CHAPTER 3Causal Factors and Viewpoints

The Biological Model

NeurotransmittersSerotonin Mood regulation, behavior, thought

processes

Norepinephrine Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep

Dopamine Influences pleasure, reward, novelty-seeking, coordination, and motor movement

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Regulation of mood (esp. anxiety), arousal, behavior

Acetylcholine Motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning

Glutamate Learning, memory

Genetics

Majordepression

Bipolardisorder

Anxietydisorder

Substancedependence

Schizophrenia

100

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20

40

60

80

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82

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Genetics

• Genotype: genetic composition• Phenotype: observable characteristic• Genotype-environment interaction

• Example: phenylketonuria

Genetics: Research methods

Traditional methods

Family history method

Twin method

Adoption method

More recent methods

Linkage analysis

Association studies

Psychodynamic Model

• Sigmund Freud

Psychodynamic structure

IdGuiding principle: PleasureTasks: Attain gratification of wants, needs, and impulses

EgoGuiding principle: RealityTasks: Mediate demands of id and superego; cope with real world

SuperegoGuiding principle: MoralityTasks: Develop conscience; block id impulses

Defense mechanisms

IntrapsychicConflict

(Between Id, Ego, and Superego)

AnxietyReliance on

Defense Mechanisms

The Behavioral ModelClassical conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Classical conditioning

• Extinction: when CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, the CR gradually extinguishes

• Spontaneous recovery: CR may still reappear later

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

Behavior Repetition of behavior is more likely

Positive reinforcement: pleasant event or reward

The Cognitive-Behavioral Model

Cognitive-behavioral perspective

Focuses on how thoughts and

information processing become distorted

Leads to maladaptive emotions and behavior

Cognitive processes

Schema:

• Underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information

Attributions:

• Process of assigning causes to things that happen

Attributional style:

• Characteristic way in which individual may tend to assign causes to bad or good events

Sociocultural Model

• Individuals and families within cultural context• Impact of culture on some disorders• Culture-specific disorders• Cultural risk factors

• Gender• Low income• Ethnic minorities and discrimination• Urban violence

Diathesis Stress Model

Interactive Model:

Additive Model:

Risk factors: Abuse and Neglect

Depriving essential resources

Institutionalization

Neglect and abuse at home

Separation from parents

Risk and protective factors: Parenting

Risk factors

• Marital stress, divorce• Maladaptive peer relationships

• Deviant peers• Peer rejection