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Extended Learning Module AExtended Learning Module A

Computer Hardware and Computer Hardware and SoftwareSoftware

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

A Quick Tour of TechnologyA Quick Tour of Technology Categories of Computers by SizeCategories of Computers by Size Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSoftware: Your Intellectual Interface Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical Interface The Complete Computer At WorkThe Complete Computer At Work

IntroductionIntroduction

Information technology (IT)Information technology (IT) – computer-based tool that – computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an information and information-processing needs of an organization.organization.

HardwareHardware – the physical devices that make up a – the physical devices that make up a computer.computer.

SoftwareSoftware – the set of instructions that your hardware – the set of instructions that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you.executes to carry out a specific task for you.

IntroductionIntroduction

A Quick Tour of TechnologyA Quick Tour of Technology

Six categories of hardwareSix categories of hardware

1.1. Input deviceInput device - a tool you use to capture - a tool you use to capture information and commands.information and commands.

Mouse, keyboardMouse, keyboard

2.2. Output deviceOutput device - a tool you use to see, hear, or - a tool you use to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information-otherwise accept the results of information-processing requests.processing requests.

Monitor, printerMonitor, printer


3.3. Storage deviceStorage device - a tool you use to store information - a tool you use to store information for use at a later time.for use at a later time.

Floppy disksFloppy disks

4.4. Central processing unitCentral processing unit ( (CPUCPU) – the actual hardware ) – the actual hardware that interprets and executes software instructions and that interprets and executes software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. together.

Intel Pentium 4 chipIntel Pentium 4 chip

RAMRAM, or , or random access memoryrandom access memory, - temporary , - temporary storage.storage.


5.5. Telecommunications deviceTelecommunications device – tool you use – tool you use to send information to and receive it from to send information to and receive it from another person or location.another person or location.

ModemModem

6.6. Connecting device – includes such things as Connecting device – includes such things as parallel ports into which you connect a printer parallel ports into which you connect a printer and connector cords to connect your printer to and connector cords to connect your printer to the parallel port. the parallel port.

Video cardVideo card


Software types include:Software types include: Application softwareApplication software - solves specific - solves specific

problems or perform specific tasks.problems or perform specific tasks. System softwareSystem software - handles tasks specific to - handles tasks specific to

technology management.technology management. • Operating system softwareOperating system software - controls application - controls application

software and manages hardware devices. software and manages hardware devices. • Utility softwareUtility software - provides additional functionality - provides additional functionality

to the operating system.to the operating system.

Categories of Computers By Categories of Computers By SizeSize

Personal Digital Assistants, Notebook Personal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop ComputersComputers, and Desktop Computers

Categories of Computers By SizeCategories of Computers By SizePersonal Digital Assistants, Notebook Personal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop ComputersComputers, and Desktop Computers

Personal digital assistantPersonal digital assistant ( (PDAPDA) – a small hand-held ) – a small hand-held computer that helps you surf the Web and perform computer that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address book.book.

Notebook computerNotebook computer - a fully functional computer - a fully functional computer designed to be carried around and run on battery power. designed to be carried around and run on battery power.

Desktop computerDesktop computer - the most popular choice for - the most popular choice for personal computing needs. personal computing needs.

Categories of Computers By Categories of Computers By SizeSize

Minicomputers, Mainframe Computers, Minicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Supercomputersand Supercomputers

Categories of Computers By SizeCategories of Computers By SizeMinicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Minicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and

SupercomputersSupercomputers

MinicomputerMinicomputer - designed to meet the computing needs - designed to meet the computing needs of several people simultaneously in a small to medium-of several people simultaneously in a small to medium-size business environment.size business environment.

Mainframe computerMainframe computer - designed to meet the computing - designed to meet the computing needs of hundreds of people in a large business needs of hundreds of people in a large business environment.environment.

SupercomputersSupercomputers - the fastest, most powerful, and most - the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive type of computer. expensive type of computer.

Software: Your Intellectual Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceInterface

Application SoftwareApplication Software

Application software is used to meet Application software is used to meet specific information-processing needs, specific information-processing needs, including such things as:including such things as: PayrollPayroll Customer relationship managementCustomer relationship management Project managementProject management TrainingTraining Word processing and many others.Word processing and many others.


Application SoftwareApplication Software

Personal productivity Personal productivity softwaresoftware - performs personal - performs personal tasks, including such things as tasks, including such things as creating:creating: MemosMemos GraphsGraphs Slide presentationsSlide presentations

Team Work

Buying Personal Productivity

Software Suites

(p. 49)(p. 49)


Application SoftwareApplication Software Word processingWord processing – helps you create papers, – helps you create papers,

letters, memos, and other basic documents.letters, memos, and other basic documents.

SpreadsheetSpreadsheet – helps you work primarily with – helps you work primarily with numbers, including performing calculations and numbers, including performing calculations and creating graphs.creating graphs.

PresentationPresentation – helps you create and edit – helps you create and edit information that will appear in electronic slides.information that will appear in electronic slides.


Application SoftwareApplication Software Desktop publishing Desktop publishing – extends word processing – extends word processing

software by including design and formatting techniques software by including design and formatting techniques to enhance the layout and appearance of a document.to enhance the layout and appearance of a document.

Personal information management (PIM)Personal information management (PIM) – helps you – helps you create and maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, create and maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, and points of contact.and points of contact.

Personal financePersonal finance – helps you maintain your checkbook, – helps you maintain your checkbook, prepare a budget, track investments, monitor your credit prepare a budget, track investments, monitor your credit card balances, and pay bills electronically.card balances, and pay bills electronically.


Application SoftwareApplication Software Web authoringWeb authoring – helps you design and develop Web – helps you design and develop Web

sites and pages that you publish on the Web.sites and pages that you publish on the Web.

GraphicsGraphics – helps you create and edit photos and art. – helps you create and edit photos and art.

Communications –Communications – helps you communicate with other helps you communicate with other people.people.

Database management system (DBMS) Database management system (DBMS) – helps you – helps you specify the logical organization for a database and specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database.access and use the information within a database.


Application SoftwareApplication Software Vertical market softwareVertical market software - unique to a - unique to a

particular industry. Examples include:particular industry. Examples include: Patient-scheduling softwarePatient-scheduling software Nursing allocation softwareNursing allocation software

Horizontal market softwareHorizontal market software - general enough - general enough to be suitable for use in a variety of industries. to be suitable for use in a variety of industries. Examples include:Examples include: Inventory management softwareInventory management software Payroll softwarePayroll software


System SoftwareSystem Software Operating system software -Operating system software - controls application controls application

software and manages how hardware devices work software and manages how hardware devices work together. together.

MultitaskingMultitasking - allows you to work with more than one - allows you to work with more than one piece of software at a time.piece of software at a time.

Utility softwareUtility software - adds additional functionality to the - adds additional functionality to the operating system.operating system.

Anti-virus softwareAnti-virus software - utility software that scans for and - utility software that scans for and often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices. often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices.


System SoftwareSystem Software

Crash-proof Crash-proof softwaresoftware – utility – utility software that saves software that saves information if your information if your system crashes.system crashes.

Team Work

Evaluating Utility Software Suites

(p. 52)


System SoftwareSystem Software

Uninstaller softwareUninstaller software – utility software that – utility software that removes software from your hard disk.removes software from your hard disk.

Disk optimization softwareDisk optimization software – utility – utility software that organizes information on software that organizes information on your hard disk.your hard disk.


Personal Operating SystemsPersonal Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows 2000 ProMicrosoft Windows 2000 Pro – for personal – for personal computers connected to a network.computers connected to a network.

Microsoft Windows 2000 MeMicrosoft Windows 2000 Me – for home – for home computer users.computer users.

Microsoft Windows XP HomeMicrosoft Windows XP Home – upgrade to – upgrade to Windows 2000 Me.Windows 2000 Me.


Personal Operating SystemsPersonal Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows XP ProMicrosoft Windows XP Pro – upgrade to – upgrade to Windows 2000 Pro.Windows 2000 Pro.

Mac OSMac OS – for today’s Apple computers. – for today’s Apple computers.

LinuxLinux – open-source operating system for high- – open-source operating system for high-end workstations and network servers.end workstations and network servers.

Hardware: Your Physical Hardware: Your Physical Interface Interface

Binary digitBinary digit ( (bitbit) - the smallest unit of ) - the smallest unit of information. information. Either a 1 (on) or 0 (off).Either a 1 (on) or 0 (off).

ASCIIASCII ( (American Standard Code for American Standard Code for Information InterchangeInformation Interchange) - the coding system ) - the coding system that most personal computers use to represent, that most personal computers use to represent, process, and store information. process, and store information.

Hardware: Your Physical Hardware: Your Physical Interface Interface

Byte Byte - a group of - a group of eight bits represents eight bits represents one natural language one natural language character.character. C – 01100011C – 01100011 O – 01001111O – 01001111 O – 01001111O – 01001111 L – 01001100L – 01001100

Hardware: Your Physical Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceInterface

Common Input DevicesCommon Input Devices Input deviceInput device - a tool you use to capture - a tool you use to capture

information and commands. Examples include:information and commands. Examples include: KeyboardKeyboard – today’s most popular input technology. – today’s most popular input technology. Trackball Trackball – an upside-down, stationary mouse in – an upside-down, stationary mouse in

which you move the ball instead of the device (mainly which you move the ball instead of the device (mainly for notebooks).for notebooks).


Common Input DevicesCommon Input Devices Point-of-sale (POS) Point-of-sale (POS) --

for capturing information for capturing information at the point of a at the point of a transaction, typically in a transaction, typically in a retail environment.retail environment.

Pointing stick Pointing stick - small - small rubberlike pointing rubberlike pointing device that causes the device that causes the pointer to move on the pointer to move on the screen as you apply screen as you apply directional pressure directional pressure (popular on notebooks). (popular on notebooks).


Common Input DevicesCommon Input Devices Microphone Microphone - for - for

capturing live sounds capturing live sounds such as a dog barking or such as a dog barking or your voice (for automatic your voice (for automatic speech recognition).speech recognition).

Touchpad Touchpad - another form - another form of a stationary mouse on of a stationary mouse on which you move your which you move your finger to cause the pointer finger to cause the pointer on the screen to move on the screen to move (popular also on (popular also on notebooks). notebooks).


Common Input DevicesCommon Input Devices

Mouse Mouse - today’s most popular “pointing” - today’s most popular “pointing” input device. input device.

Bar code reader Bar code reader - captures information - captures information that exists in the form of vertical bars that exists in the form of vertical bars whose width and distance apart whose width and distance apart determine a number.determine a number.


Common Input DevicesCommon Input Devices

Touch screen Touch screen - special - special screen that lets you use screen that lets you use your finger to point at your finger to point at and touch a particular and touch a particular function you want to function you want to perform.perform.


Common Input DevicesCommon Input Devices Optical mark Optical mark

recognition (OMR) recognition (OMR) -- detects the presence detects the presence or absence of a mark or absence of a mark in a predetermined in a predetermined place (popular for place (popular for multiple choice multiple choice exams).exams).

Scanner Scanner - captures - captures images, photos, and images, photos, and artwork that already artwork that already exist on paper.exist on paper.


Common Output DevicesCommon Output Devices Output device Output device -- a a

tool you use to see, tool you use to see, hear, or otherwise hear, or otherwise accept the results of accept the results of your information-your information-processing requests.processing requests.


Common Output DevicesCommon Output Devices CRTs CRTs – look like television sets.– look like television sets.

Flat-panel displays Flat-panel displays – thin, – thin, lightweight monitors that take up lightweight monitors that take up much less space than CRTs.much less space than CRTs.

Resolution of a screen Resolution of a screen – number – number of pixels it has (given by row and of pixels it has (given by row and column.)column.)

Dot pitchDot pitch – the distance between – the distance between the centers of a pair of like-the centers of a pair of like-colored pixels.colored pixels.


Common Output DevicesCommon Output Devices Resolution of a Resolution of a

printerprinter - the number - the number of dots per inch (dpi) of dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is it produces, which is the same principle as the same principle as the resolution in the resolution in monitors. monitors.


Common Output DevicesCommon Output Devices Inkjet printersInkjet printers – make images by – make images by

forcing ink droplets through forcing ink droplets through nozzles. nozzles.

Laser printersLaser printers – form images – form images using an electrostatic process. using an electrostatic process.

Multifunction printersMultifunction printers – scan, – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print.copy, and fax, as well as print.

On Your Own

Finding a Printer to Meet Your Needs

(p. 57)


Characteristics of CPUs and RAMCharacteristics of CPUs and RAM

Central processing unitCentral processing unit ( (CPUCPU) - the actual ) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the hardware that interprets and executes the software instructions and coordinates how all the software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. other hardware devices work together.

RAMRAM, or , or random access memoryrandom access memory, - temporary , - temporary storage that holds the information, the storage that holds the information, the application software, and the operating system application software, and the operating system software.software.


Characteristics of CPUs and RAMCharacteristics of CPUs and RAM CPU speeds CPU speeds

CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software instructions.software instructions.

More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.)More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.) MegahertzMegahertz ( (MHzMHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per ) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per

second. second. GigahertzGigahertz ( (GHzGHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per ) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per

second. second.



CPU contains two primary parts including:CPU contains two primary parts including: Control unitControl unit - interprets software instructions - interprets software instructions

and literally tells the other hardware devices and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software what to do, based on the software instructions. instructions.

Arithmetic/logic unitArithmetic/logic unit ( (A/L unitA/L unit) - performs all ) - performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers).as sorting and comparing numbers).



RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.


Common Storage DevicesCommon Storage Devices

Storage device capacities are measured in Storage device capacities are measured in terms of bytes.terms of bytes. Megabyte (MB or M or Meg)Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) – is roughly 1 – is roughly 1

million bytes.million bytes. GigabyteGigabyte ( (GBGB or or GigGig) - roughly 1 billion ) - roughly 1 billion

characters. characters. TerabyteTerabyte ( (TBTB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes. ) - roughly 1 trillion bytes.


Common Storage DevicesCommon Storage Devices


Common Storage DevicesCommon Storage Devices Floppy diskFloppy disk – great for portability of information and – great for portability of information and

ease of updating but holds only 1.44MB of information.ease of updating but holds only 1.44MB of information.

High-capacity floppy disk High-capacity floppy disk – – great for portability and great for portability and ease of updating and holds between 100MB and 250MB ease of updating and holds between 100MB and 250MB of information.of information.

Hard diskHard disk – rests within your system box and offers both – rests within your system box and offers both ease of updating and great storage capacity.ease of updating and great storage capacity.


Common Storage DevicesCommon Storage Devices CD-ROMCD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating – optical or laser disc that offers no updating

capabilities with about 800MB of storage capacity.capabilities with about 800MB of storage capacity.

CD-RCD-R ( (compact disc – recordablecompact disc – recordable) – optical or laser ) – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with about disc that offers one-time writing capability with about 800MB of storage capacity.800MB of storage capacity.

CD-RWCD-RW ( (compact disc – rewritablecompact disc – rewritable) – offers unlimited ) – offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the CD.writing and updating capabilities on the CD.


Common Storage DevicesCommon Storage Devices DVD-ROMDVD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating – optical or laser disc that offers no updating

capabilities with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.capabilities with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.

DVD-RDVD-R – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.capability with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.

DVD-RW, DVD-RW, oror DVD-RAM DVD-RAM, or , or DVD+RWDVD+RW – optical or laser – optical or laser disc that offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities disc that offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the DVD.on the DVD.


Telecommunications DevicesTelecommunications Devices NetworkNetwork - two or more computers connected so - two or more computers connected so

that they can communicate with each other and that they can communicate with each other and possibly share information, software, peripheral possibly share information, software, peripheral devices, and/or processing power. devices, and/or processing power.

Telephone modemTelephone modem - a device that connects - a device that connects your computer to your phone line so that you your computer to your phone line so that you can access another computer or network. can access another computer or network.


Telecommunications DevicesTelecommunications Devices


Telecommunications DevicesTelecommunications Devices

Types of modems include:Types of modems include: Telephone modemTelephone modem Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modemDigital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem Cable modemCable modem Satellite modemSatellite modem

Module E covers these in more detail.Module E covers these in more detail.


Telecommunications DevicesTelecommunications Devices Communication software includes:Communication software includes:

Connectivity softwareConnectivity software – enables you to use – enables you to use your computer to “dial up” or connect to another your computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer.computer.

Web browser softwareWeb browser software – enables you to surf – enables you to surf the Web.the Web.

E-mail softwareE-mail software – enables you to electronically – enables you to electronically communicate with other people by sending and communicate with other people by sending and receiving e-mail.receiving e-mail.


Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices Connecting devices enable your hardware to Connecting devices enable your hardware to

communicate with each other. Types include:communicate with each other. Types include: BusesBuses Expansion SlotsExpansion Slots Expansion CardsExpansion Cards Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors

System busSystem bus - consists of the electronic pathways - consists of the electronic pathways which move information between basic components on which move information between basic components on the motherboard, including between your CPU and the motherboard, including between your CPU and RAM.RAM.


Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices Expansion bus - Expansion bus - moves information from your moves information from your

CPU and RAM to all of your other hardware CPU and RAM to all of your other hardware devices such as your microphone and printer. devices such as your microphone and printer.

Expansion slotExpansion slot - a long skinny socket on the - a long skinny socket on the motherboard into which you insert an expansion motherboard into which you insert an expansion card. card.

Expansion cardExpansion card - a circuit board that you insert - a circuit board that you insert into an expansion slot.into an expansion slot.


Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices


Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices

Different hardware devices require Different hardware devices require different kinds of ports and connectors.different kinds of ports and connectors.

PortsPorts - the plug-ins found on the outside - the plug-ins found on the outside of your system box (usually in the back) of your system box (usually in the back) into which you plug a connector. into which you plug a connector.


PortsPorts

Parallel port

Serial port

USB port

Keyboard and mouse ports


Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices Popular connectors include:Popular connectors include:

USBUSB ( (universal serial busuniversal serial bus) – becoming the ) – becoming the most popular means of connecting devices to most popular means of connecting devices to a computer. a computer.

Serial connectorSerial connector – usually has 9 holes but – usually has 9 holes but may have 25, which fit into the corresponding may have 25, which fit into the corresponding number of pins in the port. number of pins in the port.

Parallel connectorParallel connector – has 25 pins, which fit – has 25 pins, which fit into the corresponding holes in the port.into the corresponding holes in the port.


Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices IrDAIrDA ( (infrared data associationinfrared data association) ) portsports –are for –are for

wireless devices that work in essentially the same wireless devices that work in essentially the same way as the remote control on your TV does. way as the remote control on your TV does.

The Complete Computer at The Complete Computer at WorkWork

Summary Summary Student Learning Outcomes Student Learning Outcomes

1.1. Define information technology (IT) and its two Define information technology (IT) and its two basic categories: hardware and software.basic categories: hardware and software.

2.2. Describe categories of computers by size.Describe categories of computers by size.3.3. Compare the roles of personal productivity, Compare the roles of personal productivity,

vertical market, and horizontal market vertical market, and horizontal market software.software.

4.4. Describe the roles of operating system and Describe the roles of operating system and utility software as components of system utility software as components of system software.software.

5.5. Define the purposes of the six major Define the purposes of the six major categories of hardware.categories of hardware.

Summary Summary Assignments and ExercisesAssignments and Exercises

1.1. Customizing a computer purchaseCustomizing a computer purchase

2.2. Web-enabled cell phones and web Web-enabled cell phones and web computerscomputers

3.3. Operating system software for PDAsOperating system software for PDAs

4.4. Types of monitors and their qualityTypes of monitors and their quality

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