26
Challenges and solutions Kaare Press-Kristensen Senior adviser, air quality The Danish Ecological Council [email protected] / (+45) 22 81 10 27
Challenges and solutions
Kaare Press-KristensenSenior adviser, air quality
The Danish Ecological [email protected] / (+45) 22 81 10 27
The engineer approach
1) Identify the air quality challenges.
2) Identify and quantify pollution sources.
3) Find the most cost-efficient reductions.
Air quality challenges
Legal challenges: NO2 (PM10 until 2008). Health challenges: PM2.5 (to a minor degree NO2 and PM10). Ultrafine soot particles (PM0.1, BC or EC).
Identify pollution sources H.C. Andersen’ Boulevard in central
Copenhagen. 51,000 vehicles (week day) and 4.7 % HDV.
Quantify pollution sources
Cost efficient reductions
New Low emission zone (LEZ) requiring:1) Closed particulate filters on diesel vehicles.2) City-SCR (or similar) for all heavy duty vehicles.3) Light vehicles must be newer than Euro 3.
Congestion charge (CC) or satellite-based road pricing
Potentials of new LEZ and CC
Copenhagen can fulfill all air quality limits just by implementing a stricter LEZ – and get far below the limits values by further implementing congestion charge (CC).
Effects of the present LEZ 2008: Closed filters at HDV <
EURO III 2010: Closed filters at HDV <
EURO IV
Effects of cyclists In Copenhagen 37 % of all trips are cycling
trips.
Conclusion
Air quality limits in most EU cities can be met by a combination of LEZs, congestion charge, satellite-based road pricing and/or more cycle traffic.
These actions will provide more people with a longer and much healthier life and at the same time solve other traffic related problems.
The solutions are ready … but we are still waiting for the politicians ...
But we are getting impatient !
Headline:The state is sued due to air pollution
Publication: Clean air Copenhagen
Will be on webpage together with the presentations.Funded by:
The European Campaign:
Soot free for the climate&
The European Commission:
LIFE11 ENV/DE/495: Clean Air Europe
This project is co-funded by
The European Campaign: Soot free for the climate
& The European Commission:
LIFE11 ENV/DE/495: Clean Air Europe
Questions
Definition: Particles in air
Diameter(micrometer)
Unit of measure
Particle mass (PM10) < 10 Mass: μg/m3
Coarse particles (PM2.5-
10)2.5 - 10 Mass: μg/m3
Fine particles (PM2.5) < 2.5 Mass: μg/m3
Ultrafine particles (PM0.1)
< 0.1 Number/cm3
Nanoparticles (PM0.02) < 0.02 Number/cm3Human hair diameter: 100 micrometers
Mass versus numberExhaust particles
Key air quality limits
a) May not be exceeded more than 35 times in a calendar year.b) Under revision due to new recommendations from the WHO.c) May not be exceeded more than 18 times in a calendar year.
CC is efficient in Milan
In Milan the main pollution inside the congestion charge (CC) area is from buses, scooters etc.
The right indicator
Fine particles (PM2.5) are an inappropriate indicator of pollution from road traffic !Elementary
Carbon
Paradox of traffic pollution
Traffic-related excess mortality among people living close to roads in Copenhagen: 300-500 deaths/year.
Fine particles from local traffic cause 20 deaths/year.
Exhaust gasses, traffic noise and traffic accidents from local traffic cause 20-40 deaths/year.
So … what causes the observed excess mortality ?
Ultrafine soot particles
Ultrafine soot particles seem to cause the observed excess mortality among people living close to roads in central Copenhagen.
Traditionel vs. city-SCR
City-SCR
100 200 300
20
40
60
80
100
NO
xre
ducti
on in
%
Exhaust temperature ( C)
Citytraffic
100 200 300
20
40
60
80
100
NO
xre
ducti
on in
%
AdBlue-SCR
Exhaust temperature ( C)
Illustration of NOx reduction potential vs. SCR temperature
Citytraffic
Crystalline urea in traditional SCR. City-SCR solves this.
