Chapter 10

Islam

Bedouins

• Who: nomadic herders• What: moved through the desert to reach

seasonal pasturelands for their animals; predecessors the Islamic peoples

• Where: southwest Asia, Middle East• When: 500 • Why: they traded with settled Arab tribes in

oasis towns; & protected caravan routes

Bedouins (6)

• Who: nomadic herders• What: moved through the desert to reach

pasturelands for their herds• Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 500 AD• Why: competition for water & grazing land led

to warfare; predecessors of the Islamic ppl

Muhammad• Who: prophet of Islam• What: messenger of God, he founded the Islamic

faith• Where: Mecca, Arabian peninsula• When: 570-632?• Why: he was troubled by the morals of society &

would meditate in the hills- heard an angel’s voice telling him “There is one God and one ppl” = the basis of Islamic faith, he started the Islam religion

Muhammad (6)

• Who: Arab prophet of Islam; founder of Islam• What: established the Muslim faith after

receiving a vision that told him there was only one God

• Where: Mecca, Arabian penin., ME• When: 570-632 AD• Why: the Muslim faith has greatly influenced

modern culture and would not exist w/o him

Workbook part A

• 570- Muhammad was born• 595- Muhammad meets Khadija (his wife) • 622- faced w. threat of murder, M & his

followers left Mecca for Yathrib (Medina); this marked the 1st year of the Islamic calendar- this journey was known as the Hijra

• 630- Muhammad returned to Mecca• 632 Muhammad died

Mecca

• Who: Muslims, Muhammad• What: a market town at the crossroads of

several trading routes, where Muhammad was born, where Islam was founded

• Where: Arabian peninsula, Middle East• When: 570 AD• Why: this is where Muhammad the prophet

was born; the Islamic religion was founded here; the Kaaba is here

Mecca (6)

• Who: Arabs & Muslims, Muhammad• What: a bustling market town that is at the

crossroads of many trading routes• Where: Southern Arabian penin, ME• When: 570 • Why: the trading in the area helped make

merchants wealthy; this is where M was born; this is where Islam was founded; this is where the Kaaba is located

Yathrib

• Who: Muhammad & his followers• What: a city that M & his followers flee to to

avoid death; the journey here is known as the Hijra, a city near Mecca

• Where: Arabian peninsula, ME• When: 622• Why: this city is where Muhammad & his

followers escaped to avoid murder; it was later renamed Medina

Hijra

• Who: Muhammad & his followers• What: the journey from Meccca to Yathrib

(Medina) of Muhammad & his followers• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 622 AD * • Why: they left Mecca b.c. of the threat of murder=

went to Yathrib (Medina) = this journey marks the 1st year on the Islamic calendar (beginning of Islam); today Muslims complete this journey as part of their religion

Hijra (6)

• Who: Muhammad & his followers• What: a religious journey from Mecca to

Yathrib• Where: from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina),

Arabian penin, ME• When: 622 * • Why: this journey led M & his followers to

safety = marked the 1st year of the Islamic calendar = Islam was now a religion

Medina

• Who: M & his followers• What: city that was renamed this, used to be

Yathrib• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 622 AD• Why: M visited here and it became known as

“City of the prophet” & was renamed Medina; his journey to here marked the 1st year on the Islamic calendar

Kaaba (Ka’ba)

• Who: Muslims• What: a temple that Muslims believed

Abraham built to worship God• Where: Mecca, Arabain penin, ME• When: 630 • Why: this became the most holy place in

Islam; Muslims travel here to pay homage to Islam & Allah

Quran

• Who: Muslims• What: the sacred text of Islam• Where: Mecca, Arabian penin, ME• When: 622• Why: this states that ppl are responsible for

theoir own actions, teaches God is all powerful & compassionate; lists the 5 pillars of the faith: Declaration of the faith; Daily prayer, Alms for the poor, Fasting, Hajj

Mosques

• Who: Muslims• What: a house of worship for the Islamic faith• Where: Southwestern Asia, Mecca, ME• When: 622- present• Why: the second pillar of faith in the Islam

religion is prayer- Muslims often meet in the mosque in order to pray

Hajj• Who: Muslim pilgrims• What: a pilgrimage to Mecca to participate in

ceremonies commemorating the actions of Muhammad

• Where: Mecca to Medina• When: 622- present• Why : their simple attire symbolized the

abandonment of the material world for God; the 5th pillar for Muslims- they must make this journey 1 time in their life

Jihad

• Who: Muslims• What: struggle in God’s service, a personal

duty of Muslims who focus on overcoming immortality w/in themselves; religious war

• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 600s• Why: this is a duty of the Muslims to defend

their religion = still around today

Sharia

• Who: Muslim scholars• What: a body of law that includes

interpretations of the Quran, Islamic law• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 600s• Why: this regulates moral conduct, life,

business practices, and government in Islamic nations and for Islamic ppl

Workbook part B

• 3 main Bubbles:– Quran• Sacred text of Islam

– Sharia law– 5 pillars of Islam• Declaration of faith• Pray 5 times daily• Give charity to the poor• Fast during Ramadan (don’t eat)• Make Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca once in your lifetime

Section 2

Abu Bakr

• Who: Muhammad’s father in law• What: the first Caliph (leader after M’s death)• Where: ME• When: 632 • Why: he is the first successor after Muhammad

died & led the Islamic religion after M was gone; he encouraged Muslims to follow God not M = ppl leaving Islam; however, converted many ppl to Islam = Islam grew; military campaigns to spread Islam

Caliph• Who: Abu Bakr• What: successor to Muhammad in leading the

Islamic faith; the leaders of Islam religion after M• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 632- • Why: M died, Muslims were searching for a new

leader= the Caliph was the leader that led the religion after M; the 1st 4 caliphs had successful military campaigns; the disagreement over who should be leader = Sunni v Shiite

Sunni• Who: Muslims• What: a large group of Muslims that formed the

majority of Muslims, believed leader should be chosen

• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 600s• Why: they felt that any good Muslim could lead

the community since there was no prophet after M; felt that the leader should be a pious, male Muslim & should be chosen

Shiite• Who: Muslims• What: a smaller group of Muslims that wanted to

leave the larger community of Muslims based on who should be leader

• When: 600s- present• Where: Arabian penin, ME• Why: M died = Muslims disagreed who should be

leader = this grp of Muslims said it must be a descendant of M through his daughter & son in law Ali; they believe the descendants are divinely inspired and meant to rule.

Sunni v. Shiite (both) workbook pg 92

• Sunni: – Largest group (90%)– Believed the leader of Islam should be good, pious male

Muslim– Iran

• Shiite:– Smaller group (10%)– Believed the leader of Islam shoud be a descendant of M– IraqBoth: Allah, Quran, worship in a Mosque, obey 5 pillars

Sufis• Who: Muslim mystics• What: a small group of Muslims that sought

communion w. Allah through meditation, fasting, and other rituals

• Where: Arab. Penin, ME• When: 600s• Why: they helped spread Islam by traveling,

preaching, & being good examples; they carried their faith to remote villages where they blended local traditions & Muslim beliefs ; were very pious & some thought to be mystical

Umayyad• Who: Meccan Muslims• What: a dynasty of Sunni caliphs that rules a Muslim

Empire until 750• Where: Mecca, Arabian penin, ME• When: 650-750• Why: their conquests enabled the spread of Islam &

Muslim civilization; spread as far Spain; try to conquer Constantinople; they were successful militarily b.c. they were stronger than other empires; they created an effective govt; they were restrictive on ppl they conquered- forcing ppl to convert; eventually they couldn’t govern effectively & were taken over by Abbasid

Abbasid• Who: Muslims, Abu al-Abbas, Shiite, & non Arab

Muslims• What: a Shiite Muslim dynasty founded by Abu al-

Abbas• Where: Baghdad, ME • When: 750-1258• Why: tried to create an empire based on equality of all

Muslims; halted the large military conquest; the empire reached its’ greatest wealth & power; Muslim civilization flourished; created a more sophisticated bureaucracy & encouraged learning; Moved capital to Baghdad; Persian traditions influenced the empire

Baghdad• Who: Shiite Abbasid Muslims• What: a new capital the Abbasid Caliphate

created • Where: Arabian penin, ME • When: 750-1258• Why: the caliph’s palace was in the center of this

new capital city; poets, artists, scholars flocked here during the Abbasid rule; it exceeded Constantinople in size & wealth= became the grandest capital during this time

Minarets

• Who: Muslims• What: slender towers that are part of the

mosques• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 600s- present• Why: Muslims (Meuzzins) would climb to the

top and call all the Muslims to prayer 5 times a day

Sultan

• Who: leader of the Muslim Turkish ppl• What: a ruler of the Turks• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 600s• Why: this leader was different from the

Caliph- the Caliph was the religious leader of Islam; the Sultan was the political leader of the Turkish empires that were Muslim

Workbook pg 90 part B

• Copy the timeline on pg. 129 of your book

Section 3

Social Mobility

• Who: Muslim people• What: the ability to move up or down in social

classes, up or down on the social pyramid • Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 8th & 9th centuries (700s,800s)• Why: people could improve their social rank

through religious, scholarly or military achievements

Calligraphy

• Who: Muslims• What: the art of beautiful handwriting• Where: Arabian penin, ME• When: 688• Why: artists worked the flowing Arabic script

into decorations on buildings; major characteristic of Muslim art; gave to the rest of the world (i.e. Western Europe)

Section 3 Workbook- Muslim Achievements

Look on the website for “Section 3 workbook answers”

Section 4

Delhi

• Who: Sultan • What: a capital of the northern plains of India• Where: India• When: 1100s-present• Why: this was the capital of a Sultanate (land

ruled by a sultan); the Delhi Sultanate ruled India 1206-1526 which marked the start of Muslim rule in India- now there are Muslims & Hindus in India

Rajahs• Who: Muslims, local Hindu rulers• What: a local Hindu ruler that would be left in

charge of a region of India by the real Muslim rulers (Sultan)

• Where: India• When: 1206-1526• Why: The Muslims came into India to rule = some

would leave these local Hindu rulers in charge of their region in India = this showed a blending of cultures b/n the Hindus & Muslims

Sikhism• Who: Nanuk, Indian holy man• What: a new religion that was created in Northern

India • Where: India• When: 1300s• Why: this blended Indian Islamic & Hindu beliefs

together to make one religion; it preached unity of God, brotherhood of men, rejection of caste system (social structure); no to idol worship; believe reincarnation; later organized into military forces that clashed with Mughal (Muslim empire) rulers

Babur

• Who: descended from Genghis Khan & Tamer Lane

• What: military genius, poet, & author; Mughal leader that started the Mughal Dynasty in Muslim India

• Where: India• When: 1526• Why: he got rid of the remnants of the Delhi

Sultanate; set up Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857); his grandson was Akbar the Great

Mughal

• Who: Muslim Mongol armies• What: Persian word for Mongol, a dynasty

that took over Delhi Sultanate in India• Where: India• When: 1526-1857• Why: they conquered the Delhi Sultanate in

India, est a Muslim dynasty; great rulers of the dynasty: Babur, Akbar, & Shah Jahan; great achievements were left to India from this dynasty

Akbar• Who: chief builder of the Mughal dynasty, Akbar

the Great• What: ruler of Mughal dynasty; created strong

central gov’t• Where: India• When: 1556-1605• Why: he created a strong gov’t = Akbar the great;

Muslim ruler that respected Hindu ppl- married a Hindu princess to show his tolerance of the other religion; he gave Hindus gov’t jobs

Shah Jahan

• Who: Akbar’s grandson, Mughal ruler• What: known for building the Taj Mahal• Where: India• When: 1658-• Why: his rule was during the highpoint of the

Mughal dynasty- art, literature, & architecture; built the Taj Mahal- most well-known monument in Indian history

Taj Mahal• Who: Shah Jahan, Mumtaz (his wife) • What: a tomb that Shah Jahan built for his wife• Where: India, • When: 1658• Why: Shah Jahan loved his wife soooo much that

he built this grand tomb for her when she died; this became the most well-known monument in Indian history; took 20 years to build = really $$$$ = bankrupt India b.c. he had to increase taxes of the ppl

Section 5

Ottomans

• Who: Turkish speaking nomadic people• What: migrated into northwestern Asia (where the

Byzantine Empire was) & took over; Muslim empire• Where: northwestern Asia (where the Byz Emp was)• When: 1453-1914• Why: they conquered the Byz Emp & created the

Ottoman Empire; they rename Constantinople to Istanbul; powerful empire that controlled this region- Suleyman & Janissaries; taken over by more powerful empires in 1914

Istanbul

• Who: Ottomans• What: capital of the Ottoman Empire, used to

be Constantinople (Byz Emp)• Where: Ottoman Empire• When: 1453-1917• Why: the Ottomans conquered the Byzantine

Emp & took over Constantinople; they rename the most important city Istanbul

Suleyman

• Who: ruler of the Ottomans• What: “the Lawgiver”; Suleyman the Great; ruler of the

Ottomans that ruled at the height of the Ottoman Empire

• Where: Ottoman empire• When: 1520-1566• Why: he modernized the army, conquered new lands

for the Ottoman Empire; he ruled the most powerful & largest Empire in the world; strengthened the gov’t, made an effective law system; ruled w. absolute power; created the Janissaries

Janissaries (Janizeries)

• Who: Suleyman, Ottoman soldiers• What: the elite force of the Ottoman army• Where: Ottoman empire• When: 1453-1914• Why: Muslim Ottomans would take Christian

boys from conquered lands, convert them to Islam, raise them &train them to be military soldiers for the Ottomans;

Safavid

• Who: Shiite Muslims• What: muslim empire in Persia (Iran) • Where: Iran, ME• When: 1500-1722• Why: they took over in Iran & forced everyone

there to be Shiite Muslim; they eventually collapsed due to rebellion from the Afghans (thus the area became known as Afghanistan)

Shah

Shah Abbas

• Who: most famous ruler of the Safavid Empire• What: ruler of the Safavid Empire who revived

the glory of ancient Persia• Where: Safavid Empire (Iran, ME) • When: 1588-1629• Why: he centralized the gov’t; created

powerful military modeled after the Janissaries; made the economy better; tolerated non-Muslims (only shah to do this); made Isfahan the capital

Isfahan

• Who: Shah Abbas, Safavids• What: capital city of the Safavid Empire built

by Shah Abbas• Where: Safavid Empire, ME• When: early 1600s• Why: this city became the center of trade &

showed the glory of the Safavid Empire

• Sec 4 & 5 workbook answers are on the website