History’s Beginnings

Earliest Human Societies

Early Human Migration to 10,000 years ago http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/g

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Studying History and Early Humans Why do people study history and try to learn more

about the past?

To find out about ancestors and more about themselves

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Why Study History What has happened to a person, a family, or society in

the past may affect what will occur in the future

More than recounting and studying past events

Involves: studying society’s culture, religion, politics, and economics

Historians try to find patterns and see past through eyes of people who lived it

Primary and Secondary Sources Evidence used to answer Historians questions

Primary Source: something written or created by a person who witnessed a historical event

Military records, marriage certificates, diaries, and private letters

Artifacts: buildings, works of art, tools

Oral History: made up of verbal or unwritten accounts of events

includes stories, customs, and songs

Secondary Source: a work produces about a historical event by someone who was not actually there

Newspapers, books, and paintings

Oral History

Why History Changes Historians might use different evidence

Steps:

Evidence is examined and trustworthy evidence is sorted.

Evidence is interpreted: articles, books, and museum displays

Interpretations can be conflicting

Discovery of new evidence may lead to new conclusions

Early Humans Were Hunter-Gatherers Hunted animals and gathered plants for food

Moved to new locations when food ran out

Adapting to the Environment Depended on Environment for shelter

Lived in caves, rock shelters, made shelters out of tree branches, plant fibers or skins of animals

Lived together in bands

Made up of several families (30 people)

Men: hunted and fished

Women: gathered foods and cared for children

Early Humans on the Move Hunter-gatherers were nomads: people who move

from place to place Movement limited; returned to same places with

changing seasons

Some moved to new lands Migration: the act of moving from one place to settle in

another

Migration People followed animals to hunt

13,000 B.C. had migrated to much of world Traveled across a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska

Developing Tools and Culture Technology: ways in which people apply knowledge, tools,

and inventions to meet their needs.

The Development of Technology 2 million years ago Stone tools for cutting

Carrying bags, stone hand axes, awls, drills, bows, flint spearheads, metal tools

Tools used for: building shelter, hunting and butchering animals

The Use of Fire 500,000 years ago: learned to make fire

Provided heat and light (could cook food)

Used to temper tools made of metal

Early Human Culture Art, language, and religion are unique to humans

Language: develop out of need to communicate

Religion: the worship of God, gods, or spirits

Early Humans: everything in nature had a spirit

Early Art: created in caves or on rocks

The Beginnings of Agriculture 8,000 B.C.

Learned to grow plants and raise animals

Climate Changes

Rising temps caused glaciers to melt

Humans could move into new areas

Growing seasons became longer

Domesticated : (humans learned to grown and breed the grasses ) wild grasses

The Domestication of Animals Learned to capture and tame animals

Captured animals provided constant source of food

9,000 B.C.

1st animals domesticated

Reliable food source, clothing, and other products

Made tools from bones

Horses, llamas, and camels used for transportation

Dogs domesticated to help in hunts

The Agricultural Revolution Development of farming

Agriculture: planting of seeds to raise crops

Ag. Revolution

Shift from food gathering to food raising

Began around 8,000 B.C.

Brought changes in tools and technology

People made hoes, plows and sickles

More food available allowed for increases in population and better opportunities to settle in one place

The First Communities

Settlements Begin Became better farmers as tools improved

Groups remained in same areas instead of moving

Developed larger, more permanent settlements

Farming Villages Develop Worldwide Agriculture developed where water was available

Irrigation: the watering of dry land using systems of ditches, pipes, and streams

Fertile soil: produced bigger & better crops

Attracted farmers to larger villages; villages grew in size

Village Life Advantages:

Food was plentiful

Could withstand attacks by nomadic bands

Disadvantages:

Risk of fire, disease, and flood

Surpluses Boost Development As agriculture techniques improved, farmers produced

surpluses More than what is needed to survive

Surpluses not limited to food Materials for making cloth or other products (wool)

Surpluses in good seasons helped during bad seasons Able to support more people during surpluses

Population grew, villages economies varied as people developed special skills

People Develop Different Skills Not everyone had to raise food with surpluses

People began to specializing

Skill in one kind of work

Potters, weavers, and holy person or shamans (interpreted natural events)

Non-farmers traded their goods and services for food

Simple Villages Grow More Complex Surpluses and specialization led to growth of villages

Life became more complex

Social relationships became more complicated

A Changing Way of Life More people living together in villages Increased trade between villages Skilled people spent years learning trade

Artisans: people trained in skills or craft Occupational classes or social classes developed

Social class: a group of people with similar customs, backgrounds, training, and income.

Need for laws and leadership to keep order and settle disputes Government created Communities safer and more stable

Life in Complex Villages Larger population & live closer together

Larger supply of skills, ideas, and needs

Life more complicated

Catal Huyuk Complex village in Turkey 8,000 people 32 acres Agricultural village

Wheat, barley, and peas

Raised sheep Buried dead under floors of their homes Vivid murals on walls of houses Developed special skills

Making tools and luxury items Produced cloth, wooden vessels, and simple pottery