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Ch7Motivation Concepts
Editer
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Definition
- the processes that account for an
individuals intensity, direction, andpersistence of effort toward attaining agoal.
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Hierarchy of Needs Theory
- within every human being, there exists
a hierarchy of five needs.(1) physiological
(2) safety
(3) social(4) esteem
(5) self-actualization
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Theory X and Theory Y
- two distinct views of human beings:
basically negative, labeled Theory Xand basically positive, labeled Theory Y.
- managers tend to mold their behavior
toward employees according to theseassumptions.
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Two-factor Theory
- individuals relationship to work is
basic and that toward work can verywell determine success of failure.
- two factors: Motivator / Hygiene factor
(1) satisfaction vs. no satisfaction(2) no dissatisfaction vs. dissatisfaction
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McClellands Theory of Needs
- focuses on three needs:
(1) Need for achievement (nAch)(2) Need for power (nPow)
(3) Need for affiliation (nAff)
- has had the best research support, buthas less practical effect than others.
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Self-Determination Theory
- people prefer to feel they have controltheir actions, so anything that makes apreviously enjoyed task feel more likean obligation than a freely chosen
activity will undermine motivation.
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- much research focused on CognitiveEvaluation Theory, which hypothesizes
that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsicinterest in task.
- a recent outgrowth: self-concordance
- people who pursue work goals for intrinsicreasons are more satisfied with their jobs.
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Goal-Setting Theory
- do your best vs. goal-setting
- intentions to work toward a goal are amajor source of work motivation.
- factors influence the goals: feedback,goal commitment, task characteristicsand national culture.
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- implementing goal-setting: MBO
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Self-Efficacy Theory
- an individuals belief that he/she is capable
of performing task.- four ways self-efficacy can be increased
(1) enactive mastery
(2) vicarious modeling(3) verbal persuasion
(4) arousal
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Reinforcement Theory
- reinforcement conditions behavior.
- people learn to behave to get somethingthey want or to avoid something they dont
want.
- behaviorism: people learn to associatestimulus and response, but their consciousawareness of this association is irrelevant.
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- social-learning theory: behavior is afunction of consequences.
(1) attentional processes
(2) retention processes
(3) motor reproduction processes(4) reinforcement processes
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Equity Theory/Organizational Justice
- individuals compare their job inputs andoutputs with those of others and thenrespond to eliminate any inequities.
- four referent comparisons: self-inside/outside, other inside/outside.
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- meaning of equity/fairness
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Expectancy Theory
- strength of a tendency to act in a certainway depends on the strength of ourexpectancy of a given outcome and its
attractiveness.
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Most current motivation theories weredeveloped in the U.S. by and about U.S.adults.
Cross-cultural transferability.
Cross-cultural consistencies:
(1) the desire for interesting work(2) job-preference outcomes
(3) equitable distribution of rewards