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Ch7Motivation Concepts

Editer


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Definition

- the processes that account for an

individuals intensity, direction, andpersistence of effort toward attaining agoal.


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Hierarchy of Needs Theory

- within every human being, there exists

a hierarchy of five needs.(1) physiological

(2) safety

(3) social(4) esteem

(5) self-actualization


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Theory X and Theory Y

- two distinct views of human beings:

basically negative, labeled Theory Xand basically positive, labeled Theory Y.

- managers tend to mold their behavior

toward employees according to theseassumptions.


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Two-factor Theory

- individuals relationship to work is

basic and that toward work can verywell determine success of failure.

- two factors: Motivator / Hygiene factor

(1) satisfaction vs. no satisfaction(2) no dissatisfaction vs. dissatisfaction


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McClellands Theory of Needs

- focuses on three needs:

(1) Need for achievement (nAch)(2) Need for power (nPow)

(3) Need for affiliation (nAff)

- has had the best research support, buthas less practical effect than others.


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Self-Determination Theory

- people prefer to feel they have controltheir actions, so anything that makes apreviously enjoyed task feel more likean obligation than a freely chosen

activity will undermine motivation.


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- much research focused on CognitiveEvaluation Theory, which hypothesizes

that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsicinterest in task.

- a recent outgrowth: self-concordance

- people who pursue work goals for intrinsicreasons are more satisfied with their jobs.


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Goal-Setting Theory

- do your best vs. goal-setting

- intentions to work toward a goal are amajor source of work motivation.

- factors influence the goals: feedback,goal commitment, task characteristicsand national culture.


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- implementing goal-setting: MBO


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Self-Efficacy Theory

- an individuals belief that he/she is capable

of performing task.- four ways self-efficacy can be increased

(1) enactive mastery

(2) vicarious modeling(3) verbal persuasion

(4) arousal


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Reinforcement Theory

- reinforcement conditions behavior.

- people learn to behave to get somethingthey want or to avoid something they dont

want.

- behaviorism: people learn to associatestimulus and response, but their consciousawareness of this association is irrelevant.


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- social-learning theory: behavior is afunction of consequences.

(1) attentional processes

(2) retention processes

(3) motor reproduction processes(4) reinforcement processes


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Equity Theory/Organizational Justice

- individuals compare their job inputs andoutputs with those of others and thenrespond to eliminate any inequities.

- four referent comparisons: self-inside/outside, other inside/outside.


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- meaning of equity/fairness


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Expectancy Theory

- strength of a tendency to act in a certainway depends on the strength of ourexpectancy of a given outcome and its

attractiveness.


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Most current motivation theories weredeveloped in the U.S. by and about U.S.adults.

Cross-cultural transferability.

Cross-cultural consistencies:

(1) the desire for interesting work(2) job-preference outcomes

(3) equitable distribution of rewards

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