns

I know the boy. He is wearing the yellow sweater.

I know the boy who is wearing the yellow sweater.

I know the boy that is wearing the yellow sweater.

They have rules. They require business suits.They have rules which require business suits.They have rules that require business suits.

13-1: Adjective Clauses w/SUBJECT Relative Pronouns

I know the boy.I know the boy who is wearing the yellow

sweater.Are there commas used?--NOWhy not?-- (1) Necessary Information-- (2) Specific Information

13-1: Adjective Clauses w/SUBJECT Relative Pronouns

The boy is wearing a yellow sweater. He goes to school with my son.

The boy, who goes to school with my son, is wearing a yellow sweater.

Suits are worn by employees. The suits have to be black.

Suits, which have to be black, are worn by employees.

13-1: Adjective Clauses w/SUBJECT Relative Pronouns

The boy, who goes to school with my son, is wearing a yellow sweater.

Are there commas used?--YESWhy?-- (1) Extra Information

An athlete is Mia Hamm. I admire her.An athlete who I admire is Mia Hamm.An athlete whom I admire is Mia Hamm.An athlete that I admire is Mia Hamm.An athlete I admire is Mia Hamm.

An athlete who I admire her is Mia Hamm.

13-2: Adjective Clauses w/OBJECT Relative Pronouns

The game was on TV. The guys won that game.

The game which the guys won was on TV.The game that the guys won was on TV.The game the guys won was on TV.

The game the guys won that game was on TV.

13-2: Adjective Clauses w/OBJECT Relative Pronouns

13-2: Adjective Clauses w/OBJECT Relative Pronouns

The game was on TV.The game which the guys won was on TV.Are there commas used?--NOWhy not?-- (1) Necessary Information-- (2) Specific Information

13-2: Adjective Clauses w/OBJECT Relative Pronouns

The World Cup, which we saw on TV, was a big media event.

Are there commas used?--YESWhy?-- (1) Extra Information

13-3: Adjective ClausesObject of a PREPOSITION

We saw the movie. Everyone is talking about it.

We saw the movie that everyone is talking about.

We saw the movie about which everyone is talking.

1. What is the object?2. What is the preposition used?3. Where does the preposition occur in each

relative clause?

13-3: Adjective ClausesObject of a PREPOSITION

SPECIAL RULE:We saw the movie that everyone is talking about.We saw the movie which everyone is talking about.We saw the movie Ø everyone is talking about.We saw the movie about which everyone is talking.

PREPOSITION + whom / which + ADJ. CLAUSEPREPOSITION + who / that + ADJ. CLAUSE

13-3: ReviewYES(O)=need commas NO (X)=no commas

1. I made an appointment with a doctor who is an expert on eye disorders.

2. The person who writes the best essay will win a prize.

3. The first prize was given to Belinda Jones who wrote a touching essay about being an adopted child.

4. To see wild animals, you have to fly to a city that is near a game reserve and then take a small plane to the reserve itself.

5. A typhoon which is a violent tropical storm can cause great destruction.

no

yes

no

noyes

,

, ,

functions as a possessive adjective (his, her, our, my, its, etc.) and needs to be paired with a noun

The woman whose hair is extremely curly is Aranxa.

The man whose wife is arriving from Saudi Arabia later today is Abdur Rhaman.

noun

noun

13-4: WHOSE

13-4: Practice

1. The boy has beautiful teeth. His father is a dentist.The boy whose father is a dentist has beautiful teeth.

2. We want to do business with that company. Its products are top quality.We want to do business with that company whose products are top quality.

modifies a placeECI is a place where students all over the

world meet each other.This is a school where the teachers and staff

enjoy their jobs.The school where we study English is located

in Irvine.

13-5: WHERE

13-6: WHEN

Please tell me a story about the time when you were a child.

In the 1960s, when I was a kid, life was simple.

Next year when I go on vacation, I would like to visit my old neighborhood again.

What do all of these sentence have in common?

What does “when” modify? time

13-1 to 13-6 REVIEW

1. Yoko told me about students ___ have taken the TOEFL 13 times.a. who b. whom c. which d. that

2. Is this the room ___ the meeting is going to be?a. which b. where c. that d.

3. Judge Savitt is a judge ___ people respect.a. whose b. which c. whom d.

4. I’ll never forget the day ___ I met Lady Gaga.a. b. that c. when d. which

5. We’re looking for a teacher ___ specialty is teaching children with disabilities.a. who b. his c. that d. whose

13-7 Adj. Clauses: Modifying PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS: he, his, her, some, anyone, someone, something, they, this, yourself

1. When I first met this class, I noticed someone who was smiling a lot.

2. May I ask you a question? There is something I’ve been wanting to ask you.

Object pronouns (e.g., who(m), that, which) are usually not used in the adjective clause (like in #2)

13-7: Practice Game

1. It is something you can find on a farm.2. It is something you can cook.3. It is something which can break if you drop

them.4. What is it?

an EGG

13-8: To comma, or not to comma? RULE #1

1. I know the boy who is wearing the yellow sweater.

2. The boy, who goes to school with my son, is wearing a yellow sweater.

In #1, the adjective clause is necessary to identify the noun.

In #2, the adjective clause gives extra information. It’s not necessary to identify the noun.

13-8: To comma, or not to comma? RULE #2

1. Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot.

2. Mrs. Smith, who is a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hospital.

3. Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent teacher.

Hawaii, Mrs. Smith and Professor Wilson are all PROPER NOUNS.

When you have a proper noun, you always need to use commas.

13-8: To comma, or not to comma? RULE #3

The man that I met was very nice.I see two guys that are wearing purple

shirts.The mountain that I climbed was

beautiful.

Don’t use commas with “that”!

13-8: To comma, or not to comma? RULE #4

1. The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field.

2. The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field.

In #1, is the adjective clause necessary or extra information?

extra Since it’s extra information, that means ALL of the children ran

to an open field. In #2, is the adjective clause necessary or extra

information? necessary Since it’s necessary information, that means only SOME of the

children ran to an open field.

13-9: Expressions of Quantity

In this class, there are 16 students.Some of them are from the Middle East.

In this class, there are 16 students, some of whom are from the Middle East.

What is the expression of quantity?What is the pronoun that follows it?

ONLY use whom, which, whose

13-9: Expressions of Quantity

I tried on six pairs of shoes, none of which I liked.

The city has 16 schools, two of which are junior colleges.

The orchestra played three symphonies, one of which was Beethoven’s Seventh.

The village has around 200 people, some of whom are farmers.

13-10: Which

1. Sam took the final exam, which he passed without cheating.

2. Tom was late, which surprised me.

What does the adjective clause in #1 describe? the final exam, not Sam, not taking the exam

What does the adjective clause in #2 describe? Tom being late

13-10: Which

1. The elevator is out of order, which is too bad.

2. The soccer team worked very hard to win, which made their coach very proud.

What do the adj. clauses in #1 & 2 describe?

When you use WHICH to describe the whole sentence, you need a comma.

13-8: ReviewALL or SOME?

1. The students, who attend class five hours per day, have become quite proficient in their new language.

2. The students who were accepted into the university were excited.

3. Conifers, which have needles instead of leaves, are plentiful in the forests of the western United States.

4. John watched a movie on the DVD player that is in the den. (Does he have one OR more than one?)

5. Our wood-burning stove, which is in the corner of our living room, keeps the first floor of the house warm. (Do they have one OR more than one?)

13-11 Reducing Adjective Clauses

Do you see that man who is wearing a green hat?

The picture which was painted by Picasso is extremely valuable.

The students’ essays that are in progress must be finished.

Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun can be reduced.

If the adjective clause contains the be form of a verb, omit the subject pronoun AND the be form.

13-11 Reducing Adjective Clauses

The students who study at UCI are some of the most intelligent people that I know.

The program which consists of a speech from Obama is expected to be full.

If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its –ing form.

studying

consisting

Exercise 51

2. The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress.

3. We have an apartment overlooking the park.4. The photographs published in the

newspaper were extraordinary.5. The rules allowing public access to

wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.6. The psychologists studying the nature of

sleep have made important discoveries.

Exercise 51

7. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap containing 70% of the earth’s fresh water.

8. When I went to Alex’s house to drop off some paperwork, I met Jacob, his partner.

9. Many of the students hoping to enter this university will be disappointed because only one-tenth of those applying for admission will be accepted.

10. Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia.